Quality Management Plan
What is quality ?
the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements
8.1 Plan Quality: Outputs (5)
1. Quality Management Plan 2. Quality Metrics 3. Quality Checklists 4. Project Improvement Plan 5. Project Document Updates
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 7. Flowcharting
- A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process showing the relationships among the process steps - All flow charts will have activities, decision points and order of processing.
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 9. Inspection
- Also called reviews, peer reviews, audits and walk through - It is the examination of a work to determine whether it conform to standards. - Inspections include the measurements - Inspection can be conducted at any level. Ex: result of single activity or final product can be inspected - Inspections are also used to validate defect repairs
3. Quality checklist (output 3)
- An important output of Plan Quality - A structured tool, usually component-specific, used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed. - Quality checklists are used in QC process but prepared here
8.3 Perform quality control: Outputs 2. Validated changes
- Any changed or repaired items are inspected and will be either accepted or rejected before notification of the decision is provide - Rejected items may require rework
8.3 Perform quality control: Outputs 1. Quality control measurements
- Are all of the result of your inspections: the numbers of defects you found, number of tests that passed or failed- stuff like that - These measurements are the result of the QC activities - These measurements are fed back to the QA (section 8.2) to re-evaluate and analyze the quality standards and processes.
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 9. Additonal Quality Planning tools
- Brainstorming - Affinity diagram - Nominal group techniques: to allow ideas to be brainstormed in small groups and then reviewed by a larger group - Prioritization Matrices
8.3 Perform quality control: Outputs 3. OPA updates
- Completed checklist: when checklist are used the completed checklist should become the part of the project's record - Lesson learnt: ex the causes of variances, the reason behind the corrective actions chosen.. should be documented so that they become the part of historical data for both this project and the performing organization.
Modern Quality Management focus on
- Customer satisfaction - Conformance to requirements - Fitness for use - Prevention over inspection - Continuous improvement - Management responsibility
2. Quality metric (output 2)
- Define how quality will be measured. - Are the specify quality goals the project must meet and how the quality control processes will confirm compliance. It can include any types of applicable measurement, including defect rates, bug rates, failure rates, etc.
1. Quality Management Plan (output 1)
- It describes how project management team will implement the performing organization's quality policy - The quality management plan is a component or subsidiary plan of project management plan - The quality management plan provides inputs to the overall project management plan and must address quality control (QC), Quality Assurance (QA) and continuous process improvement for the project
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 5. Design of Experiments (DOE)
- It helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process - It provides a statistical framework for systematically changing the entire important factors one at a time rather than each at a time.
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 3. Flowcharts
- It helps you get a handle on how processes work by showing all of the decision points graphically. - It shows how various elements of a system interrelated and the order of processing. - It helps the project team anticipate what and where quality problems
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 6. Statistical Sampling
- It is used to choose the part of a population of interest for inspection - A sample selected according to statistical calculation is tested/ checked rather than all products - Sample frequency and sizes should be determined during plan quality process
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 3. Control charts
- Purpose: + Determine whether a process is in control or out of control + Determine whether or not a process is stable or predictable + In project, control chart can be used for monitoring of cost and time - Specification limit: drawn from contract or customer specification. It may be stringent than control limits - Mean: represent the average of control limits or specification limits - Out of control: process is out of control if + A data point falls out of control limits + Break the rule of seven - Rule of seven: is rule of thumb or heuristic. A consecutive seven data points on single side of mean is considered out of control, even though the data points are within control limits - Assignable cause/ Special Cause variation: is a data point that requires investigation (either out of control limits or breaks rule of seven)
8.3 Perform quality control
- The process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to asses performance and recommend necessary changes - Perform Quality Control is the process where each deliverable is INSPECTED, MEASURED and TESTED. This process makes sure that everything produced meets quality standards - QC is often performed by a quality control department.
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques (10)
1. Cause and effect diagram 2. Control charts 3. Flow-charting 4. Histogram 5. Pareto chart 6. Run chart 7. Scatter chart 8. Statistical sampling 9. Inspection 10. Approved change requests review
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools & Techniques (9)
1. Cost-benefit analysis 2. Cost of quality 3. Control charts 4. Bench-marking 5. Design of Experiments 6. Statistical Sampling 7. Flow charting 8. Proprietary quality management 9. Additional quality management tools
Quality Theorists
1. Edward Deming: PLAN - DO - CHECK - ACTION 2. Phillip Crosby: Zero defect practices (Do it right in the first time) (Prevention) 3. Joseph Juran: Fitness for use (Stakeholders or customers's expectations are met or exceeded) 4. Kaizen: - From Japan, continuous improvement - Improve the quality of people first then quality of products or services 5. JIT: Just in time A manufacturing method that bring inventory down to zero (or near zero) levels 6. ISO 9000 Ensures companies document what they do and do what they document.
Cost of Non conformance
1. Internal failure costs: Failures found by the project - Rework - Scrap 2. External failure costs: Failures found by the customer - Testing - Destructive testing loss - Inspection
Project Quality Management Processes
1. Plan Quality (Planning) 2. Perform Quality Assurance (Executing) 3. Perform Quality Control (Monitoring and Control)
Cost of conformance
1. Prevention costs: Build a quality product - Training - Document Processes - Equipment - Time to do it right 2. Appraisal costs: Assess the quality - Testing - Destructive testing loss - Inspection
8.3 Perform quality control: Inputs (7)
1. Project Management Plan 2. Quality metrics 3. Quality checklists 4. OPA 5. Work performance measurements 6. Approved change requests 7. Deliverable
8.3 Perform quality control: Outputs 4. Validated deliverables
1. QC aim to determine the correctness of deliverable 2. The result of the execution quality control process are validated deliverables
8.3 Perform quality control: Outputs (7)
1. Quality control measurement 2. Validated changes 3. OPA updates 4. Validated deliverable 5. Project management plan updates 6. Change requests 7. Project document updates
8.1 Plan Quality: Input (1-4)
1. Scope baseline - Acceptance criterial - Details of technical issues - Other concerns 2. Stakeholder register: stakeholders with a particular interest in or impact on quality 3. Cost performance baseline: the accepted time phase used to measure cost performance 4. Schedule baseline: the accepted schedule performance measures including start and finish dates
8.1 Plan Quality: Input (7)
1. Scope baseline 2. Stakeholder register 3. Cost performance baseline 4. Schedule baseline 5. Risk registers 6. EEFs 7. OPAs
8.1 Plan Quality: Input (5-7)
5. Risk register: threat and opportunities that may impact quality requirements 6. EEFs: - Government regulations - Rules, standards and guidelines specify to the application area etc. - Working/operation conditions of the project / product which may affect project quality 7. OPAs - Organizational quality policies, procedures and guidelines - Historical databases - Lesson learnt from previous projects - Quality policies
8.3 Perform quality control: Outputs 6. Change requests 7. Project document updates
6. Change requests: If the recommended corrective or preventive actions or a defect repair requires a change to the project management plan, a change request should be initialized in accordance with the defined Perform Integrated Change Control system. 7. Project document updates: Project document may get updated but not limited to : quality standards
What is grade?
Grade is a category assigned to products or services having the same functional use but different technical characteristics Low quality is always problem but low grade may not be.
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 7. Scatter diagram
Help you look at the relationship between 2 different kinds of data. - Dependent variables versus independent variables are plotted. - The closer the points are to a diagonal line the more closely they are related.
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 4. Benchmarking
It compares actual or planned project practices to those projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance.
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 4. Histogram
It is bar chart showing the distribution of variables Histogram helps identify the cause of the problem in a process by the shape and width of the distribution.
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 5. Pareto chart
Pareto chart go to gather with the 80/20 rule. It says 80 percent of the problems are caused by 20 percents of the root causes you can find. Pareto chart plot out the frequency of defects and sort them in descending order. - Helps to focus attention on most critical issues - Prioritize the potential causes of the problem - Separate the critical few from the uncritical many.
5. Project document updates (output 5)
Project document may get updated, but are not limited to: 1. Stakeholder register 2. Responsibility Assignment Metrics
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 2. Cost of quality
Quality involves costs and the cost of quality quantifies this cost. The cost of quality has two main components: - The cost of conforming to quality requirements - The cost of non-conformance The cost of conformance should be lower than costs of non-conformance.
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 1. Cause and effect diagram
Show how various factors might be caused to potential problems or defects.
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 8. Proprietary Quality Management Methodoligies
These include Six Sigma, Lean Six Sigma, ISO, CMMI etc.
4. Process Improvement plan (output 4)
This plan aims to eliminate non-value-added activity, eliminate waste, and to determine how the project work, execution, and management can be made better. Thus it increases the customer satisfaction. - Process boundaries: start and end of processes, their inputs and outputs, data required, if any and the owners and stake holders of processes - Process configuration: A flowchart of processes to facilitate analysis with interfaces identified. - Process metrics: Maintain control over status of process - Targets for improved performance: Guides the process improvement activities
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 10. Approved change request review
all approved change requests should be reviewed to verify that they were implemented as approved.
8.1 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques 1. Cost Benefits Analysis
is looking at how much your quality activities will cost versus how much you will gain from doing them
8.3 Perform quality control: Tools and Techniques 6. Run chart
show the variations in the process over time or to show trend (such as improvements or lack of improvement) in the process. In a run chart, you are looking for trends in the data overtime.