Pysch (Midterm 3) - Quiz/Textbook Questions
You are most likely to get help from others when there is/are ______________ bystander(s).
1.0
The shock generator used in Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority appeared to have a maximum shock of ______________ volts. (Enter a whole number.)
450
In Milgram's original design, ______________ % of participants administered all shocks to the learner. (Enter a whole number.)
65%
Each of the following premises could function as a positive reinforcer. Match each of the positive reinforcers with the type of reinforcer it is most likely to be. ve reinforcer Bottled water when you're thirsty A gold star on a quiz Academic probation ended Pesos Loosening a very tight seat belt
Bottled water when you're thirsty - Primary positive reinforcer A gold star on a quiz - Secondary positive reinforcer Academic probation ended - Secondary negative reinforcer Pesos - Generalized conditioned reinforcer Loosening a very tight seat belt - Primary negative reinforcer
Sort these classical conditioning events in order from what happens first after learning has taken place to what happens last as in the Pavlovian or classical conditioning figures above--before, during, and after conditioning Unconditional response Conditional stimulus Unconditional stimulus Conditional response
Conditional stimulus Conditional response Unconditional stimulus Unconditional response
Jodie saw Cujo, a large, brown dog, and walked up to pet him. Cujo bit Jodie on the hand, and she immediately began to cry and exhibit other fear responses (e.g., rapid heartbeat, "butterflies" in her stomach, etc.). Now when she sees any large dog, she gets nervous and frightened. Match the correct definition to the specifics of the event. Cujo Fear Bite on hand
Cujo - Conditional stimulus Bite on hand - Unconditional stimulus Fear - Conditional response
Sort the intermittent schedules of reinforcement in order from lowest to highest rate of responding. See also the figure with the graph of responses over time for each of the four schedules of reinforcement. Fixed interval Variable ratio Fixed ratio Variable interval
Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio
For each description, select the item on the right that best explains the behavior. - Jason signed the pledge not to text while driving‚ but since he was on a straight highway with cruise control‚ he knew he could safely answer some important text messages. - Susan donates blood to help those in need. - Stan was told by his doctor not to eat or drink after midnight for a surgery the next day. In the morning‚ Stan was thirsty and his mouth was extremely dry‚ so he drank a glass of water. He knew that most of the body is water and he could easily pee it out. - Richard makes a $50‚000 anonymous donation to help a young girl get a bone marrow transplant.
Jason signed the pledge not to text while driving‚ but since he was on a straight highway with cruise control‚ he knew he could safely answer some important text messages. - Cognitive Dissonance Susan donates blood to help those in need. - Altruism Stan was told by his doctor not to eat or drink after midnight for a surgery the next day. In the morning‚ Stan was thirsty and his mouth was extremely dry‚ so he drank a glass of water. He knew that most of the body is water and he could easily pee it out. - Cognitive Dissonance Richard makes a $50‚000 anonymous donation to help a young girl get a bone marrow transplant. - Altruism
For each description, select the item on the right that best explains the behavior. Jen wanted to stay out until midnight‚ well after her curfew‚ so she asked her mom if she could spend the night at a friend's house. Her mom said no‚ so Jen asked for a midnight curfew instead‚ which her mom said was okay. Donna agreed to foster a cat while a home could be found. After several weeks‚ the shelter asked Donna if she would keep the cat because they were unable to find the cat a permanent home. Tina and Chris were on vacation and were staying at a new hotel. Both hungry and tired‚ they decided to order room service. The prices seemed reasonable. They ordered $22 worth of food. When the food was delivered‚ Tina opened the bill and it said the total was $39.55! Tina was upset because she could not understand how it could be that much and the hotel staff explained that there were taxes and service charges. Tina was angry‚ but they were hungry‚ it was late‚ and there was nothing else she could do.
Jen wanted to stay out until midnight‚ well after her curfew‚ so she asked her mom if she could spend the night at a friend's house. Her mom said no‚ so Jen asked for a midnight curfew instead‚ which her mom said was okay. - Door-in-the-face Donna agreed to foster a cat while a home could be found. After several weeks‚ the shelter asked Donna if she would keep the cat because they were unable to find the cat a permanent home. - Foot-in-the-door Tina and Chris were on vacation and were staying at a new hotel. Both hungry and tired‚ they decided to order room service. The prices seemed reasonable. They ordered $22 worth of food. When the food was delivered‚ Tina opened the bill and it said the total was $39.55! Tina was upset because she could not understand how it could be that much and the hotel staff explained that there were taxes and service charges. Tina was angry‚ but they were hungry‚ it was late‚ and there was nothing else she could do. - Lowballing
Sort the Pavlovian conditioning phases in the correct order of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery. See also the figure above (Figure 7.10). Rest period without light or food Light alone - pecking returns Light + food - pecking occurs to both Light alone - pecking slowly diminishes
Light + food - pecking occurs to both Light alone - pecking slowly diminishes Rest period without light or food Light alone - pecking returns
Sort these events in order from what happens first to what happens last in extinction. Response produces reinforcer Responding decreases over time Response no longer has any effect
Response produces reinforcer Response no longer has any effect Responding decreases over time
Carlton wanted to teach his young nephew how to brush his teeth (new skill) via shaping. Sort the following steps in the forward order that Carlton would teach (reinforce) them. Rinse toothpaste from mouth Spread toothpaste over teeth with a toothbrush Run water over a dry toothbrush Put toothpaste on a toothbrush
Run water over a dry toothbrush Put toothpaste on a toothbrush Spread toothpaste over teeth with a toothbrush Rinse toothpaste from mouth
Match each behavior with its description. Stereotype Prejudice Discrimination
Stereotype - Assigning positive or negative attributes based on a shared characteristic Prejudice - Negative attitudes about persons grouped together based on a shared characteristic Discrimination - Negative or unjust behaviors towards persons who share similar characteristics to a disliked group
Please match the description given with the attitude component. Behavioral Affective Cognitive
Susan goes to the movies to see a feature film starring her favorite actor. - Behavioral Felix believes that his Range Rover is safer than his friend's Kia based on safety reports. - Cognitive Jasper is terrified of snakes - Affective
Sort these Pavlovian conditioning components in order for backward conditioning. Conditional stimulus Unconditional response Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional stimulus Unconditional response Conditional stimulus
Match each situation to what would happen according to the law of effect. Walk too close to puddle of water - car drives through puddle and splashes you Leave early for work - get a great parking spot Satisfaction OR discomfort
Walk too close to puddle of water - car drives through puddle and splashes you Discomfort Leave early for work - get a great parking spot Satisfaction
You're out shopping for toothpaste, and you notice the pictures on several different brands. Brand A has a picture of an extremely happy celebrity, Brand B has a picture of gum disease (as a warning for not brushing), Brand C has a picture of starving children (because they're collecting donations), and Brand D has no picture. Based purely on the pictures, which brand of toothpaste are you most likely to purchase according to evaluative conditioning? a Brand A b Brand B c Brand C d Brand D
a Brand A
Based on the example above, which of the following behaviors represents expected social norms in this class? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Coming to class on time b Taking mid-day classes c Unrealistic expectations of the professor d Small classes are more challenging
a Coming to class on time
Leaders of cults are often perceived by members as charismatic. a True b False
a True
Philip Zimbardo and Stanley Milgram grew up in the same area in the Bronx and were classmates in high school. a True b False
a True
Women tend to be verbally aggressive rather than physically aggressive. a True b False
a True
Simon likes to intimidate the other kids in his class. Simon knows that he is extremely good-looking but the girl he wants to date won't go out with him because she is dating this loser named Brad. Simon often has fantasies about hurting Brad. Simon has devised a plan that he is going to jump Brad and hurt him without getting caught. This is an example of __________ aggression. a hostile b instrumental c verbal d orchestral
a hostile
Shariq's father counted that he threw rocks 4 times on Monday (for a baseline). Starting Tuesday, Shariq's father reprimanded him every time he threw rocks. Then Shariq threw rocks 10 times on Tuesday after being reprimanded. Although Shariq's father thinks that reprimands could be ________ , it would appear, based on Shariq's behavior, the reprimands are actually acting as ________ for rock throwing. See also the figure above (Figure 7.20). a positive punishment; positive reinforcement b negative punishment; positive reinforcement c positive reinforcement; positive punishment d positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement e positive punishment; negative reinforcement
a positive punishment; positive reinforcement
Which of the following would reduce discrimination? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a Being of equal status b Working toward a common goal c Playing competitive games that are fun d Living in close proximity to another group
a - Being of equal status b - Working toward a common goal
Sara really likes the songs "Werewolves of London" by Warren Zevon and "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd. When she first heard Kid Rock's "All Summer Long," she immediately started singing the words to "Werewolves of London" over the chorus. Why did Sara think of the lyrics to the old song when she heard the similar melody of the new song? a Classical conditioning b Innate reflex c Stimulus generalization d Stimulus discrimination
a - Classical conditioning c - Stimulus generalization
What would Thorndike say his cats learn about in their puzzle box experiment? a In the presence of a pedal in a puzzle box, press it b In the presence of a pedal in a puzzle box, press it, and get fish c Press against anything in the puzzle box d Get stuck in puzzle box and get fish
a - In the presence of a pedal in a puzzle box, press it
Which of the following is true for flavor aversion learning? a It mostly occurs with new foods b It happens after 20 trials c The unconditional stimulus occurs hours before the conditional stimulus d It occurs for persons with phobias
a - It mostly occurs with new foods
Which of the following would represent a dispositional attribution? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a Jesse is lazy. b Joanna is intelligent. c Jasmine was stuck in traffic. d Jordan's mom is ill.
a - Jesse is lazy. b - Joanna is intelligent.
Annalise had been driving through campus for three years, but she didn't think she knew it very well until she started giving tours to prospective students and their parents. What phenomenon might Annalise be demonstrating? a Latent learning b Pavlovian learning c Operant learning d Social learning
a - Latent learning
Which of the following statements are true about reflexes? Select all that apply. a Reflexive responses are controlled by environmental events that precede them. b Selecting a Big Mac at McDonald's when one is hungry is an example of a reflex. c Reflexive responses are not due to learning. d Reflexes are the basis for learning in operant conditioning.
a - Reflexive responses are controlled by environmental events that precede them. c - Reflexive responses are not due to learning.
Which of the following best explains why Jennifer is blaming the professor for her poor performance on the exam? a Self-serving bias b Primacy effects c Fundamental attribution error d False consensus effect
a - Self-serving bias
Which of the following are examples of social norms? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a Students stop talking when their professor starts lecturing. b Richard cuts in front of others in line whenever he is in a hurry. c Students raise their hands to ask the instructor for permission to speak in class d Despite class policy that expressly prohibits the use of cell phones‚ Amy texts her friends during class.
a - Students stop talking when their professor starts lecturing. c - Students raise their hands to ask the instructor for permission to speak in class
The first time Taraji ate onion rings, she vomited. A of couple days later, she became nauseated when she saw and smelled her friend's onion rings. Which of the following might account for this? Select all that apply. a The onion rings have triggered Taraji becoming ill b The onion rings are a naturally occurring antecedent that elicits nausea c Because she vomited that last time she was eating onion rings‚ they have acquired the capacity to elicit her feeling nauseated d Taraji has been conditioned‚ because of her previous experience‚ to avoid foods that have become associated with causing her to be ill
a - The onion rings have triggered Taraji becoming ill c - Because she vomited that last time she was eating onion rings‚ they have acquired the capacity to elicit her feeling nauseated d - Taraji has been conditioned‚ because of her previous experience‚ to avoid foods that have become associated with causing her to be ill
Psychology has identified several types of learning. Which of the following is true in reference to the types of learning? a Types of learning include Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, latent learning, and social learning. b Learning doesn't affect human behavior. c Automatic reflexes are the basis for all types of learning. d Of the types of learning, Pavlovian conditioning is probably the most important.
a - Types of learning include Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, latent learning, and social learning.
Which of the following best explains Albert Bandura's theory behind aggression? a Violent behavior is quickly learned by watching aggressive models who are rewarded. b Multiple exposures to violent behavior are necessary prior to performing the behavior. c We are all born with the drive to behave aggressively. d Aggression is learned through direct reinforcement and punishment.
a - Violent behavior is quickly learned by watching aggressive models who are rewarded.
When you meet someone for the first time, how quickly do you form an impression of that person? a Within seconds to minutes of meeting b After about 10 minutes c You formulate your impression based on the totality of your interaction. d You reserve judgment until you meet them in another context.
a - Within seconds to minutes of meeting
You go to a party with friends and you feel confident, knowing you are looking good in the new clothes you bought. According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, which of the following would be most likely to occur? a You talk to new people, socialize, and enjoy the party. b You find everyone to be annoying and wish you had never agreed to come. c You meet some new people and find a seat and just watch others. d You drink too much and get sick.
a - You talk to new people, socialize, and enjoy the party.
Wondering whether Student X has frontal-lobe damage or a psychological disorder assumes a(n) ______________ attribution is being made. Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a internal b external c situational d dispositional
a - internal d - dispositional
Zimbardo's TED Talk asserts that in certain situations, all people can engage in evil acts/behaviors. a True b False
a - true
Which of the following can reduce cognitive dissonance? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a Change your attitude b Change your behavior c Maintain your attitude d Maintain your behavior
aChange your attitude bChange your behavior
The predictions of local psychiatrists and psychologists on the percentage of people who will administer the final shock of 450 volts closely matched the actual results from Milgram's studies. a True b False
b False
Participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment were informed that the local police would come to "arrest" them. a True b False
b FalseYou are most likely to get help from others when there is/are ______________ bystander(s).
Which of the following persons would be likely to join a cult? a Tom is 57; he has been married to his wife for 30 years and is vaguely dissatisfied with his life. b Henry is 22; he failed out of college and has never dated anyone and his only "friends" are people he talks to at work. c Stan is 25; he has no family friends but has a lot of close friends. He lives with two good friends that he has had since he was 16. d Joe is 18. He graduated high school and is currently working two jobs to save for college.
b Henry is 22; he failed out of college and has never dated anyone and his only "friends" are people he talks to at work.
Which of the following best represents the fundamental attribution error? a The reason why Keith feels depressed is a function of both nature and nurture. b Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy. c Rhonda was late because there was traffic. d Ross got an A on the exam because the class was so easy.
b Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy.
Which researcher influenced Watson's approach to psychology? a Tolman b Pavlov c Bandura d Harlow
b Pavlov
Mark plays rugby and often gets psyched up with his teammates to beat the other team and try to take down their good players early in the game. This is an example of ______________ aggression. a hostile b instrumental c verbal d orchestral
b instrumental
The ______________ effect dictates that the more occasions that you interact with someone, the more you will like them. a scapegoat b mere exposure c cognitive dissonance d positive attitudes
b mere exposure
In the Stanford Prison Experiment, how long did it take for the first prisoner to have a complete emotional collapse? a 12 hours b 36 hours c 48 hours d 3 days
b - 36 hours
What is the "dead man test"? a A term used to define if learning has occurred: Can you perform the task faster than a dead man? b A term used to help define behavior: If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior. c A term to help differentiate between stimulus and behavior: A dead man is a stimulus and cannot perform behaviors. d A term meant to help differentiate between antecedent and consequences: The consequence is that he is dead, the antecedent is the cause of death.
b - A term used to help define behavior: If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior.
What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory considers the repeated late arrival of Student X? a Consensus b Consistency c Distinctiveness d Divergence
b - Consistency
With regard to impression formation, even if your initial impression is negative, it can be easily changed if subsequent exposures are positive. a True b False
b - False
When Charlie watches Simon and then Charlie acts in a way similar to how Simon acted, Charlie engaged in ________. Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a Modeling b Imitation c Observational learning
b - Imitation c - Observational learning
Kasey's boss has been unnecessarily harsh to her ever since she started working at the company. He finally gave her a chance to prove that she isn't incompetent, but she didn't embrace the opportunity like he thought she should. What is a likely explanation for Kasey's behavior? a Latent inhibition b Learned helplessness c Extinction burst d Systematic desensitization
b - Learned helplessness
When uncertain what to do in a situation, people may fail to act because they rely on the social cues from others to determine appropriate behavior, but they fail to recognize that others are similarly uncertain and are also looking for directive social cues. Which one of the following best describes the above situation? a Social norms b Pluralistic ignorance c Social influence d Bystander effect
b - Pluralistic ignorance
Which person described below is most likely to conform his/her responses to match others? a Bob tends to be opinionated and likes to dominate conversations. b Seth is a student who doesn't have many friends and is self-conscious. c Susan is a single mother who lobbies for women's rights. d Francis is a psychology student who just read the social psychology chapter.
b - Seth is a student who doesn't have many friends and is self-conscious.
Which of the following persons is most likely to behave aggressively? a Steven is rewarded by his parents for his kind and polite behavior. He visits his elderly grandmother in a nursing home every Saturday even though he really finds the elderly residents to be annoying. b Stuart has an older brother, Jason, whom he loves and admires. Stuart keeps watch as Jason takes money out of the donations basket at church and tells Jason that another kid saw. The other kid is a year younger than Jason. Jason punched him repeatedly and told him not to talk or he would "get it worse." Jason then took the kid's wallet, which had another $40 in it. Jason stole over $200 and gave Stuart $40 for keeping watch. c Mary loves to watch violent TV shows and movies. She is taking Karate lessons at the local YMCA for self-protection. She carries pepper spray and a rape whistle in case she is ever attacked. d Jeremy's father is incarcerated and serving a 25-year sentence for armed robbery. Jeremy has never met his father but finds that he gets frustrated easily, and he is worried that this is a sign that he will turn out like his father. One Saturday, Jeremy was really tired, so he slept and did not finish his chores before his mom got home. She was furious and yelled, "Keep this up and you will turn out like your good-for-nothing father."
b - Stuart has an older brother, Jason, whom he loves and admires. Stuart keeps watch as Jason takes money out of the donations basket at church and tells Jason that another kid saw. The other kid is a year younger than Jason. Jason punched him repeatedly and told him not to talk or he would "get it worse." Jason then took the kid's wallet, which had another $40 in it. Jason stole over $200 and gave Stuart $40 for keeping watch.
Which of the following are real examples of altruism? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a Giving your old clothes to Goodwill so that you have a tax deduction b Visiting a nursing home to make the residents feel valued c Buying a $20 raffle ticket for a chance to win a free car d Volunteering your time at a local school to help tutor children e Anonymously donating a Thanksgiving meal to a family in need f Buying six boxes of Girl Scout cookies because they are tasty and only available once a year
b - Visiting a nursing home to make the residents feel valued d - Volunteering your time at a local school to help tutor children e - Anonymously donating a Thanksgiving meal to a family in need
Student X blamed her lateness on parking problems, which assumes a(n) ______________ attribution. Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question a internal b external c situational d dispositional
b - external c - situational
People from Japan are more likely to demonstrate primacy effects in impression formation than people from the U.S. a True b False
b - false
Based on the totality of the situation, what type of attribution can be made about Student X? a External b Internal
b - internal
Joseph had difficulty telling the difference between "da" and "ba." His teacher helped him emphasize this difference by pointing when he saw "da" and waving when he saw "ba." In addition, Joseph received an M&M when he pointed to "da" and a Gummi bear when he waved after seeing "ba." What did Joseph learn to associate according to Skinner? a "da" and "ba" b "da" and pointing c "ba," waving, and Gummi bears d "ba" and M&Ms
c "ba," waving, and Gummi bears
What component of Kelley's covariation model considers the similarity of Student X's behavior in other courses? a Consensus b Consistency c Distinctiveness d Divergence
c Distinctiveness
Which of the following best explains why the professor concludes that Jennifer lacks the skills needed for success and lacks motivation? a Self-serving bias b Primacy effects c Fundamental attribution error d False consensus effect
c Fundamental attribution error
For members of the doomsday cult, when faced with the reality that the world was not ending and no spaceship was coming, what did most members do? (Make a prediction.) a They resumed their lives as they were prior to the cult, reuniting with family and friends. b They resumed their lives in another area, feeling embarrassment and manipulated. c They remained with the cult, even more committed now that they had all saved the world. d They remained in contact with members, but no longer believing in the powers of Dorothy Martin.
c They remained with the cult, even more committed now that they had all saved the world.
Which of the following statements does NOT support the biological model of aggression? a Men are more aggressive than women due to men's levels of testosterone. b Hyperactivity of the amygdala increases aggression in animals. c Watching violence within your community increases aggression. d Genetic differences explain differences in expressed aggression.
c Watching violence within your community increases aggression.
Which of the following best describes the research on altruism? a Men always offer more help than women. b For men, altruism has become an instinctive response. c Women can develop more intuitive responses. d Gender roles have no effect on altruism.
c Women can develop more intuitive responses.
Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that ________________________. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner b it results in the removal of the behavior c the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus d the behavior is decreased or weakened
c the behavior results in the removal of a consequence stimulus
What is the response that indicates that flavor aversion learning is occurring for cancer patients? a Post-treatment vomiting and nausea b Unconditional response c Anticipatory vomiting and nausea d Tastes and odors augment each other
c - Anticipatory vomiting and nausea
When Milgram moved his experiment from the campus of Yale University to a warehouse in downtown Bridgeport, Connecticut, what were his findings? a Participants level of conformity remained the same b Conformity increased by a small amount c Conformity dropped to a little less than 50% d Conformity dropped dramatically to about 5%
c - Conformity dropped to a little less than 50%
Which of the following is not behavior? a Reading b Texting c Emoji d Answering
c - Emoji
In the movie A Clockwork Orange, Alex receives aversion therapy—pairing a nausea-inducing drug with violent films and Beethoven's music—so that he might not have violent thoughts and commit violent crimes once released from prison. At first, Alex becomes ill when he thinks about or is put into situations in which he could be violent. When he's forced to listen to Beethoven for many hours without the nausea-inducing drug, he eventually stops feeling ill. What Pavlovian phenomenon has occurred to produce Alex's reduction in responding? a Backward conditioning b Higher-order conditioning c Extinction d Fear conditioning
c - Extinction
Which of the following types of positive reinforcers is least likely to temporarily lose its reinforcing capacity even though one has "gotten it" recently? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Doughnuts b Toys c Generalized conditioned reinforcers d Soda
c - Generalized conditioned reinforcers
Which of the following would cause the greatest state of cognitive dissonance? a Miriam typically recycles but accidentally threw a can in the trash. b Carrie is concerned about money and is clipping coupons. c Josef is an active animal rights advocate and vegan. After feeling hungry from his run, he eats a bowl of his mom's beef stew but tells no one. d Sarah hates showing her calves, but her school uniform is a skort (a skirt with built-in shorts) that only reaches the bottom of her knees.
c - Josef is an active animal rights advocate and vegan. After feeling hungry from his run, he eats a bowl of his mom's beef stew but tells no one.
In a situation where groupthink is occurring, which of the following statements best represents the illusion of invulnerability? a If first you don't succeed, then try again. b No one cares what we do. c Let's do it—we never fail. d Everyone agrees, so stop wasting time.
c - Let's do it—we never fail.
In the video, Peggy says that running out of the dentist's office after the dentist says, "This won't hurt a bit" is part of Pavlovian conditioning. However, running out of the office would prevent any painful stimulus from occurring. What type of behavior is this really? a Social learning b Conditional response c Operant behavior d Unconditional response
c - Operant behavior
Which of the following would be most effective in getting help in an emergency situation? a Yelling for someone to help you b Blowing a whistle loudly, followed by instructions c Point directly at someone and ask that person for help d All of the above are equally effective
c - Point directly at someone and ask that person for help
Darnell likes to watch YouTube videos. YouTube used to have no commercials, but now Darnell has to watch at least five commercials every time he wants to watch a 3-minute video. He doesn't like commercials, and he rarely ever watches YouTube videos anymore. Which operant process is responsible for this change in Darnell's behavior? a Positive reinforcement b Negative reinforcement c Positive punishment d Negative punishment
c - Positive punishment
Which of the following best defines a variable interval schedule of reinforcement? a Reinforcing the target behavior after an average number of responses b Reinforcing the second response after the fixed amount of time c Reinforcing the target behavior after an average amount of time has passed d Reinforcing every response
c - Reinforcing the target behavior after an average amount of time has passed
After developing a fear of the white rat, Little Albert also exhibited fear responses to other white objects that had not been paired with loud noise. This illustrates which phenomenon associated with classical conditioning? a Stimulus discrimination b Higher-order conditioning c Stimulus generalization d Extinction
c - Stimulus generalization
Which of the following best represents the events in at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq? a Some people are inherently evil. b A few bad apples can corrupt the behavior of others. c The power of the situation can be so great that good people do bad things. d The prisoners are to blame for their own misfortune.
c - The power of the situation can be so great that good people do bad things.
If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late? a The professor thinks that you are taking advantage of her good nature. b The professor attributes your lateness to lack of concern about your education. c The professor thinks that there must be some extenuating circumstances that caused your late arrival. d The professor changes her impression of you to being irresponsible.
c - The professor thinks that there must be some extenuating circumstances that caused your late arrival.
Match the clicker training components to their respective Pavlovian conditioning labels. clicker salivate to clicker treat salivate to treat
clicker - conditional stimulus salivate to clicker - conditional response treat - unconditional stimulus salivate to treat - unconditional response
Which of the following best explains Jennifer's belief that everyone thinks the exam is hard? a Self-serving bias b Primacy effects c Fundamental attribution error d False consensus effect
d False consensus effect
When Melissa hears chainsaws in Resident Evil 4, her heart races and palms sweat because the chainsaw-wielding Plagas are about to kill her character, Leon. Eventually, she can overcome Las Plagas, and her heart rate returns to normal as she picks up the camp key and a ruby. What is/are the safety signal(s) here? a Chainsaws b Las Plagas c Heart racing d Camp key e Ruby
d - Camp key e - Ruby
A person from which of the following countries would be most likely to conform to the incorrect responses of others? a The United States b Canada c Mexico d China
d - China
Clive has given all his worldly possessions to the cult he joined. He no longer has any contact with his family and has no friends other than cult members. The cult leader told members when the world would end and how aliens would save them. When the world did not end, Clive remained in the cult and became more convinced that the leader was a prophet. What best explains Clive's behavior? a Attribution theory b Behavior reinforcement c Obedience to authority d Cognitive dissonance theory e Conformity
d - Cognitive dissonance theory
Once we form an opinion about someone, which of the following explains why we attend to information that is consistent with our impressions and ignore information that is not consistent with our beliefs? a Self-fulfilling prophecy b Negative primacy effect c Fundamental attribution error d Confirmation bias
d - Confirmation bias
Janie had tantrums before bedtime, and her parents tried to quiet her down. Then Janie's parents stopped attending to her tantrums when they put her to bed. Six months later, Janie no longer exhibits tantrums. Which of the following eliminated Janie's tantrums? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Positive reinforcement b Negative reinforcement c Positive punishment d Extinction
d - Extinction
Which of the following helps preserve self-esteem? a Fundamental attribution error b Primacy effects in impression formation c False consensus effect d Self-serving bias
d - Self-serving bias
Neil saw his dad shake hands with a friend, and now Neil shakes hands with everyone he sees. How did Neil learn to shake hands with others? a Operant learning b Pavlovian learning c Latent learning d Social learning
d - Social learning
George wears his lucky socks every time his favorite team plays. They only win half the time he wears the socks. What is the relationship between George's lucky socks and his team winning? a Trace conditioning b Simultaneous conditioning c Long-delayed conditioning d There is no relationship
d - There is no relationship
Dr. Robotnik studied the relationship between the order of presenting the neutral stimulus (a click) and the unconditional stimulus (a small, electric shock). The small, electric shock automatically produced muscle retraction. The click occurred before, after, or at the same time as the electric shock in three different trial types. In which of these trial types would the click elicit muscle retraction? a Equally across the trial types b When the click occurred at the same time as the electric shock c When the click followed the electric shock d When the click preceded the electric shock
d - When the click preceded the electric shock
According to Zimbardo, what factors must be considered when investigating heinous acts? a The system involved b The people involved c The situation d All of the above
d - all of the above
Suppose you go to the eye doctor, and she has you sit in front of a machine that puffs air into your eye. You blink to the puff of air, but you also start to blink before the puff of air while sitting in front of the machine. Match each part of visiting the eye doctor to its Pavlovian conditioning label. machine with pressurized air blinking to the machine puff of air blinking to the puff of air
machine with pressurized air - conditional stimulus blinking to the machine - conditional response puff of air - unconditional stimulus blinking to the puff of air - unconditional response
Suppose that fear developed to stimuli on the left. To which stimulus category on the right might fear generalize in each case? Match the stimuli. real snakes real spiders clowns needles/shots
real snakes - rubber snakes real spiders - pictures of spiders clowns - balloon animals needles/shots - doctors
Garcia and Koelling's rats drank sweetened, bright, and noisy water and received either shock or irradiation poisoning. Identify the parts of taste aversion learning for Group 2 (irradiation) rats. sweet taste nausea irradiation (x-ray)
sweet taste - conditional stimulus nausea - conditional and unconditional response irradiation (x-ray) - unconditional stimulus
