Questions From Lectures + Concept Checks+ Quizzes
A ligand binds to a channel and opens it, resulting in the influx of sodium into a post-synaptic cell. The receptor and post synaptic response are... A) Ionotropic and excitatory B) Ionotropic and inhibitory C) Ionotropic and neither excitatory nor inhibitory D) Metabotropic and excitatory E) Metabotropic and inhibitory
A
The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is... A) -70mV B) -50mV C) -90mV
A
Which is most directly responsible for the falling (repolarizing) phase of the action potential A) The permeability to K+ increases while the permeability to Na+ decreases B) ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak C) Voltage gated Na+ channels are open D) The Na+/K+ pump restores the ions to their original locations outside and inside the cell. E) The permeability to Na+ increases greatly
A
Which of the following would you find in the synaptic cleft between an alpha motor neuron and a muscle cell? A) Acetylcholine B) Calcium C) Dopamine D) Voltage-gated calcium channels E) Acetylcholine re-uptake transporter
A
Which of the these is a major difference between smooth and skeletal muscle? A) Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in smooth muscle B) Skeletal muscle usually exhibits spontaneous activity while smooth muscle cannot contract spontaneously C) Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in skeletal muscle D) Only skeletal muscle has both actin and myosin E) Only skeletal muscle requires increased calcium ion concentration in the cytosol for contraction
A
In the presence of high thyroid hormone levels, TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary would increase. A) True B) False
B
Suppose you discover a chemical that can block leak potassium channels. What might happen as a result of this blockage? A) Two of these options are correct B) All of the answers are correct C) Na might have a larger influence on resting potential D) The value of the resting membrane potential would change E) K would become less permeable
B
The resting potential of a neuron that is submerged in a solution with zero extracellular potassium will __________________ because __________________________. A) depolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell decreases B) hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases C) depolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases D) hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to enter the cell increases hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell decreases
B
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? A) Blood sugar rises following a meal B) You go outside in the freezing weather and shiver C) You get a cut on your finger and a blood clot forms D) Your stomach grumbles because you are hungry
B
Which of the following scenario(s) would result in a cell that is more excitable? A) More than one of the options are correct B) Increased extracellular potassium compared to normal values C) Decreased extracellular sodium compared to normal values D) Raising the threshold of the neuron or cell E) Decreased extracellular potassium compared to normal values F) Lowering the resting potential of the neuron
B
High intensity fatigue involves A) Buildup of H+ B) Pi precipiating Ca2+, making it unavailable for troponin C) Two choices are correct D) All choices are correct E) Impaired action potential firing from the alpha motor neuron
C
In the cross-bridge cycle, when ATP is present... A) Myosin is in the energized state B) ADP and Pi are bound to myosin C) Actin and myosin dissocate from one another D) Myosin and actin are interacting E) Rigor mortis sets in
C
The calcium that flows into the pre-synaptic cell in synaptic transmission comes from... A) the endoplasmic reticulum B) the intracellular environment C) the extracellular environment D) storage vesicles
C
The reason that Na leak channels do not significantly contribute to resting membrane potential is... A) because sodium is only part of the action potential B) they aren't open at resting potentials C) because they are in far fewer concentrations compared to leak K channels D) because they don't exist
C
Which motor unit type produces more force? A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIx
C
You are studying a frog gastrocnemius. You set the muscle up with a force transducer (measures force) at Lo. Your lab partner messes with something while you are in the bathroom and you come back to find that the muscle is producing 10g of force without any stimulation. What is happening? A) Your lab mate stimulated ATP hydrolysis by placing the muscle in a solution of glucose B) Your lab mate sprinkled calcium on the muscle C) Your lab mate stretched the muscle and it is producing passive tension D) Your lab mate slacked the muscle and it is now producing passive tension
C
Last weekend you went on a challenging 4-hour hike and got some great photos for your Instagram. You noticed that the day after the hike, your quads were really, really sore! What was likely the cause of this soreness? A) Fat depletion near the working muscles B) Disrupted action potential propagation to your muscle hours after the hike C) Residual lactic acid D) Muscle damage as a result of the action of calcium-activated proteases
D
The reason that a potassium-gated channel on a post-synaptic cell would result in an inhibitory response is... A) Because potassium is highly concentrated outside cells and is negative B) Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is negative C) Because potassium is highly concentrated outside cells and is positive D) Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is positive
D
What would happen if tropomyosin couldn't change confirmation in the presence of Ca2+ binding to troponin? A) Myosin couldn't bind to troponin B) ACh wouldn't be released from vesicles C) Myosin couldn't bind to ATP D) Myosin couldn't bind to actin E) Ca2+ wouldn't be released from the SR
D
The Ca2+ ATPase pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane play an important role in muscle contraction. In patients with muscular dystrophy, there is some evidence that shows the expression of the Ca2+ ATPase pumps is diminished (there are fewer). Which of the following cellular effects may be a result of the diminished number of Ca2+ ATPase pumps? A) Reduced communication between the DHP receptor and the Ca2+ ATPase pumps B) Slowed activity of the Na/K pump C) Reduced Ca2+ release through the RyR D) Reduced communication between the DHP Receptor and the Ryanodine receptor E) Reduced Ca2+ uptake into the SR
E
Which of the following correctly describes the end plate potential (EPP)? A) It is primarily mediated by Na+ influx B) It is both a local potential in the alpha motor neuron that allows a cell to depolarize and it is primarily mediated by Na+ influx C) It is a local potential in the end plate area of the muscle cell that allows the muscle cell to depolarize D) It is a local potential in the alpha motor neuron that allows the muscle cell to depolarize E) It is both a local potential in the end plate area of the muscle cell that allows the muscle cell to depolarize and it is primarily mediated by Na+ influx
E
In which system(s) of the body would you find smooth muscle? A) Circulatory system B) Respiratory system C) Urinary system D) Reproductive system E) All of the above
E
The prolonged electrical depolarization of cardiac muscle cells that occurs during contraction is primarily due to the persistent influx of what? A) Potassium B) Acetylcholine C) Sodium D) Chloride E) Calcium
E
These taste sensations employ ionotropic receptors to sense the tastant. A) Umami and bitter B) Sour and bitter C) Salty and sweet D) Sweet and bitter E) Sour and salty
E
This hormone does not need a receptor on the cell membrane of its target cell. A) TSH B) None of these, all hormones need receptors on the cell membranes of their target cells C) Oxytocin D) Insulin E) Testosterone
E
Troponin interacts with... A) tropomyosin only B) myosin C) actin and myosin D) actin only E) actin and tropomyosin
E
Which of the following is a posterior pituitary hormone? A) Growth hormone B) Dopamine C) Norepinephrine D) Cortisol E) Vasopressin also called ADH
E
Receptor cells.... A) are present in all sensory transduction with the exception of smell B) Constantly fire high frequency action potentials C) Are neurons D) Do not include rods and cones
A
Sodium concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect resting membrane potential? A) It would not affect it B) It would depolarize resting membrane potential C) It would hyperpolarize resting membrane potential D) Resting membrane potential would be zero
A
Suppose you are studying a muscle fiber and experimentally raise the concentration of H+ to mimic fatigue-like levels. You can measure anything you want about this muscle fiber. What would you expect to see under the fatigue conditions described here? A) Depressed peak velocity, as shown by a smaller y-intercept on the force-velocity curve B) Two choices are correct C) All three choices are correct D) Depressed peak force, as shown by a smaller x-intercept on the force-velocity curve E) Fewer actin-myosin cross bridges
A
The disease that is characterized by high levels of cortisol is... A) Cushing's Syndrome B) Hashimoto's Disease C) Grave's Disease
A
Which of these occurs when light strikes photoreceptors? A) Retinal undergoes a change of shape B) There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells C) The photoreceptor cell membrane becomes depolarized D) The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cell increases E) The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fire action potentials
A
You are designing an experiment to quantify the levels of stress experiences by different individuals. Which of the following tests would reveal insight as to a patient's chronic stress? A) Testing plasma levels of cortisol B) Testing plasma levels of growth hormone C) Testing plasma levels of dopamine D) Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone E) Testing plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone
A
A neuron at rest has a resting potential of -70mV. You put this neuron in a solution where the concentration of potassium in the extracellular solution is much higher. What happens to the resting membrane potential? A) It does not change B) It gets more positive (depolarize). C) It gets more negative (hyperpolarize) D) Not enough info given
B
A patient has been diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Their thyroid gland seems to be unresponsive and as such is not producing enough thyroid hormone. Assuming that the thyroid gland (and not the pituitary) is the issue, what would you expect concentration of TSH in the blood of this patient to look like? A) About normal B) Too high C) Too low
B
A slow-twitch muscle fiber... A) Will cycle through the cross bridge faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber B) Will have more mitochondria than a fast-twitch muscle fiber C) Will fatigue faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber D) All of the answers are correct.
B
What is the role of calcium in chemical synaptic transmission? A) More than one of these choices is correct B) It aids vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane C) It flows into the post-synaptic cell, exciting it D) It aids the reuptake of neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cleft E) It helps the action potential propagate down the presynaptic neuron
B
When sodium enters the cell during an action potential, it is... A) More than one of these choices are correct B) Going through voltage-gated channels C) Moving against its gradient D) Going through ligand gated channels E) Repolarizing the cells' potential
B
Which hormone is INCORRECTLY paired with where it's released from in the adrenal gland? A) Epinephrine - adrenal medulla B) ACTH - adrenal cortex C) Aldosterone - adrenal cortex D) Cortisol - adrenal cortex E) Norepinephrine - adrenal medulla
B
Which muscle fiber type is always recruited first? A) Type I or type IIa, depending on the activity. B) Type I C) Type IIx D) Type IIb E) Type IIa
B
Why is it that changes in K affect resting potential while changes in Na don't? A) Because voltage gated potassium channels are slow to open B) Because there are WAY more K leak channels compared to Na C) Because K is a positive ion D) Because potassium comes IN through the Na/K pump, not out
B
Blood is a part of which fluid compartment? A) Intracellular fluid B) Interstitial fluid C) Plasma
C
Which of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone? A) LH B) Growth Hormone C) FSH D) Vasopressin E) ACTH
D
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? A) Take a hot shower and body temp increases B) Go swimming in cold lake and body temp decrease. C) Overeat for a week and gain weight D) Run a marathon and get thirsty. E) None of the above
D
You have discovered a novel steroid hormone. You'd like to isolate its receptor as a part of your next project. Where should you look first? A) In the blood stream B) Within a membrane protein C) Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found. D) In the cytoplasm E) On the cell surface
D
Sodium concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect action potential spike height?
Increase action potential spike height
If calcium were unavailable, it would affect the structure of which protein (s)? A) Troponin B) Tropomyosin C) Actin D) Myosin E) All of them
E
If the amount of sodium in the blood decrease, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do? A) Increase sodium amount in blood B) Decrease amount in blood C) Leave sodium amount unchanged D) Change sodium's set point E) Inhibit ingestion of more sodium
A
Nerve cells are most permeable to... A) Sodium B) Calcium C) Potassium D) Chloride E) Potassium & Chloride Equally
C
In chemical synaptic transmission, what causes the calcium to come into the pre-synaptic neuron? A) Na+ entry from pre-synaptic action potential B) Vesicle fusion into the pre-synaptic membrane C) A local potential in the cell body of the pre-synaptic neuron
A
Interstitial fluid and plasma are both considered extracellular fluid and thus have similar ionic components? A) True B) False
A
Local potentials can sum (you can add them together). A) True B) False
A
Do you remember what this was called? A) Chemical synapse B) Electrical synapse C) Synaptic flow D) Connexons
B
Growth Hormone effects include... A) All of these B) Increased gluconeogenesis C) Fat breakdown D) Increased IGF-1 secretion E) Protein synthesis
A
Hypothyroidism... A) All of the above B) Is caused by a lack of iodine in the diet C) Is caused by an autoimmune disorder D) Produces symptoms of fatigue and cold intolerance
A
1. Insulin is released following a meal to decrease blood sugar. This is an example off. A) Negative feedback B) Positive feedback
A
Acetylcholinesterase.... A) Is blocked by organophosphates B) Degrades acetylcholine in the postsynaptic cell C) Activity results in an inhibitory response on the post synaptic cell D) Works with calcium to permit vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release
A
Active transport is directly involved in relaxation of a muscle. A) True B) False
A
At rest, photoreceptor cells have OPENED non-selective cation channels, permeable mainly to Na+ and Ca2+. What would you predict a resting potential for a rod to be compared to a 'regular' neuron that sits at -70mV. A) -35mV B) -70mV C) -80mV D) -100mV E) Not enough info
A
Decreasing extracellular sodium will... A) Decrease action potential spike height B) Increase action potential spike height C) Not change action potential spike height
A
Of these two scenarios, given normal K+ concentrations inside the cell, which solution would result in a highest K+ driving force? Solution A: Extracellular K+: 5mM Solution B: Extracellular K+: 50mM Solution C: Extracellular K+: 0.5mM A) Solution C B) Not enough information to determine because we aren't given intracellular K+ concentration. C) Solution B D) Solution A
A
Potassium flows __________ the cell through leak channels, ___________ its gradient. A) out of , down B) into , up C) out of , up D) into, down
A
Rafael went on a strength training program that allowed him to build more muscle. The increased amount of muscle he built will.... A) Increase the peak force he can produce B) Increase the velocity at which he can contract his muscles C) Increase both the force and velocity at which he can contract his muscles
A
The sodium potassium pump... A) More than one of the choices are correct B) Uses ATP to power its activity C) All of the choices are correct D) Pumps sodium and potassium down their gradients E) Pumps 3 Na's out for every 2K's in
A
This ion is in high concentration outside cells and has very few leak channels present on nerve cell membranes. A) Sodium B) Potassium
A
This sensation is the only one that does not synapse on the thalamus of the brain. A) smell B) sight C) taste D) hearing
A
Which of the following is a calcium release channel? A) Ryanodine receptor B) Troponin C) DHP receptor D) Nicotinic receptor E) Tropomyosin
A
Which of the following is kept at a homeostatic level in the body? A) All of these options are correct B) Sodium C) Blood pressure D) Water E) Blood glucose
A
Endolymph, the extracellular fluid surrounding the hair cells, has high concentrations of which ion? A) Na+ B) K+
B
Extracellular fluid, including intracellular and interstitial fluid is high in K a) True b) False. Low in K high in Na+, intracellular not in extracellular
B
Hormones... A) travel freely in the blood for long periods of time B) activity depends on the amount secreted compared to the amount excreted C) all can cross cell membranes D) only act in the brain
B
How would a muscle fiber faster than this one appear on the graph of force and velocity. A) Higher x-intercept B) Higher y-intercept C) Lower x-intercept D) Lower y-intercept
B
In chemical synaptic transmission, the opening of what type of channel results in ion influx and eventual vesicle fusion with the presynaptic terminal membrane? A) voltage gated potassium channels B) voltage gated calcium channels C) ligand gated potassium channels D) voltage gated sodium channels E) ligand gated sodium channels F) ligand gated calcium channels
B
All other things being equal, if the concentration of calcium increases, the force will increase also in a linear fashion. A) True B) False
B
An alpha motor neuron innervating type I fibers has about 15 muscle fibers in an individual motor unit. How many fibers would you predict there to be in a type IIx motor unit? A) 15 B) 30 C) 1 D) 5
B
Cortisol has anti-inflammatory properties. Does this mean it helps your immune system do its job? A) Yes B) No
B
K+ concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect resting membrane potential? A) It would not affect it B) It would depolarize resting membrane potential C) It would hyperpolarize resting membrane potential D) Resting membrane potential would be zero
B
Lo can be described as... A) The length at which a muscle produces maximum velocity or speed B) The length at which a muscle produces maximum force or tension C) The length at which a muscle produces maximum power D) The length at which the actin and myosin molecules in a given sarcomere are all touching.
B
Metabotropic receptors... A) Result in a decrease in transcriptional activity B) Are not channels C) Are always excitatory D) Activate cAMP
B
The calcium that permits neurotransmitter release from the alpha motor neuron is recycled and used as calcium that becomes available for the muscle contraction. A) True B) False
B
The rate limiting step of the cross-bridge cycle... A) is release of ADP and Pi B) is hydrolysis of ATP C) is ATP binding D) is the power stroke
B
These two channel types are present in the signal transduction cascade for hearing. A) mechanically gated Na+ channels and mechanically gated K+ channels B) mechanically gated K+ channels and voltage gated Ca2+ channels C) voltage gated Na+ channels and voltage gated Ca2+ channels D) mechanically gated Na2+ channels and voltage gated Ca2+ channels E) voltage gated K+ channels and voltage gated Ca2+ channels
B
Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolic rate by promoting insulin release. A) True B) False
B
Where does Ca2+ for skeletal muscle contraction come from? A) Extracellular environment B) Ca2+ storage organelles, SR C) Both A and B
B
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Ca2+ that activates contraction of smooth muscles can come from either the ECF or from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B) Contractile activity of smooth muscle cells does not normally require Ca2+. C) Smooth muscle cells usually have one nucleus D) In the absence of any neural input, skeletal muscle cannot generate active tension. E) Synaptic input onto skeletal muscle cells is always excitatory, whereas inputs to smooth muscle cells may be either excitatory or inhibitory.
B
Which of the proteins in involved in the contraction of smooth muscle is INCORRECTLY paired with its function? A) Calmodulin - binds calcium B) Myosin light chain phosphatase - removes the phosphate from actin C) Myosin light chain kinase - adds a phosphate to myosin D) Actin - binds to myosin to generate force E) Myosin - changes shape upon phosphorylation
B
Why is vitamin D deficiency mentioned along with actions of parathyroid hormone? A) Vitamin D deficiency stimulates calcitonin B) Vitamin D deficiency results in decreased Ca2+ absorption C) Vitamin D deficiency results in decreased calcium excretion
B
A hormone is transported in your bloodstream. How does it know where to stop/act? A) It's secreted really close to where it is supposed to act, so it knows because it's close by B) It has a binding protein that has directionality and knows where the hormone is supposed to go C) There are specific receptors for the hormone in the body and the hormone travels to those
C
A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will... A) Immediately relax B) Release all actin-myosin bonds C) Enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate D) Fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor" E) Sequester all free Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C
ATP binds to... A) troponin B) actin C) myosin D) DHP receptor
C
Experimentally, caffeine directly activates/opens the calcium release channel on the smooth muscle SR. Suppose you have a few smooth muscle cells sitting in a solution with no calcium. How would subjecting these smooth muscles cells to caffeine affect the behavior of the smooth muscles? A) Their behavior would not change because there's no extracellular calcium B) They would produce force greater than if there were extracellular calcium present C) They would produce force, but it would be less than if there were extracellular calcium present D) They would relax
C
If a post-synaptic ionotropic receptor is permeable to potassium and assuming all normal ionic distributions, the response in the post synaptic cell will be... A) Not enough information to determine B) Excitatory C) Inhibitory
C
If the myosin ATPase in smooth muscle works at a different rate than skeletal muscle, which parameter would this affect? A) Peak tension B) Peak load C) Peak velocity D) None of these
C
Lab work showing consistently higher levels than normal of TSH would indicate... A) The individual may have hyperthyroidism B) The individual may have an overactive thyroid C) The individual may have hypothyroidism D) The individual may have Grave's disease
C
Norepinephrine and epinephrine act in a permissive manner to thyroid hormone. This means... A) Norepinephrine and epinephrine antagonize the action of TH B) Norepinphrine and epinephrine downregulate the number of TH receptors, weakening the effects of TH C) Norepinephrine and epinephrine upregulate the number of TH receptors, strengthening the effects of TH D) Norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to TH receptors
C
The DHP receptor... A) is a calcium channel B) is bound to troponin C) is a charge-sensitive protein D) is found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane
C
The L-type calcium channel opens by... A) Calcium efflux from the ryanodine receptor B) A local potential C) Initial sodium influx during cardiomyocyte depolarization D) Binding of acetylcholine to the nicotinic receptors on the muscle cell membrane E) Potassium influx during repolarization
C
Which muscle fiber type is always recruited first? A) Type IIx B) Type IIb C) Type I D) Type IIa E) Type I or type IIa, depending on the activity.
C
Which of the following ends a positive feedback loop? A) When the initial stimulus lessens in intensity B) When an enhancement of the initial stimulus continues C) When the initial stimulus ends D) When the variable that was increased at the beginning is now back at homeostatic levels
C
Which of the following is true regarding rods in the dark? A) Guanylyl cyclase is inactive B) Non selective cation channels are closed C) cGMP levels are high inside rods and cones D) Transducin is active
C
Which of the following is true regarding the post synaptic cell in a chemical synapse? A) Binding of a neurotransmitter will result in an excitatory response in the post synaptic cell B) Binding of a neurotrasmitter will elicit an excitatory response in the presynaptic cell C) Its receptors can be metabotropic or ionotropic D) It is responsible for degrading excess neurotransmitter
C
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the endocrine system? A) It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body B) It influences and is influenced by the nervous system C) Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body D) It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms E) It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood
C
A hormone may be A) Inactivated by its target cell B) Activated by its target cell C) Excreted before it has a chance to act on a target cell D) Inactivated by nontarget cells E) All of these choices are correct
E
If osteoclast activity is pretty high, this hormone is likely doing its job. A) Growth hormone B) Insulin C) Calcitonin D) Parathyroid hormone
D
In the light... A) Transducin is inactive B) Rod/cone action potentials are less frequent than in the dark C) cGMP levels in the rod/cone are high D) The resting membrane potential is hyperpolarized compared to the dark
D
Michael Scott once said, "Would you rather be feared or loved? Easy. Both. I want people to be afraid of how much they love me." Which hormone discussed this unit is the "love" hormone? A) Prolactin B) Thyroid hormone C) Cortisol D) Oxytocin E) Estrogen
D
Passive tension... A) Is a combination of titin force and actin myosin force B) More than one of the choices are correct C) Happens when the muscle is slacked below Lo D) Is due entirely to the protein titin
D
What does a Kinase do? A) Phosphorylate B) Put a Pi on something C) Add a phosphate group D) A,B and C are all the same thing-all of these
D
What is true regarding the posterior pituitary? A) It synthesizes its own hormones B) It secretes TSH C) It makes up 2/3 of the pituitary gland D) None of these are true
D
When parathyroid hormone is high... A) Renal reabsorption of calcium decreases B) Blood calcium levels were high prior to its release C) Osteoblast activity increases D) Intestinal absorption of calcium increases
D
Which hormone below is NOT an adrenal gland hormone? A) Norepinephrine B) Cortisol C) Aldosterone D) Growth Hormone E) Epinephrine
D
Which of the following statements about oxytocin is true?? A) Target cells of oxytocin have receptors for the hormone in their nucleus B) Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland C) Oxytocin keeps uterine smooth muscle from contracting, so it prolongs pregnancy D) Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus E) Oxytocin's main function is to increase the rate of respiration
D
Why does an unfused tetanus appear like a squiggly up and down line? A) The cross bridge is inactivated for a short period of time before it can activate again B) The muscle is stretched in between stimulations so it doesn't produce as much force C) The muscle is in its refractory period D) Periods of relaxation follow each stimulation before another stimulation comes
D
Hair cells are analogous to which cell type in the retina of the eye? A) Ganglion cells B) Bipolar cells C) Cones only D) Rods only E) Rods and cones
E
1. Potassium is high in which fluid compartment(s)? A) Both plasma and interstitial B) Interstitial only C) Plasma only D) Both plasma and intracellular E) Intracellular only
E
Which of the following is/are true regarding nicotinic receptors? A) They are a type of iontropic receptor B) They permit the flow of Na+ C) 2 ACh's need to bind in order to open them on the muscle end plate D) Two of these options are correct E) All of these options are correct
E
Which of the following would cause constant contraction and not allow for relaxation? A) Poison that degrades Ach B) Something that renders AchE ineffective C) Ca2+ ATP pumps not being able to pump Ca2+ back into the SR? D) ATP remaining bound to myosin E) B and C
E
The hair cell in the ear is analogous to the _______ cell in the eye. A) Bipolar B) Rod C) Cone D) Ganglion E) B or C
E Both are receptor cells
