pyschology final
Being hostile or depressed has been found to
predict greater risk for heart disease.
Which of the following regarding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?
ADHD is a disorder of childhood that people may not outgrow.
Johnny's therapist has asked him to write down every instance of a negative thought and to challenge each of these thoughts so they become less automatic. For example, Johnny can attempt to gather evidence for his negative beliefs (which he probably will not find), or he can try to view the same situation from a neutral or positive point of view. The therapist who is treating Johnny is most like
Aaron Beck.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that is thought to influence schizophrenia?
birth order
Jeremy is studying for his final exam. Lauren has taken psychology and gives him a good tip about the best way to study. She correctly says,
"As you study, connect the information to something personal."
According to Aaron Beck, a person who is experiencing depression is most likely to have which of the following thoughts after failing an exam?
"I am so stupid. There is no way I can pass this course."
Aline is sitting in a physician's office and has just been told that a nurse will be coming in to measure her BMI. Aline is not familiar with the term BMI and starts to panic. How should her mother reassure her about BMI tests?
"Relax; they are just going to measure your height and weight."
Research suggests that about half of the sexually transmitted infections in the United States each year occur in people between the ages of
15 and 24.
Dr. Vissage accurately describes the relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia in which of the following statements?
Agoraphobia rarely occurs without panic attacks.
Noor and Ahmad, four-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip. Noor takes the cookie, but Ahmad waits for the toy. Based on this, who is more likely to be more successful in high school?
Ahmad, because he can delay gratification
Exercise has been shown to improve mood and benefit emotions. Which of the following is responsible for the improvements in mood and emotion?
All of the answer options are responsible for improvements in mood and emotion.
Dr. Ross assessed Ranita's depression very carefully over several weeks before deciding to prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). What was Dr. Ross concerned about in prescribing this drug?
Antidepressant drugs can trigger manic episodes.
Remmy is watching a tragic love story at the movie theater. She notices feelings of sadness come over her, followed by tears filling her eyes. The idea that our minds are quick to process emotions but our bodies take a few seconds longer is consistent with the
Cannon-Bard theory.
Emil Kraepelin is well known in the field of psychology because he noticed that not all people with psychopathology were experiencing the same disorder. Further, he could identify different types of psychopathology by grouping clients' symptoms. Because of this classification system, Kraepelin's work is the basis for the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Which of the following people is most likely to experience the most distress over a stressful situation?
Donna, a single mom of three who works full-time
Mr. Lahore hired four college students to paint his house. Given what you know about social loafing, which set of conditions is likely to produce the best work by the group of students?
Each student paints one room by himself or herself.
Brandon, a six-year-old, was diagnosed with autism at age two. Since then, he has been receiving a treatment called applied behavioral analysis. After four years of receiving applied behavioral analysis, which of the following outcomes is most likely for Brandon?
He will have a higher IQ than before he started.
After trying new foods, Roger comes to the conclusion that he dislikes oysters but enjoys brussels sprouts because he has always believed that vegetables are healthier foods to eat than oysters. Which of the following statements can best explain his preferences?
He came to dislike oysters because he has a simple attitude.
Scott is having a difficult time with his classes. He tries to keep from becoming anxious about his grades by going to movies and parties with his friends. However, Scott is frequently irritated and gets sick often. Which of the following factors is probably contributing to Scott's mood problems and illnesses?
He is using an emotion-based coping strategy.
John and Nolan are huge fans of the New York Knicks basketball team, whereas Brad is a fan of the Brooklyn Nets. Which of the following is John most likely to do?
He will favor Nolan because Nolan belongs to the ingroup.
Ayanna is a divorced middle-aged woman who has a stressful job, two teenaged children, and an aging mother to care for. She would like to start exercising to reduce her stress level and improve her memory and thinking. Now that you have read this chapter, what would you tell Ayanna regarding exercise?
It is not too late to start exercising, and a program of regular exercise can reduce stress and improve mood, memory, and thinking.
John is hanging out with a group of friends. According to the need to belong, which friend will pay the most attention to social information?
Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people
Which of the following people is most likely to develop coronary heart disease at some point in his life?
Louis, a competitive poker player who is aggressive, impatient, and hostile.itive
Margo is a new college student. According to research on interpersonal attraction, with whom is Margo most likely to become friends?
Matt, the boy who lives down the hall who she sees every day
Dr. Black is interviewing a client. The client displays only the following symptoms: he rarely responds to the doctor's questions, shows no emotions, and does not make eye contact. Is Dr. Black able to make a diagnosis of schizophrenia?
No, because he is only displaying one of the five major symptoms.
Paloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued. Erhard's parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant. As an adult, who is likely to experience more guilt, and why?
Paloma, because she has likely developed a greater ability to empathize with others
Amy, a social psychologist, is trying to duplicate Milgram's shock experiment on obedience. Which of the following hypotheses is the LEAST likely to be supported?
Participants who have to touch the learner are more likely to show obedience than participants who do not have to touch the learner.
In Orlando, Florida, people constantly receive warnings about sinkholes and repeatedly experience flooding and hail damage during storms. In Ocala, Florida, people do not need to deal with sinkholes, and storms seldom cause property damage. Other situations being equal, which group of people are likely to have better immune functioning, and why?
People in Ocala are likely to have better immune functioning because they do not experience chronic stressors.
According to your textbook, a large number of studies have examined the relationship between attitude and health. What type of relationships have these studies all shown between people's attitudes and their health?
People with positive attitudes are healthier than people with negative attitudes.
Rhiannon and Seth are having a discussion about exercise. Seth contends that exercise is only good for improving a person's physical health. Rhiannon replies that exercise actually is good for physical, as well as emotional and cognitive, health. Who is correct?
Rhiannon, since exercise has been shown to improve all aspects of health
Cyril is writing an essay on Maslow's need hierarchy. Which of the following should he include as a critique of the theory?
Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.
Which of the following is a true statement about how some STIs can be transmitted from person to person?
Sharing hypodermic needles that were used by an infected person can transmit HIV.
Stephanie, who is shy and insecure, was having trouble forming lasting relationships. She tried self-help books, attended seminars, and joined dating websites. While watching a talk show on TV she heard about rebirthing therapy and decided to give it a try. What is the problem with Stephanie's approach?
Therapies that aren't evidence based can prevent people like Stephanie from getting effective treatment and can be dangerous.
Tommy has obsessions about cleanliness and is a compulsive handwasher. Which of the following pieces of evidence would support the view that his obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to operant conditioning?
Tommy experiences a large reduction in anxiety whenever he washes his hands, so he continues the behavior whenever he becomes anxious.
Your roommate is achievement oriented, impatient, aggressive, and time-pressed. Your roommate's behavior fits the ________ pattern.
Type A behavior
Marriage has many health benefits. According to your text, which of the following is also true of marriage?
Unmarried people can be happier than people in bad marriages.
Which of the following describes a social norm?
Which of the following describes a social norm?
Research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests that one in four people between the ages of 15 and 24 have an STI. If you are a part of this age group, why is this statistic especially relevant to you and others your age?
With so many people carrying infections, the likelihood of your sex partner having an STI is greatly increased.
After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases. What happens next in order for your body to process the glucose?
Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose.
Ralph sometimes experiences disruptions to his identity, memory, and conscious awareness. Because of this he may be diagnosed with
a dissociative disorder.
Amy has just been diagnosed with breast cancer. She reminds herself that breast cancer is highly treatable and that the doctors caught hers early. Thus, she feels much luckier than people whose breast cancer is caught during later stages of the disease. In this situation, Amy is using
a downward comparison.
According to research, which of the following will be rated as most attractive?
a face that combined 32 faces together
Dr. Padgett meets a new client who has antisocial personality disorder. The client most likely has
a lack of empathy and remorse.
Carrie recently quit her job, packed up her car, and drove to Las Vegas, where she gambled away her entire life savings in 24 hours. Based on this, Carrie may be experiencing
a manic episode.
Augustine's first-grade teacher tells his parents that he is "out of control" at school because he frequently interrupts his classmates, does not follow directions, and acts impulsively. Augustine's parents might be worried he has
a neurodevelopmental disorder.
In some cases, the mania in bipolar I is so severe it results in psychosis, which is
a personality disorder.
Lamont thinks his neighbor sends subliminal messages to his brain. In order to prevent these messages, Lamont believes he should not shower or change his clothes every day. Lamont does not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but he may be experiencing long-lasting, maladaptive patterns of interacting with the world around him. In this case, Lamont may be diagnosed with
a personality disorder.
Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling
a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago.
According to the diathesis-stress model, mental disorders are caused by both ________ and stress.
a predisposition to mental illness
The SAT is a psychometric test, which means that it is
a standardized test that is administered the same way for all students and scored objectively.
Selena thinks that all computer programmers are antisocial and boring. Even before meeting Mark, a computer programmer, Selena decides that she will not like him. Selena's beliefs are ________, and not liking Mark is ________.
a stereotype; prejudice
According to the biopsychosocial model, which of the following is a psychological factor that could influence the development of a mental disorder?
abnormal thoughts
When Jack yells, his wife, Jill, either overlooks it or responds constructively. Jill is using ________ to keep their relationship happy.
accommodation
When Larry forgets to buy milk at the grocery store, he says, "I forgot milk because I was thinking about picking my daughter up from school." When Larry's wife forgets to buy milk, Larry says, "She forgot milk at the store because she's an airhead." This is an example of
actor/observer bias.
When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar, Jackson correctly says that both
add a stimulus
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) proposes three levels of stress resistance. Which of the following lists the correct order of stages?
alarm-resistance-exhaustion
Sally is in jail for assault but she consistently tells the police that she does not remember arguing with her boyfriend or hitting him with her car. In fact, she cannot remember anything that happened over the last two days. If Sally is telling the truth, then she may be experiencing dissociative
amnesia.
Everything on Floyd's desk is kept in its exact place. He straightens his things each day and gets very upset when something is not put back in its proper place. He does not like to bring work home with him because it means the paperwork is not properly filed when he gets to work the next morning. Based on this, Floyd is likely to be diagnosed with a personality disorder in the ________ cluster.
anxious
When Milgram modified his shock experiment so that the experimenter gave the teacher orders over the telephone, the level of obedience
decreased.
Dr. Clarkson is treating a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). He learns that the client's parents divorced and she has never felt loved because her father left the family. By looking for the issues that led to the development of her OCD, Dr. Clarkson is
attempting to determine etiology.
Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals, but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital, she will ________, as predicted by the ________.
begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis
Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.
belonging
Dr. Janus is seeing a client diagnosed with depression who experienced trauma as a child. Dr. Janus believes this trauma predisposed the client to overreact to life's difficult circumstances. As a result, her recent breakup resulted in a depressed state. Dr. Janus's perspective on his client's problems seems to be most consistent with the
biopsychosocial approach.
If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his three-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs, he should
blow a loud air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog.
Sharon has a history of having highly negative emotional reactions when her relationships are disrupted, and she often acts impulsively. Sharon is most likely to be diagnosed with ________ personality disorder.
borderline
In order to meet the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5, people with bipolar I disorder must experience
both mania and a major depressive episode.
Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her exercising behavior, which of the following is Shana most likely to do?
buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks
According to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasion occurs through the ________ routes.
central and peripheral
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly diagnosed, the cause of ADHD has been difficult to determine. The main reason for this is that
children with ADHD also typically have other disorders.
Harold has been unemployed for many years and is constantly struggling to pay his bills. The stress Harold is experiencing is an example of
chronic stress.
Peter is a clinical psychologist. When determining whether a client's behavior shows psychopathology, he should use all of the following criteria EXCEPT whether the
client recognizes that he or she has a disorder.
Jenny is receiving psychotherapy for an eating disorder. Her therapist is warm and empathetic and can easily take her perspective. He encourages Jenny to express her thoughts and feelings about her eating issues and does not judge or criticize anything she says. This therapist is most likely using a ________ therapeutic approach.
client-centered
Client A has a mild eating disorder believed to be caused in part by inaccurate beliefs, and he is being seen by a clinical psychologist. Client A will likely receive ________,
cognitive behavioral therapy
Casey eats a lot of junk food. She knows the negative consequences of her diet, but she rationalizes her behavior by saying the junk food helps her deal with her anxiety. Casey is using this explanation because she is uncomfortable with the inconsistency between her behavior and her beliefs. Which of the following principles explains Casey's explanation the best?
cognitive dissonance
Chris believes that anyone who listens to pop music has bad taste in music. One day, Chris realizes that the song he is dancing and singing along with on the radio is the newest pop music hit. Chris now decides that listening to pop music is not so bad after all. Chris's attitude change is best explained by
cognitive dissonance.
Lisa believes that drinking alcohol is wrong. However, her boyfriend, Mike, likes to drink beer after work. Instead of breaking up with Mike, she decides that drinking alcohol is not so bad after all. Lisa's attitude most likely changed because of
cognitive dissonance.
Which of the following is an example of critical thinking?
concluding that exercise is beneficial after evaluating the evidence of a research study
Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the cortex to the amygdala
confirms whether a threat is present.
Dirk just failed the driving portion of his driver's license exam. According to the actor/observer bias, Dirk will most likely explain his failure by saying that he
could not see well because it was raining.
Richard Lazarus divides the cognitive appraisal process into two parts: primary and secondary. Primary appraisals involve
deciding whether an event is stressful, benign, or irrelevant.
A fraternity is planning on having a hazing event in a room with a wall of mirrors. If the mirrors make the participants more self-aware, this will ________ hazing by ________.
decrease; making the participants pay attention to their personal standards
After a riot, several people were arrested. One asked, "How can you single me out of the crowd?" Another said, "Wow, I didn't think I would get caught!" These comments reveal that the rioters had most likely been experiencing
deindividuation.
After an earthquake in one city, people were caught up in an overwhelming situation and were not paying attention to their personal standards. As a result, mobs of people looted the damaged shops and homes. This behavior is most likely a result of
deindividuation.
Nash believes he is a part of a secret spy organization that sends coded messages to its informants through television commercials. Based on this, Nash is most likely experiencing
delusions.
Stephanie has social phobia. The more social fears she has, the more likely she is to
develop depression.
Madeline is in treatment for a mental health disorder. In the first step of the process, she learns that every time she feels like cutting herself, she should instead listen to jazz music, which soothes her. By substituting a harmful behavior with a more adaptive one, Madeline is learning coping skills that will help her in the next step of therapy as she reflects on the abuse she experienced in childhood. Madeline is being treated with ________ therapy.
dialectical behavior
Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school. He is so anxious that he is having trouble working. To cope with the situation, he tries to keep himself from thinking about it by practicing the guitar. In doing so, Blake is dealing with his feelings through
distraction.
Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?
drive reduction
Jered is suicidal. He has been seriously depressed for about a year and is saying that he wants to "end it all." He has not responded to typical therapies. His psychiatrist believes it is critical to try something that will work as effectively and as quickly as possible. His psychiatrist will probably recommend
electroconvulsive therapy.
Timo does not have many memories of his early childhood. However, one thing he remembers clearly is when he broke his favorite toy. He remembers crying for days when his parents would not replace it. This childhood memory may be especially clear for Timo because
emotional events are more likely to be stored in long-term memory.
Engaging in primary appraisal allows us to
enact coping behaviors only for stimuli that are relevant.
In a study, male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy. Participants in Group A are told that the drug will make them happy. Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug. Later on, an attractive woman enters the room. According to the two-factor theory, Group A is less likely to feel attracted to the woman because these participants
expected positive feelings from the drug.
Dr. Carmine has a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He knows that if he can show his client that nothing bad will happen to her when she encounters a fear-inducing trigger, the conditioned association between her anxiety and the stimulus will be broken. To do this, he shows her a fearful stimulus and will not allow her to engage in compulsions. Dr. Carmine is using ________ to treat his client.
exposure and response prevention
Ty needs help healing his relationships with his children and understanding his parenting role as part of a larger context. Ty would most likely benefit from ________ therapy.
family
Tara is shooting hockey pucks into a net. If she has a low self-efficacy, she will probably take ________ practice shots.
fewer
Darius tutors school children for two hours every week. Each month, his boss asks him to tutor one additional hour. By the end of the year, he is tutoring 12 hours a week. To increase Darius's tutoring hours, his boss has used the ________ strategy.
foot-in-the-door
Professor Leeds asked his students to sign a petition for a community center. Later, he asked the students who signed the petition if they would come to the center and tutor a child. Professor Leeds has just used what technique to get the students to help?
foot-in-the-door
Miguel woke up one morning in a strange hotel in Detroit. He has no memory of how he got there and cannot remember his name or where he is actually from. Based on this, Miguel is most likely experiencing dissociative
fugue.
Franklin sees that Sarah often goes to her math professor's office hours. Franklin thinks that Sarah must be terrible at math. This is an example of the
fundamental attribution error.
Claude Bouchard found that identical twins have similar weights regardless of whether they are raised together or apart. This study provides evidence for the idea that
genes play an important role in weight gain.
Sally is having a hard time losing weight and keeping it off because the more weight she loses, the hungrier she feels. This condition is most likely due to the effects of ________, which triggers feelings of hunger.
ghrelin
Carmen believes that she has the amazing power to control the thoughts of her classmates and make them do what she wants. Mandy believes that all her classmates are trying to manipulate her thoughts. Carmen is experiencing ________ delusions, while Mandy is experiencing ________ delusions.
grandiose; control
Shoshanna works with a therapist who provides support while also improving her social skills through practice with others in a cost-effective manner. Shoshanna is most likely receiving ________ therapy.
group
Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n)
habit.
Rachel has a disorder that is characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. She has trouble understanding other people's mental states and often performs strange hand movements. Rachel most likely
has an autism spectrum disorder.
Julia is a non-Western international student studying in the United States. When her American teacher tries to make eye contact with her, Julia always looks away. The best explanation for Julia's reaction is that she
has different norms from her teacher for having eye contact.
The final project for your class is due in a few days. You ask a classmate how his project is going. He tells you that he has not started, because no matter how hard he tries, he can never get a good grade. Based on this statement, it is likely that your classmate
has low self-efficacy.
In a well-known study of California men, being aggressive, hostile and impatient was found to be related to ________, which shows that ________.
heart disease; psychological factors are important in disease development
Safia is a moderately healthy person. She has a small network of acquaintances and friends. If Safia wants to get all the health benefits associated with social support, she should increase
her support network, including people who provide encouragement.
Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, you would expect Quincy to have ________ levels of fear.
high
The fight-or-flight response helps people cope with
immediate danger.
What recent advances have helped scientists to better understand the functions of the brain?
improved scanning and brain imaging tools
Cade is driving with his three roommates across the country. Each person individually believes that it is extremely dangerous to drive straight for 48 hours without resting. However, as a group, they decide to drive straight for 48 hours without resting. When the group makes this poor decision, it is most likely demonstrating all of the following psychological principles EXCEPT
informational influence.
Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by
intrinsic motivation.
Though it appears to be negative, guilt can actually serve to protect and strengthen our interpersonal relationships. All of the following are examples of this protective concept EXCEPT when guilt
is used to manipulate others.
If cigarettes did not contain nicotine, the brain's dopamine neurons would be
less affected by smoking.
Eva and Garnet survived a traumatic bus accident. During the accident, Eva's amygdala was severely damaged while Garnet experienced no injuries. When compared with Garnet, you would expect Eva to be ________ to develop a conditioned fear to buses.
less likely
Observations on how attitudes about African Americans would affect people's willingness to vote for Barack Obama in 2008 revealed that people who reported low levels of prejudice but whose scores on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) indicated negative attitudes about blacks were ________ likely to vote for Obama because ________ attitudes were better predictors of behavior than ________ attitudes.
less; implicit; explicit
When you are hungry, the level of glucose in your bloodstream is ________. After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream is ________.
low; high
If Niwako is trying to run a study about how biology and aggression are correlated, she will most likely find that people who have ________ will show higher levels of aggression.
lower levels of serotonin
The two types of depressive disorders are
major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorders.
When people are going into military combat, adjusting to a new marriage, or starting a new job they are most likely experiencing
major life stressors.
June has a lot of conflict with her mother at home. They also live in a poorer neighborhood that is very dirty and noisy. Although by itself each of these is a small issue, over time they add up to have a strong negative impact. In fact, June is starting to show signs of illness, including high blood pressure. Based on this, it is clear that June's ________ are becoming ________.
major life stressors; personality traits
Two-year-old Antonina's parents notice that she rarely says any words and has never really made eye contact with them. She is intensely preoccupied with the buttons and zippers on clothing and pays little attention to anything else. Antonina
may be diagnosed with autism.
Dr. Haverford suggests to her client that her mood problems may stem from problems with the neurotransmitters. Dr. Haverford mentions nothing about social or behavioral factors that may be related to mood. To understand her client's problems, Dr. Haverford seems to be using the ________ model.
medical or biological
Dr. Arzun is using the biopsychosocial model as a frame of reference for understanding heart disease. Based on this, she will most likely recommend that a client with heart disease use ________ to treat the illness.
medication and exercise and healthy eating
Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking
motivation.
Today is Bridget's first day of college. She is excited to conquer this new challenge. Bridget, along with other students who are high in achievement motivation, is more likely to choose a seat
near the front of the classroom.
Having a higher level of social support is
negatively correlated with health problems.
Throughout her childhood, 12-year-old Carmella has experienced problems affecting her emotions and learning ability. It is most likely that Carmella is experiencing a
neurodevelopmental disorder.
When we conform or go along with what the group does because we want to be liked, it is often due to ________ influence.
normative
Nearly everyone sometimes experiences periods of sadness or of feeling down or depressed. However, these feelings, although common, are not likely to be diagnosed as depression by psychologists. This is because
only lasting episodes of depressed mood that interfere with a person's life and cause significant distress would require a diagnosis and treatment of depression.
Evidence suggests that some individuals are more prone to becoming regular smokers than others. One factor involves
parents and peers who smoke.
When intense longing and sexual desire characterize love, it is considered to be ________ love.
passionate
Alyssa and Amara's first year together was intense and arousing. Three years later, their relationship involves deep caring and intimacy. Alyssa and Amara's relationship has moved from ________ love to ________ love.
passionate; companionate
Researchers have found that the physical expression of pride tends to be more biologically based than culturally specific. Each of the following research findings support this claim EXCEPT
people in isolated communities cannot identify expressions of pride on the faces of people who are outside of their culture.
Which of the following information is LEAST likely to be communicated by the face?
personal attributions
Dr. Kennedy is treating a client for borderline personality disorder using dialectic behavior therapy (DBT). In their most recent session, Dr. Kennedy was helping his client to recall and explore past traumatic experiences that might account for the emotional problems his client had been experiencing. In DBT, this exploration would occur in which phase of the treatment?
phase 2
Josie treats many clients with anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. All of the following have proven to be effective for treating her clients EXCEPT
phototherapy
Three-year-old Markus is startled by the booming sound of thunder he heard before a storm. According to the cognitive model of classical learning, Markus will pay close attention to his environment in an effort to try to
predict when the noise will happen again.
Ellie hates it when her teenagers leave their dirty clothes on the floor. If Ellie decides to use the Premack principle to help her teens change their behavior, she should ________ to reward them for doing a less valued activity.
promise them a more valued activity
Health psychologists investigate
promoting health and well-being.
Lina finds Shad, who is in her book club that meets twice a week, very attractive. Lina might have developed interests in Shad because of ________, which is based onthe principle of ________.
proximity; the mere exposure effect
Carlson notices that a friend is acting different than usual and the friend does not seem to realize that her behavior is odd. This concerns Carlson that her friend may be experiencing
psychopathology.
Psychotherapy treatments for adolescent depression are
quite effective on their own, but they are time-consuming.
Social psychologists used to think that the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was a better predictor of behavior than self-reports where, whereas researchers have recently argued that the use of the IAT may not effectively predict
racial and ethnic discrimination.
Gwen has always experienced extreme anxiety regarding tests. After seeing a counselor, she learned how to regulate her emotions during exam week. Instead of thinking about the exams as a threat, she thinks of the exams as an opportunity to show how thoroughly she studied and how much she knows. Which strategy is Gwen using to regulate her emotions?
reappraisal
Your friend Gandalf asks if you can give him a ride home for winter break. You agree to the request in part because you know that you will need his help studying for your physics exam. Your agreeing to drive Gandalf home is best explained by
reciprocal helping.
In terms of alternative therapies for depression, some clients with mild to moderate depression respond well to ________, whereas clients with severe and difficult-to-treat depression may respond better to ________.
regular aerobic exercise; and a combination of other treatments.
Using heuristics in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.
requiring minimal thinking; not always working
John is being treated with a biological therapy for a disorder. The side effects of this therapy are irreversible and include twitching muscles in his neck and face and uncontrollable salivation. John probably has ________ and is being treated with ________.
schizophrenia; an antipsychotic
Some people experience significant depressive symptoms only during the winter months, a disorder informally called
seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
Delia lives far from her family and rarely visits them. On a recent trip home, Delia realizes that her nephews do not know who she is. This makes Delia feel remorseful. Because remorse is a blend of other feelings, Delia is experiencing a(n) ________ emotion.
secondary
Ted heard that the general psychology class offered at his school was very difficult. When he took the class, he decided to put in minimal effort and didn't pay enough attention. At the end of the semester, Ted failed the class and said to himself, "I knew this class was difficult all along!" This is an example of
self-fulfilling prophecy.
Dr. Leung gives all of her clients a questionnaire about sleeping and eating habits, daily activities, and emotional states. Based on this information, Dr. Leung can determine whether depressive symptoms are present. Dr. Leung is using ________ to assess psychopathology.
self-reports
Investigators who are interested in studying attitudes and would like to gain a lot of information very quickly are likely to use
self-reports.
Lisa is driving to school when she sees a yellow traffic light ahead. According to the three-part model of memory storage, Lisa will first maintain information about the yellow light in her
sensory storage
Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. She is considering how to use goals to effectively encourage persistence and concentration, and to increase student motivation. Makenna should
set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy.
Dr. Clark is treating clients with schizophrenia who have disorganized speech. She notices that their speech
shifts rapidly between topics with no obvious logic.
Over the past few years, Farhan has had to deal with a lot of stress. His parents both have chronic diseases, he and his wife argue constantly, and his new job demands a lot of his time. According to research on the long-term effects of stress, Farhan may
show a decreased immune response to infectious diseases.
Which of the following two disorders are most similar in that they always involve worry over a certain situation or object?
social anxiety disorder and specific phobias
When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance, it is an example of
social facilitation.
Expected standards of conduct, which influence behaviors, are known as
social norms.
Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion. Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as
someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.
According to the textbook, being encouraged by peers and enhancing one's self-image are reasons why people
start smoking.
Research in different cultural contexts reveals that obesity is
stigmatized in some of them and respected in others.
Shoshanna is hyperactive at school, often having trouble with instructions, sitting still in her seat, and focusing on her schoolwork. Shoshanna is likely to be treated with a ________, such as ________.
stimulant; Ritalin
Eric is terrified of cows. In his first session with a therapist, Eric is instructed in some deep-breathing exercises to create a calm state. Then, the therapist prompts Eric to visualize a mildly fear-provoking situation involving driving past a field of cows. Eric's therapist is using
systematic desensitization.
Which of the following is an example of an altruistic behavior?
telling the police that your company dumps toxic waste, even though you will lose your job
A political candidate wants to create a long-lasting positive image. According to the elaboration likelihood model, the candidate would use commercials
that clearly explain campaign issues.
One difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involves
the amount of food that is typically consumed.
Research has shown that schizophrenia may be related to biological factors. Specifically, brain-imaging studies have shown that in people with schizophrenia
the amount of overall brain tissue may be reduced, although a causal factor has not been established.
Flora's car breaks down, leaving her stranded on the highway in the middle of rush hour. As more and more cars drive past her, Flora is surprised that no one stops to help her. The fact that other drivers fail to help Flora is most likely explained by
the bystander intervention effect.
Dianne is convinced she has developed an anxiety disorder because because she knows that anxiety disorders run in her family. In addition, she has been living in a stressful environment. Dianne's belief about how she developed psychopathology is most consistent with
the diathesis-stress model.
Fred wants to clean his room. Just as he starts, his roommate asks him to fix his computer. Then his boyfriend asks him to fix his car. Finally, Fred starts to clean his room, but his best friend asks him to help move a couch. Fred angrily throws the cleaning supplies and curses. Fred's aggressive behavior is best explained by
the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who interprets Stewart's behavior in terms of extrinsic motivation would say that Stewart's behavior in the interview is most likely motivated by
the incentive of wanting to earn a high salary.
Dualism is the classic idea in psychology that
the mind and the brain are separate entities.
Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing ________ as a result of her attempts at ________.
the rebound effect; thought suppression
Amanda is telling Connie about a movie she saw last night, and Connie asks who starred in the movie. Amanda gets frustrated because she cannot think of the actor's name, even though she can describe the actor and list other movies in which he has starred. Amanda is most likely experiencing
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood that an attitude predicts behavior?
the values associated with the attitude
According to the learned helplessness model of depression, some people with depression
think they have no control over the outcomes of events they experience.
Regina is mentally manipulating information about how her boyfriend's new jeans fit him. When Regina does this she is
thinking about how he looks in the jeans.
The subfield of cognitive psychology focuses on
thinking, memory, and attention.
Jeremy started exercising in his fifties, but because of his busy schedule, he could only manage to fit in around 10 minutes of exercise a day. Because of the very limited time he was able to exercise, Jeremy should expect
to feel more vigorous and have a better mood.
Whether a group in group therapy is highly structured or more loosely organized depends on the ________ and the ________.
type of disorder being treated; therapist's preferred treatment approach
If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories.
unable; able
Josh is having trouble deciding which of two pairs of shoes to buy. Donna tells him that when she could not decide which of two sweaters to buy, she decided to buy both sweaters. Josh realizes that buying both pairs of shoes will solve his problem as well. Josh ________ to solve his problem.
used an analogy
Which dimension in the circumplex model of describing emotions corresponds with how positive or negative an emotion is?
valence
In a study, participants are shown two soundless 30-second clips of unfamiliar political candidates and asked to determine which candidate had won a recent election. Based on prior research on thin slices of behavior, how accurate would you predict the participants' judgments to be?
very accurate because nonverbal behavior provides sufficient information
Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best, which results in a highly aroused state. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because
very high arousal can hurt her performance.
When men and women are placed under similar levels of stress
women are more likely than men to seek out social support.
