Quantitive Methods Final

With respect to z-scores, for any sample the mean is always ___ and the SD is always A. 1; 0 B. 0; 1 C. 100; 10 D. below the median; ½ of the range

B. 0; 1

A frequency distribution would be mesokurtic if its standard deviation was 8 and its range was A. 16 B. 48 C. 96 D. the range could not be determined based on these data

B. 48

Using an alpha of .05 means the probability of making a Type I error is A. 95% B. 5% C. 50% D. It depends on degrees of freedom

B. 5%

With respect to estimating a population mean, compared to a 99% confidence interval, a 95% confidence interval will be A. wider B. narrower C. the same D. it depends on the size of the std. deviation(s).

B. narrower

When we reject the null hypothesis A. we prove the alternate hypothesis (i.e., the research hypothesis) B. we determine that the null hypothesis is unlikely to be true C. we conclude that the results are likely to have come about by chance D. all of the above are true when we reject the null hypothesis

B. we determine that the null hypothesis is unlikely to be true

When all of the points in a scatterplot lie on the regression line, the correlation between the two variables must be A. positive B. statistically significant C. + 1.0 or - 1.0 D. Over .50, but less than + or - 1.0

C. + 1.0 or - 1.0

If we use an alpha of .01 when testing the null hypothesis, what is the probability of making a Type II error? A. 1% B. 50% C. 99% D. You cannot tell from the information given because you need mean differences, sample size, and std. deviations to determine that.

C. 99%

In linear regression, if the slope is -.25, which of the following is true? A. Every unit increase in X will result in a 1/4 unit increase in Y B. Every unit increase in X will result in a 4 unit increase in Y C. Every unit increase in X will result in a 1/4 unit decrease in Y D. None of the above are true

C. Every unit increase in X will result in a 1/4 unit decrease in Y

With respect to the level of measurement, for a chi-square test, the dependent variable is _____ and the independent variable is ______. A. nominal; interval/ratio B. interval/ratio; nominal C. nominal; nominal D. interval/ratio; interval/ratio

C. nominal; nominal

When we fail to reject H0, we are concluding that the results (e.g., the difference between means) are due to A. the independent variable B. the dependent variable C. sampling error D. none of the above

C. sampling error

If the F statistic is significant in the 1-way ANOVA, the next step to take would be A. to accept the null hypothesis and conduct a post-hoc test B. to report the result and reject the null hypothesis. C. to reject the null hypothesis and conduct a post-hoc test D. to report the result and accept the null hypothesis

C. to reject the null hypothesis and conduct a post-hoc test

Non- experimental studies

variables can only be measured and no controlled

When you have one independent variable with more than two levels, and the DV is interval-ratio, which statistical test should be used? A. factorial ANOVA B. independent samples t C. Pearson's r D. 1-way ANOVA.

D. 1-way ANOVA.

If the Pearson's r between variables X and Y is -.40, how much of variance in Y can be predicted by X? A. 40% B. 25% C. none - negative correlations do not permit you to explain variance in a criterion variable D. 16%

D. 16%

In linear regression analysis, if the slope is +.50, which of the following is true? A. you can predict 25% of the variance in Y from the value of X. B. you can predict 50% of the variance in Y from the value of X. C. for every unit decrease in X there will be a 1/2 unit increase in Y. D. None of the above are true.

D. None of the above are true.

The sampling distribution of the mean has a standard deviation referred to as the A. normal standard deviation B. the standard error of the difference C. the variance of the population D. the standard error of the mean

D. the standard error of the mean

T/F: On a four group design, the between df for a one way ANOVA must equal 4

False (4-1=3)

Null hypothesis for z test

Null hypothesis: Mu sample= Mu

Any measurement made on the entire population is called_____

Parameter

interval ratio

numbers

Statistic or parameter: Population mean (mu)

parameter

Statistic or parameter: SD of the entire sampling distribution of means

parameter

Statistic or parameter: the range of sample scores

statistic

Independent variables

the cause in non-experimental research, manipulated

T/F: ANOVA assumes that the data are at least interval

true

T/F: An F ratio of 5.00 indicates that the variance between groups is five times greater than the variance within groups

true

T/F: Because of sampling error, a point estimate can never be guaranteed to produce the true population parameter

true

The correlation between a criterion variable and several predictor variables

Multiple R

With a confidence interval of .95, the probability of not including the parameter mean is equal to _____ or less

5%

When doing a t-test, our obtained t-value must ________ the critical value in the table (for the designated degrees of freedom) in order to _________ the null hypothesis. A. be less than; reject B. be equal to or greater than; reject C. be equal to or greater than; accept D. equal; prove

B. be equal to or greater than; reject

Null Hypothesis for Chi Squared

Null Hypothesis: frequency observed= frequency expected

What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis in a one way ANOVA

There is at least 1 significant difference between the different means

Validity

accurately measuring what you are supposed to measure

The range of mean values within which the true parameter mean is predicted to fall is called the _____

confidence interval

T/F: The Pearson's r assumes that the association between X and Y is curvilinear

false (linear)

Reliability

measure the same thing with the same result

Mesokurtic

normal distribution SD=1/6 R

The statement that the sample is representative of the same parameter as that assumed for the population at large is called the _____ hypothesis

null

Null Hypothesis of Pearsons r

null hypothesis= rpop=0

N is the

number of sample size

positive or negative: The amount of media news coverage of crime and the publics fear of crime

positive

Ordinal

rank order

Dependent Variables

the effect in non experimental research

T/F: Every sample measure is assumed to contain sampling error

true

T/F: To do a factorial ANOVA, there must be a minimum of at least four unique combos of the IV

true

T/F: To use the Pearson r, both sets of paired scores must be composed of at least interval data

true

T/F: When comparing correlations from two separate and unmatched samples (Other things being equal), the larger the sample sizes, the higher the likelihood of finding a significant difference

true

no correlation is greater than -1 or +1

true

when all the points on a scatterplot lie directly on the regression line, then the value of the correlation must be

+ or - 1.0

If the regression line has a slope of .5, then each single unit increase in X will be accompanied by how much of an increase in Y

.5

With infanite degrees of freedom, what t ratio is needed to reject the null hypothesis at the .05 alpha level?_____

1.96

A five group research design with six subjects in each group has ________ between degrees of freedom and ______ within degrees of freedom

4;25

When the samples are selected random from a single population, the probability of selecting a sample whose mean is higher than the population mean is _____

50%

When the samples are selected random from a single population, the probability of selecting a sample whose mean is lower than the population mean is _____

50%

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the standard deviation? A. It can never be 0 B. It can never be negative C. It can never be more than ½ the range. D. It functions as the denominator when computing a z-score

A. It can never be 0

In a sample of high school runners' times in the 1600 meters, the mode was 4:50, the mean was 4:35, and the median was 4:42. What can we say about the distribution? A. It's negatively skewed B. It's positively skewed C. It's normal (not skewed) D. Nothing - the numbers don't allow us to say anything about the form of the distribution.

A. It's negatively skewed

In a one-way ANOVA, as the sum of squares between increases, the probability of accepting the null hypothesis A. decreases B. increases C. remains constant D. you cannot tell because the degrees of freedom within changes depending on the value of the sum of squares within.

A. decreases

As σ gets larger, the standard error of the mean would _____ making it _____ likely to reject the null hypothesis. A. increase; less B. decrease; less C. increase; more D. decrease; more

A. increase; less

Inferential statistics (such as the independent samples t and chi-square) are referred to as 'inferential' because they are used to draw conclusions about ___ from ___. A. populations; samples B. samples; populations C. hypotheses; theories D. theories; hypotheses

A. populations; samples

In linear regression, the change in value of Y that occurs with each unit change in X is referred to as the A. slope B. coefficient of determination C. residual D. intercept

A. slope

In an experiment, the numerator in the F statistic is a measure of A. the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable B. the effect of individual differences among subjects on the dependent variable C. the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable D. the effect of the number of subjects on the dependent variable

A. the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Why do we conduct a post-hoc test if we find a significant F in a one-way ANOVA? A. Because you don't know which means differ from which other ones when there are more than two of them. B. Because the sum of squares within underestimates the population sum of squares C. Because the book and Prof. Kilianski told us to. D. Because smaller sample sizes are less likely to yield significant differences, and each group is a smaller sample than the total N.

A.Because you don't know which means differ from which other ones when there are more than two of them.

The term -2r(SEM1)(SEM2) in the paired samples t-test causes the t-ratio to be ________ than it would if the term were excluded. A. smaller B. larger C. less biased with respect to the population parameter D. more biased with respect to the population parameter

B. Larger

In estimating the standard error of the mean, we use the sample SD, but then divide it by the square root of N-1 instead of N. Why? A. The sample SD is a biased estimate, consistently overestimating the population SD B. The sample SD is a biased estimate, consistently underestimating the population SD C. Dr. Kilianski and the text author say to do it that way. D. An uppercase N has an inflated ego, and needs a correction factor to induce some humility.

B. The sample SD is a biased estimate, consistently underestimating the population SD

After obtaining the value of R in a multiple regression analysis, what else must be done? A. We need to check the Pearson's r values among the predictors and the criterion to ensure that they are significant B. We need to conduct an F-test to find out if the multiple R is significant C. We need to use a Tukey test to determine if there are significant differences among the Pearson's r values D. we need to do all of the above

B. We need to conduct an F-test to find out if the multiple R is significant

In the t-statistic, the denominator represents variability in the DV due to ____________, while the numerator represents variability in the DV due to _______. A. the independent variable and sampling error; everything except the independent variable. B. everything except the independent variable; the independent variable and sampling error. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B

B. everything except the independent variable; the independent variable and sampling error.

Given a data set with a standard deviation of 7 and a range of 60, you should conclude that the distribution is A. platykurtic B. leptokurtic C. mesokurtic D. skewed

B. leptokurtic

Of two hypothetical predictors, age and height, age is significantly correlated with the criterion, speed in 100 meter dash, while height is not. In that case, which of the following should be used A. Multiple R regression analysis using both height and age as predictors of speed B. simple linear regression analysis using age as the predictor of speed C. simple linear regression analysis using height as the predictor of speed D. none of the above would be appropriate given the pattern of correlations provided above

B. simple linear regression analysis using age as the predictor of speed

The average variation from the mean in a set of measurements in a sample is the conceptual definition of the A. interquartile range B. standard deviation. C. variance. D. standard error of the mean.

B. standard deviation

When a ANOVA results in the rejection of the null hypothesis, then the ____variability must be bigger than the ____ hypothesis

Between: within

A negative z-score means that the value is A. in a negative percentile rank B. probably due to sampling error C. between the 0 and 50th percentile D. impossible; you can never have a negative z-score

C. between the 0 and 50th percentile

With respect to the "sampling distribution of the mean," A. the mean, median, and mode must all be equal to the population mean B. the distribution of the means must be normal, even if the actual population distribution from which the samples are taken is not C. both A and B are true D. none of the above are true

C. both A and B are true

Before conducting a multiple regression analysis, we need to A. determine that none of the predictor variables are significantly correlated with each other B. determine that all of the predictor variables are significantly correlated with each other C. confirm that each of the hypothesized predictors has a significant Pearson's r with the criterion variable. D. none of the above are necessary precursors to performing a multiple R test.

C. confirm that each of the hypothesized predictors has a significant Pearson's r with the criterion variable.

With respect to the paired-samples t-test, as the size of the r decreases, the t-ratio _____ making it ________ to reject the null hypothesis. A. remains the same; equally likely B. increases; more likely C. decreases; less likely D. increases; less likely

C. decreases; less likely

In the F statistic, which of the following does NOT influence the MS within? A. variation between each cell mean and the scores in that cell B. the number of groups (or means being compared) in the study C. differences between each group mean and the grand mean D. all of the above influence the MS within

C. differences between each group mean and the grand mean

Effect Size for Pearsons r

Coefficient of determination (r^2)

The slope of the regression line is determined by A. the sign of Pearson's r for X and Y B. The absolute value of Pearson's r for X and Y C. The standard deviation of both X and Y D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following, if any, is false with respect to Pearson's r? A. Both of the variables must be interval/ratio B. The ranges of values for x and y should NOT be restricted C. The form of the relationship between X and Y must be linear D. All of the above are false

D. All of the above are false

Why is the term 2r(SEM1)(SEM2) not included in the independent samples t-test? A. Because the relationship in an independent samples t-test is assumed to be non-linear B. Because we only use SEM1 in the independent samples t-test C. Because the denominator in the independent samples t-test underestimates the estimated standard error the difference D. Because the r is assumed to be 0 in the independent samples t-test

D. Because the r is assumed to be 0 in the independent samples t-test

In regression analysis, the intercept is determined by what factors? A. the mean of Y B. the mean of X C. the slope of the regression line D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The null hypothesis for the single-sample t-test is that any difference between the sample mean and the population mean is due to A. chance B. random variation C. sampling error D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

The regression line represents the line that A. minimizes the residuals when using the value of X to predict the value of Y B. intersects the Y axis at the point where the X variable equals 0 C. slopes downward when the correlation between X and Y is negative D. all of the above

D. all of the above

In a single-sample t-test, as the sample SD increases, the size of the obtained t-value ____, making it ______ likely to reject the null hypothesis. A. increases; more B. increases; less C. decreases; more D. decreases; less

D. decreases; less

If a researcher wanted to determine if there was a difference between a sample of Democrats and a sample of Republicans in their annual income (measured in dollars) the appropriate inferential statistic to use would be the A. z-test B. chi-square test C. single-sample t-test D. independent samples t-test

D. independent samples t-test

In a study where type of reading training (whole language vs. phonics) and length of training (6 weeks vs. 12 weeks) were examined for their effect on reading test scores, the scores improved only for children in the phonics training for 12 weeks. This would be described as a(n) A. main effect for type training and a main effect of length of training B. interaction between type of training and reading test scores C. interaction between length of training and reading test scores D. interaction between type of training and length of training E. all of the above F. none of the above

D. interaction between type of training and length of training

When you know the population mean, but the population standard deviation is unknown, and you want to determine if a sample mean is "significantly different" from the population mean, you should use a(n) A. z-test B. independent samples t-test C. repeated measures t-test D. single-sample t-test

D. single-sample t-test

The standard error of the difference is A. the estimated standard deviation of the population B. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of mean C. the difference between the standard deviations of the two samples in an independent samples t-test D. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the difference

D. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the difference

Which of the following, if any, are characteristics of the normal distribution? A. Its mean, median, and mode are all equal B. Its form is mesokurtic (the SD = 1/6 of the range) C. The areas under the curve are fixed (e.g., 68.26% of the area lies between +1 and -1 SD of the mean) D. Only B and C are true E. A, B, and C are true

E. A, B, and C are true

T/F: ANOVA demands that at least four sample groups must be compared

False (at least 3)

That branch of statistics wherein estimates of the characteristics of the entire group are made on the basis of having measured a smaller group is called_____

Inferential Statistics

For the single sample t ratio, degrees of freedom is equal to ____

N-1

The central Limit theorem states that the shape of the entire distribution of sample means will tend to approximate_____

Normal distribution

A method of sampling in which every observation in the entire population has an equal chance of being selected is called_____

Random

The total sum f squares is made up of two major components, the _______ and the ______

SSB+SSW

M is the

Sample mean

If successive random samples are taken from the population, the SD of the resulting distribution of the means is called_____

Standard error of the mean

Any measurement made on a sample is called _____

Statistic

T/F: The higher the correlation between X and Y, the more information about Y is contained in X

True

type 1 error

When you reject the null hypothesis, but the null hypothesis is true alpha .05: 5% chance type 1 error alpha .01: 1% chance type 1 error

z score

a descriptive value, the point in a distribution of scores below which the given percentage of scores fall

Sample

a subset of a population

The grater the spread among the various sample means, the larger is the ________ (between or within) variability

between

A nonrepresentative sample is often due to ______ which is constant sampling error in one direction

bias

The variance, or mean square, results from dividing the sum of squares by _____

degrees of freedom

The effect of the DV is the _____ in a t test and z test

denominator

Coefficient of Contingency

effect size for chi square

type 2 error

fail to reject the null hypothesis alpha .05: 95% chance Type 2 error alpha .01: 99% chance type 2 error

A correlation of + .75 must be significant, regardless of the degrees of freedom

false

T/F: A multiple R of .40 means that one of the predictor variables accounts for 16% of the variance in the criterion.

false

T/F: Every sample measure is assumed to contain bias

false

T/F: For an independent samples t-test and a paired samples t-test with same number of subjects, the degrees of freedom would be the same.

false

T/F: If a distribution is perfectly symmetrical, it must have only one mode

false

T/F: If a researcher asks subjects to identify their sexual orientation as either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual, sexual orientation is being measured on an ordinal level.

false

T/F: If the correlation between X and Y is zero, the best predictor of the value of Y is the mean of X.

false

T/F: If the range of either set of sample scores is in any way restricted, the Pearson's r will overestimate the degree of correlation

false

T/F: If two predictor variables are not significantly correlated with each other, then we should not use both in a multiple R analysis.

false

T/F: In a factorial ANOVA, when neither main effect is significant, the interaction cannot be significant.

false

T/F: In a multiple regression analysis, all of the predictors must share the same slope value.

false

T/F: In a positively skewed distribution, the mean lies to the left of the median

false

T/F: In an ANOVA, only the size of the sample influences the degrees of freedom within.

false

T/F: In experimental research, the dependent variable represents the cause, and the independent variable represents the effect.

false

T/F: In linear regression, the intercept is the value of X when the value of Y is 0.

false

T/F: It makes little or no difference which measure of central tendency is used, since they all "average out" about the same anyways

false

T/F: Multiple regression analysis should only be run on non-experimental data

false

T/F: Negative correlations, even when significant, never predict better than chance

false

T/F: On a factorial ANOVA, the interaction effect will always be significant if the main effects are themselves significant

false

T/F: The SD can never be 0

false

T/F: The distribution with the largest range necessarily has the largest SD

false

T/F: The mean of a given distribution is 20, the mode is 17, and the mean is 35. The distribution is skewed to the left

false

T/F: The median is always that point that is arithmetically exactly halfway between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

false

T/F: The null hypothesis for the z test states that the hypothesized population mean is different from the known population mean

false

T/F: The reason there is only one number shown for degrees of freedom in any t-test is because the degrees of freedom between must always be 2.

false

T/F: The t-test or the z-test can be used if the dependent variable is nominal

false

T/F: When the obtained value of F is larger than the table value of F for a given number of df, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected

false

T/F: Whenever a correlation is significant, the possibility of a cause and effect relationship is totally ruled out

false

T/F: With respect to a factorial ANOVA, if both main effects are significant, the interaction must also be significant

false

T/F:If sample sizes are large, bias is eliminated

false

T/F:In an ANOVA, the greater the variability between each cell mean and the scores within that cell, the greater the SS between

false

T/F: In linear regression, the mean value of all residuals will be greater for a correlation of -.70 than for a correlation of +.60.

false; It's the absolute value of r that counts. The sign has nothing to do with the level of predictive accuracy

Platykurtic

flat SD> 1/6 R

Changing the confidence interval from .95 to .99 _____ (increases or decreases) the range of mean values within which mu is assumed to fall

increases

each single data point on a scatter plot represents

individual score

if X correlates significantly with Y, then X is probably the cause of Y

it depends on experiment

When a calculated F ratio has a large value, it indicates that the variability between groups is ____ (Larger or smaller) than the variability within groups

larger

The single straight line that lies closest to all the points on a scatter plot

least squares regression line

If the within group variability is small, then the separate sample groups are most likely to have _____(platykurtic or leptokurtic) distributions

leptokurtic

For a given sample size, setting the alpha error at .01 rather than .05 makes it _____ (more or less) likely to reject the null hypothesis

less

negatively skewed

mean is lower than the median

When the correlation between X and Y is zero, what is the best prediction of a Y score that can be made from a given X score

mean of Y

Normal skew (Symmetrical distribution)

mean, median, and mode are all the same

Positive or negative: The number of visible police cruisers on the highway, and the number of cars exceeding the speed limit

negative

when all the points on a scatter plot lie directly on the regression line, then the value of the correlation must be

negative

The effect of the IV is the ____ in a t test and z test

nominator

As the degrees of freedom increase (as sample size gets larger), the t distributions approach what other distribution_____

normal distribution

Statistic is to sample a _____ is to population

parameter

Statistic or parameter: The range of population values

parameter

The total number of observations sharing at least one trait in common is called the _____

population

the sigma is

population SD

the mu is the

population mean

Positive or negative: The more a person uses illegal drugs, the greater the likelihood of illness and premature death

positive

positive or negative: The higher a person's score on the SOGS, a test of gambling addictions, the more moving-violation citations the person has had

positive

To establish a significant difference, what decision must first be made regarding the null hypothesis

reject

When the calculated value of t is equal to or greater than the table value of t for a given number of degrees of freedom, the researcher should_____ the null hypothesis

reject

Experiments

researcher manipulates or controls an IV

A point estamate is a hypothsized parameter value that is based on an _____ value

sample

The difference between the sample mean and the population mean (M-mu) is called _____

sampling error

The amount of increase in Y accompanies a given increase in X

slope

Statistic or parameter: SD of the sample

statistic

Statistic or parameter: Sample mean (M)

statistic

Within- group variability results from the accumulated differences between each individual score and______

the cell mean

Between-group variability results from the accumulated differences between each sample mean and_____

the grand mean

Total variability results from the accumulated differences between each individual score and _____

the grand mean

Positively skewed

the mean is higher than the median

null hypothesis

the result you got is due to sampling error

Population

the set of all possible elements in a collection or group defined by one common characteristic

Cullens D

the test to find out the effect size for the t- test

Leptokurtic

thin and sharply peaked SD< 1/6R

A point estimate is a sample value that is said to provide the "best" estimate of a single parameter value

true

If X correlates .9 with Y then Y must also correlate .9 with X

true

In the long run we may expect .99 of our estimates, based on a 99% confidence interval to be correct

true

T/F: A Pearsons r of .90 means that the percentage of information about Y contained in X is roughly 81%

true

T/F: Assuming that the mean differences and standard deviations are constant, you are more likely to reject the null hypothesis when using a paired-samples t-test than an independent samples t-test.

true

T/F: For a given vale for the sample's SD, increasing the sample size decreases the estimated standard error of the mean

true

T/F: If the correlation between X and Y is high and the correlation between X and Z is high, then the correlation between Y and Z should be high

true

T/F: In a 1-way ANOVA, if the sum of squares between remains constant and the number of means being compared decreases, you are more likely to find a significant difference among the means.

true

T/F: In any distribution, the median must fall at the 50th percentile

true

T/F: Only if the researcher manipulates an independent variable can a study be considered an experiment.

true

T/F: Significant correlations always predict better than chance

true

T/F: The SD can never be greater than the range

true

T/F: The SD can never be negative

true

T/F: The higher the Pearson's R, the higher the coefficient of determination

true

T/F: The higher the correlation, the more a predicted Y value may deviate from the mean of the Y distribution

true

T/F: The larger the SD of the sample, for a given n, the larger is the estimated standard error of the mean

true

T/F: The mean is to central tendency as the SD is to variability

true

T/F: The median is influenced more than the median by a few extreme scores at one end of the distribution

true

T/F: The more a correlation deviates from zero, the better is its predictive accuracy

true

T/F: The null hypothesis in multiple regression analysis is R (in the population) = 0

true

T/F: The standard deviation can only be computed with reference to the mean

true

T/F: The use of factorial ANOVA is required whenever there is more than one independent variable and the data are interval form

true

T/F: To calculate the z-test, the population's parameter values must be known

true

T/F: When finding the median, it makes no difference whether one starts counting from the top or the bottom of the distribution of scores

true

T/F: When the data are skewed, the median is the best index of central tendency

true

T/F:In a linear regression analysis, the higher the Pearson's r, the lower the values of the residuals

true

for the pearson's r, degrees of freedom are assigned on the basis of the number of pairs of scores minus the constant 2

true

T/F: The f ratio is a nondirectional, two tail test of differences among sample groups used whenever the data are in interval form

true (because SS)

T/F:In addition to interval-ratio level predictors, nominal predictors can also be included in multiple regression analysis.

true; We did not learn how to do this in class, but multiple regression can handle numerically coded nominal predictors.

Every point on the abscissa of a sampling distribution of means represents an _____

value of a sampling mean

In the regression equation, what term denotes the point where the regression line crosses the ordinate?

y intercept

the value of Y when X equals zero

y-intercept

Nominal

yes, no urban, suburban