Quiz 1 (ch. 1-3)

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, a zygote is created. What is the entire process called?

Conception, or fertilization

Which of the following issues in development compares change that is gradual and incremental versus abrupt or uneven?

Continuity vs. discontinuity

Superego

Includes the conscience and incorporates socially approved "shoulds" and "should nots" into the person's value system

The goals for human development include which of the following?

Intervention, Prediction, Description and Explanation

Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

It states that we organize our experiences and adapt to changes, It consists of four stages.

Which of the following working conditions should pregnant women avoid?

Jobs that require long working hours

Which theorist believed that people are born with biological drives that must be redirected to make it possible to live in society?

Sigmund Freud

When is fetal risk from maternal drug intake at is greatest?

The first few months

Which of the following statements about development is true?

There are wide individual differences in development.

The effects of teratogens vary based on which of the following?

Timing of exposure and Dose

Eating raw meat or being unsafe with cat feces puts a pregnant woman at risk of contracting what disease?

Toxoplasmosis

Delight is two weeks away from her due date. She has gained 32 pounds over the course of her pregnancy. Compared to women who gain less than 16 pounds or more than 40 pounds, Delight is less likely to have __________ ___________

birth complications

Coils of DNA that carry the genes are called

chromosomes

In one study, high prenatal ___________ exposure was associated with childhood behavior problems, independent of the effects of alcohol and tobacco

cocaine

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory argues from the _____ perspective.

contextual

Life-span development is considered to be a ______ process and does not end at any particular age.

continuous

Despite knowing the potential effects of alcohol on her unborn fetus, Laci chooses to drink anyway. The effects of alcohol may be especially harmful during the stage of the embryo. The susceptibility to harm during this stage of pregnancy is an example of a ______ period.

critical

The primary goal of the study of life-span development is

description

The most frequently occurring twin type is

dizygotic

When a trait is not fully expressed, it is identified as incomplete

dominance

In ____________ inheritance, the dominant allele is always expressed. For the trait to be expressed in ______________ inheritance, the person must have two recessive alleles, one from each parent.

dominant, recessive

Which of following are ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?

during gestation across the placenta, during delivery and postpartum through breast feeding

Melinda is three weeks pregnant. The developing organism is in the ______ stage.

embryonic

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

embryonic, fetal and germinal

The study of behavior that is tied to evolution, strongly affected by biological influence, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods is known as __________

ethology

Researchers study life-span development to help them ______ behavior

explain, predict and describe

A family consisting of a multigenerational kinship network is called an __________ family household.

extended

______ is an example of a highly canalized trait.

eye color

One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called __________ ______________

folic acid

Today, developmental psychologists consider life-span development to be

from "womb to tomb."

____________ ____________ can help prospective parents assess their risk of bearing children with genetic or chromosomal defects.

genetic counseling

Freud's __________ stage involves the sexual urges becoming satisfied through heterosexual relations with persons outside the family of origin

genital

Freud's ___________ stage involves the sexual urges becoming satisfied through heterosexual relations with persons outside the family of origin.

genital

The pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait is called _________ dominance

incomplete

As the field of human development evolved, its goals came to include description, explanation, prediction, and .

intervention

As the field of human development evolved, its goals came to include description, explanation, prediction, and ______________

intervention

In one study, heavy smoking during pregnancy was linked to (high/low) -birth-weight babies

low

Prenatal exposure to _____ has been implicated in fetal brain damage to the brain involved in learning, memory, and control.

methamphetamine

Disorders that are sex-linked are

more likely seen in males.

Throughout life, some components of our lives shrink while others expand. To developmentalists, this means that life-span development is ___________

multidirectional

Babies born to opioid-addicted mothers may be addicted themselves, resulting in _____, a condition that includes tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, and diarrhea (among other symptoms).

neonate abstinence syndrome

Most children in the United States start school when they are five or six years of age. This occurrence is an example of a

normative age-graded influence.

the ___________ family is a household unit consisting of one or two parents and their children.

nuclear

According to Piaget, when children create a category called cars after observing the characteristics of certain sized vehicles with four wheels, they are demonstrating _______

organization

In cognitive theory, a person's tendency to create categories is called

organization

In cognitive theory, a person's tendency to create categories is called ______

organization

Alex is an average 3-year-old boy who has developed the motor skills he needs to be able to draw lines and circles. Alex's achievement is an example of ______ development.

physical

Among the goals of a developmental scientist is to ______ human behavior

predict, explain and describe

Which major theoretical perspective focuses on unconscious emotions and drives?

psychoanalytic

Which of the following are considered major theoretical perspectives in psychology?

psychoanalytic, cognitive and contextual

Every time Rebecca has tried to hold her aunt's bird, the bird bites her finger. Rebecca no longer wants to hold the bird and won't take it when someone offers. Rebecca's reaction to the bird is an example of the effect of _________

punishment

Each time Baby Martina smiles at her father, he smiles back and touches her face. As a result, Martina continues to smile at her father. Martina's father is utilizing

reinforcement

________ (German measles), if contracted before the 11th week of pregnancy, is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in offspring.

rubella

According to Vygotsky's work, the temporary support that parents, teachers, or others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone is called what?

scaffolding

When teaching her first grade students math, Miss Valencia teaches the entire class a concept and then helps individual students until each one can complete the task independently. Miss Valencia is using

scaffolding

Byron first learned how to pedal a tricycle with help from his parents. A few months later, he learned to ride a bike with training wheels. Eventually, he applied what he had learned with his tricycle and bike with training wheels to a new skill--riding a bike without support. According to Piaget's theory, Bryon has created a _____ for riding a bike.

scheme

What term Piaget used for complex cognitive structures that organize information about the world and govern the way the child thinks and behaves in a particular situation?

schemes

John Locke believed that a young child is born "tabula rasa," or as a blank _____

slate

______ status refers to a person's position within society, based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

socioeconomic

Human development focuses on the scientific study of the _______ processes of change and stability in people

systematic

Heredity studies

the inborn factors in development.

The gap between what a person is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to accomplish alone is called

the zone of proximal development.

A scientific _________ is a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict what kinds of behavior might occur under certain conditions.

theory

If a woman contracts ______ from cat feces, she can have a child with brain damage and blindness.

toxoplasmosis

True or false: Behavioral genetics is a quantitative approach to determining how much heredity and environment influence particular traits.

true

True or false: Cigar smoke is a teratogen.

true

The germinal period of prenatal development takes place in the first ___________ weeks after conception

two

Methamphetamine-exposed children have less __________ __________ in their brains, a finding that has implications for the developmental delays commonly found in such children

white matter

_____ is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by HIV, which destroys the body's immune system.

AIDS

Which of the following are the two complementary processes involved in adaptation?

Assimilation and Accommodation

What topic would most likely interest a researcher or student with a focus on early childhood development?

Becoming interested in other children

Which mechanistic theory describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience?

Behaviorism

______ stressed that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span.

Bowldy

Which of the following theorists identified five levels of environmental influence on development?

Bronfenbrenner

Which of the following views is MOST consistent with current theories of child development?

Children's development is influenced by both their internal drives and needs and social interaction.

Pregnant women typically need ____ to ____ additional calories a day.

300, 500

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?

37 to 41

_____ is a procedure in which a tiny viewing scope is used to look at the embryo directly.

Embryoscopy

Opioid use by pregnant women has been associated with which of the following?

Fetal death, Preterm labor, Aspiration of meconium and Small babies

The theorist who developed the psychoanalytic perspective is

Freud

What is the most commonly used recreational drug during pregnancy?

Marijuana

_____ is the term for vitamins or minerals that are needed only in small quantities, but if absent from the diet altogether can have profound negative effect.

Micronutrients

Id

Operates under the pleasure principle, in which a person is driven to seek immediate satisfaction of needs and desires

Ego

Operates under the reality principle, in which reason prevails and the person aims to find realistic ways to gratify urges

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Organization and adaptation

What is recommended for mothers-to-be with diabetes?

Work closely with their medical provider to control blood sugar.

The "nature" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy can be described as

a biological and genetic perspective.

The "nurture" portion of the nature vs. nurture controversy can be described as

a psychological and environmental perspective on how people develop.

_____ is when a person adjusts his or her cognitive structures to fit new information.

accommodation

Prenatal ___________ ________ is the most common cause of intellectual disability and the leading preventable cause of birth defects in the United States

alcohol expose

John Bowlby drew upon his knowledge of proximity-seeking behavior in animals of different species as he formed ideas about ________ in humans.

attachment

Dr. Omega believes that children learn best in school when they are rewarded for good behavior and positive accomplishments. Dr. Omega subscribes to the ______ theoretical perspective.

behavioral