Quiz 1
an ethnographer might discover that the culturally appropriate question would be "how much do you take home in your hand?"
"what is your net pay?" how might an ethnographer help these survey researchers gather better information about this economic information?
Particular to humans there are two kinds of primates:
- Those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own: terrestrial monkeys and apes (primates that live on the ground, not trees) - Those that are most closely related to us: the great apes; specifically the chimps and gorillas
Which of the following is likely the last common ancestor of humans, chimps, gorillas, and orangutans?
Pierolapithicus catalunicus
Which of the following are characteristics of primates?
Primates most important means of obtaining info is sight rather than smell, Primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for grasping
Convergent evolution
Process by which analogies are produced
The two suborders of primates
Prosimians and anthropods Prosmians are the older of the two suborders, Anthropods took over prosmian niches - Tarsiers and lorises survived by adapting to be nocturnal.
Which of the following happened during the Oligocene epoch?
Proto-monkeys become the most numerous primates
Gibbons
Smallest of the apes Male & Female are around the same size. Long arms and fingers with short thumbs: efficient for brachiation. Slender and agile. Use their long arms for balance. The preeminent arboreal specialists among the apes. Diet- mainly fruit, occasional insects or small animals.
cursing, telling jokes, lying, and teaching language to other
Some chimps such as Lucy and Washoe were taught ASL to test their language abilities. Which statement best summarizes the human language abilities these primates manifested
No one has explained to you that you must stand facing the door while riding in an elevator, yet you know what to do. What does this reveal about the process of enculturation
Some cultural learning takes place through observation.
Common movements such as nodding, hand shaking, and bowling can mean very different cultural communication
Some linguistic anthropologists study how body language compares in different cultures. Which statement best describes heir major findings?
Which statement best describes the cranial capacity of Homo sapiens and the australopithecines?
The average cranial capacity of Homo Sapiens was 1,350 cm3 and the cranial capacity of the australopithecines ranges from 430 to 540 cm3
Which anatomical features of Au. afarensis were human like?
The bones of the pelvis and the structure of the arms and legs were humanlike
The teeth of the early hominins such as australopithecus afarensis have been carefully analyzed to see if they are more like those of apes or humans. Which statement best describes the differences ?
The canines of Au. afarensis are larger than those humans and extend beyond the other teeth
Which of the following discoveries from the fayum deposits are true?
The fayum fossils revealed the existance of different groups of proto-monkeys The proto monkeys of the fayum lived in trees and ate fruits and seeds. The fayum fossils show distinctive dental formulas
Different geographic areas provide more abundant primate fossil evidence for different time periods. Which of the following is true?
The fossil record is limited, and much is subject to change
What do the teeth and jaws of Australopithecus afarensis suggest about in diet
The large back teeth and thick lower jaw (mandible) accommodate the powerful chewing required to process coarse, gritty savanna vegetation.
colonialism
The long term foreign domination of a territory and its people is known as
The fossil specimens of "Ardi" and "Lucy" both show anatomy built for bipedal walking, but one of these hominids was considered more primative. Which of the following statement best describes their differences in anatomy
The pelvis of ardi was more primative than Lucys
stabilizing selection
The sickle cell gene provides biological protection from the disease malaria in some people but causes the disease sickle cell anemia in other people. What do biologists call this situation?
Homologies
The similarities used to assign organisms to the same taxon. These similarities were jointly inherited from a common ancestor
Rough patches of skin on the buttocks
The specialized characteristic of Old World monkeys, used to sit on hard rocky ground and rough branches.
Orthograde posture
The straight and upright stance of apes and humans. Monkeys move differently, with their arms and legs parallel to one another, (same as a dog)
Which of the following anatomical features of Au. afarensis were more like apes than humans?
The teeth and skull were more apelike while the pelvis and leg bones were human like
knuckle-walking
The terrestrial locomotion of chimps and gorillas. In it, long arms and callused knuckles support the trunk as the apes amble around, leaning forward
Which statement best describes the anatomy and characteristic movement of the ancestral species known as Orrorin, which dates to about 6 million years ago
The thigh bone indicates bipedal walking, and the upper arm bone shows tree-climbing skills
multiculturalism
The view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining is called
Which statement best describes the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis
The weight of adult males was likely twice that of the females
Phylogeny
Their genetic relatedness based on common ancestry
Which statement best describes the fossils belonging to the genus Ardi and how they relate to the genus australopithecus?
There are more than 100 fossil specimens enabling scientists to suggest that Ardipithecus wasn an ancestor to Australopithecuss
Orangutans
There are two existing species (orangutans=Asiatic apes that belong to the genus Pongo) & the two types are Bornean and Sumatra High endangered, confined to 2 islands. Sexual dimorphism is marked by the male being more than twice as much as the female. Diet: fruit, bark, leaves, and insects They are very solitary - their tightest social units consists of females and preadolescent young. Males forage alone.
Which of the following statements about catarrhines are true?
They are sharp-nosed as opposed to flat-nosed. The include Old World monkeys, apes, and humans
Which of the following cultural abilities have been found among chimpanzees and apes?
They build nests, aim and throw sticks, and hunt.
Which of the following statements about modern-day orangutans are true?
They exist in indonesia They are endangered
Which of the following traits did pierolapithecus share with other apes such as chimps and gorillas
They were adapted for tree climbing as well as knuckle-walking on the ground. They were most likely fruit eaters
Why are New World monkeys assigned to a different infraorder?
They were isolated from the catarrhines before the latter diverged into the Old World monkeys, apes and humans.
True
True or false: Discrimination may include legal policies that harm a group and its members in a society
Prehensile Tail
Unlike Old World monkeys, many New World monkeys have this which is a grasping tail. The prehensile tail has tactile skin, permitting it to work like a hand.
Which of the following traits appeared in human evolution, which set apart human ancestors from apes?
Upright bipedal walking
Which of the following is the smallest subspecies of gorilla and the animal you normally see in zoos?
Western lowland gorilla
historical
__________ linguistics study the evolution of languages over time, and how groups of languages called language families share a common ancient ancestor language
genetic drift
a change in gene frequencies as a consequence of random chance is called random
enculturation
a child begins to learn the rules of conversation such as how to take turns speaking, how far apart to stand, and when to make eye contact through a process known as
generalized reciprocity
a father who buys clothing for her daughter is engaging in ...?
an allele
a gene has several biochemical variations, each of which is called
gene flow
a mountain in kenya is home to two populations of baboons. one population has yellow coloration, the other has black coloration. periodically a bachelor male from one of the two populations will move to the other population. As a consequence, both population have a few black-yellow hybrids. What is the movement of bachelor males between populations called
theory
a set of ideas that logically explain something
ceremonial
a woman spends money to pay for expenses associated with a ritual honoring her ancestors. this is an example of what kind of fund?
how diverse people get along peaceably
according to Clyde Kluckhohn, the imperative for anthropology is to provide a scientific basis for
it includes patterns of behavior acquired by people as members of society
according to sir edward tylor's definition of culture from 1871, what is the critical defining feature of culture
it includes patterns of behavior acquired by people as members of society
according to sir edward tylor's definition of culture from 1871, what is the critical defining feature of culture?
organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
adaptation refers to the process by which ...?
The development of a nutritious crop that requires little water to grow and that feeds millions for little cost is a(n) _______ cultural trait, but if the crop causes permanent damage to the environment in the long run it is a(n) _______ cultural trait.
adaptive; maladaptive
the land produced far more yield in the long run; the yield is more dependable; most of the land can be used continuously instead of lying fallow for long periods of time
agricultural areas tend to be more densely populated than horticultural areas because ....?
independent invention
agriculture developed first in the Americas in the valley of Mexico around 3500 years ago, it developed in the Middle East several thousand years before that, developed in India and China separately. what mechanism of cultural change does agriculture represent?
domesticated animals; irrigation; terracing
agriculture often involves the use of ...?
culture is something individuals share as members of groups
although an individual resident of a southern city in the united states may not like to eat grits and cornbread, these foods are considered a part of southern culture. what does this reveal about culture?
linking villages together in a regional economic exchange system; sharing surplus wealth with more needy people; gaining prestige
among Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest, the potlatch served the purpose of ...?
phonology
analyzing the sounds that are important in a language is the part of descriptive linguistics called
Monkeys, apes, and humans, are
anthropoids
historical linguistics, language and thought, and sociolinguistics
anthropological linguists study
humanistic
anthropology is a _______ science
mold human biology
anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective recognizes that cultural forces ...?
mutation
any type of genetic error made during the creation of new sex cells is called a ____
informed consent
anyone who provides information or who might be affected by research must agree to take part in the research via
What is a symbol?
anything verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else.
population estimates and degrees of social complexity
archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities
population estimates and degrees of social complexity
archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities?
historical
archaeologists who study the past by using written records as guides and supplements to research are referred to as ____ archaeologists
The early hominin species called Ardi had bipedal anatomy but still retained which characteristic of apelike anatomy?
ardipithecus still had a grasping foot allowed it to climb trees well.
Between ardipithecus and austalopithecus, which genus was probably the ancestor
ardipithecus was probably the ancestor for australopithecus.
married outside their own band
bands in forager societies were exogamous, which meant people ....?
Ethiopians
based on skin color, which of the following would likely have the lowest incidence of folate deficiency
excel in individual sports
because of cultural traditions, north american girls, in comparison to Brazilian girls ....
the Old World
before the Industrial Revolution, pastoralism occurred almost entirely in ...?
In Victorian England, if a woman revealed her neck, her wrists, or her ankles, she was seen as immoral. In the Amazon rain forest, among indigenous people, hardly any clothing is worn. When an anthropologist does not pass judgment on either of these modes of dress, he or she is manifesting the principle of?
cultural relativism
Some people bury the dead by cremating the bodies and placing the ashes in a sacred river. Others believe that the body must remain intact and be buried in a coffin. An anthropological perspective on these customs requires that nether practice be seen as inferior or disgusting, a perspective known as
cultural relativism
vested in groups
cultural rights are
form and guide the beliefs of the people exposed to them
cultures are traditions and customs that ....
Which dating technique was used to establish that the age of the volcanic ash at the laetoli site was 3.6 mya
potassium-argon (K/A) dating
address contemporary social problems
practicing, or applied, anthropology uses anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to
primate behavior sheds light on early human behavior
primatology is relevant to paleoanthropology, because
Generally accepted social behaviors, dress codes, speech, and other forms of expression that citizens use in shared spaces such as parks and restaurants make up ______ culture.
public
threatened by construction activities
public archaeology has been given an important role in evaluating sites
being moved from local people to a central collection point; being used by officials at the distribution center; finally being sent back out to the local people according to the dictates of the officials
redistribution involves goods or services ...?
Hip-hop music has spread through popular culture and the media from urban America to China and Japan. Which mechanism of cultural change does this phenomenon represent?
diffusion
In the United States today we wear pajamas (which originated in ancient Persia), use mirrors (which originated in ancient Egypt), and eat with forks (which originated in ancient Rome). What mechanism of cultural change does this represent?
diffusion
an excavation
digging through the layers of deposits at an ancient site is known as
When two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another, diffusion is _______, but when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group, difussion is _______,
direct; forced
Pierolapithecus
discovered by in 2004, ____ was an ape species that lived during the middle miocene about 13 million years ago
common in most cultures
division of labor based on age and gender is ....?
manure for fertilizer; transportation; pulling equipment such as plows
domestic animals are used in agriculture for ...?
international monetary fund (IMF), World Trade Org. (WTO), European Union (EU)
due to globalization, new economic unions have been created through the
accelerated
during the past 10,000 years, the rate of human cultural adaptation has
only breeding male
each gorilla troop has a silverback, which is usually the ____ in the troop
phenotypical traits
early scientists studied which of the following to determine racial classification
what motivates individuals to participate in economic systems; the systems that different societies use for production, distribution, and consumption
economic anthropologists attempt to discern ....?
consider the broad picture by studying nonindustrial economies
economists tend to focus on capitalist societies in modern countries, while anthropologists ...?
A child begins to learn the rules of conversation such as how to take turns speaking, how far apart to stand, and when to make eye contact through a process known as
enculturation
A hominin that existed one million years ago was Homo
erectus
The earliest human ancestral species that hunted game animals was Homo
erectus
The first hominin to leave Africa was Homo
erectus
"I don't understand why those people eat with chopsticks. A fork is a better utensil." This statement is an example of
ethnocentrism
What is the term that anthropologists developed to describe the tendency to see one's own cultural customs as superior?
ethnocentrism
local people's answers to questions; government records or archives; direct measurement of such things as rainfall, temperature, or crop yield
ethnographers consider which of the following as data resources?
longitudinal research
ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and return to it several times to see how community life has changed. What is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?
longitudinal research
ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and return to it several times to see how community life has changed. what is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?
evolutionary theory is a set of logical ideas that show biological progression; the transformation of a species can be demonstrated by observable facts
evolution is both a theory and a fact because of which of the following
estrus
female baboons and chimps ovulate during _________
a change in gene frequencies within a population over time
for a geneticist, what is genetic evolution
egalitarian
foraging societies tend to be ...?
The name for the place in the skull where the spinal cord enters the brain is called the ______, and its placement in the species named :Toumai: or sahelanthropus shows it was a bipedal walker.
foramen magnum
During one period of history in the British Isles, school children who spoke their native Irish language were severely punished, and only English was allowed to be spoken at school. Which mechanism of cultural change does this represent?
forced diffusion
computer programs
geertz described culture as sets of 'control mechanisms; and equates them to _______ _______ that govern human behavior
Which of the following is the smallest and most agile of the apes
gibbons
What is the term used to describe the increasing international interconnections in the word today brought about by modern electronic communication systems, travel, international trade, and migration?
globalization
Which of the following is an example of a symbol?
golden arches to identify a hamburger chain
South African australopithicines can be divided into two major groups based on bone structure. To which group does australopithecus africanus belong
gracile
Which of the following lists best summarized the primate characteristics that laid the foundation for human culture?
grasping ability with the hand and a large brain size.
Brachiation
hand over hand movement through the trees
diffusion
hip-hop music has spread through popular culture and the media from urban america to china and japan. which mechanisms of cultural change does this phenomenon represent?
a; ab
historically speaking, which of the following blood types have been more susceptible to smallpox
What is the zoological superfamily that includes extinct and living apes?
hominoid
Traits inherited from a common ancestor are called
homologies
move their planting area from one plot of ground to the next
horticulturalists who use slash-and-burn techniques typically ...?
shifting cultivation
horticulture is also called ...?
land; labor; machinery
horticulture is cultivation that does not make intensive use of ...?
animal calls are set instinctive responses to particular stimuli and are based on only a few sounds
how are animal call systems different from human language?
they are influenced to a greater degree by regional forces such as war and international policies; they all depend to some extend on government assistance; they maintain contact with neighbors who produce food
how are today's foraging societies different from those of the past?
paleopathology
human skeletal remains from archaeological sites can be analyzed to identify specific types of disease and injury. This specialty within biological anthropology is known as
Which of the following tend toward orthograde posture?
humans and apes
biologically and culturally
humans continue to adapt and change
46; 23
humans have ____ chromosomes organized in ____ pairs
age; kinship
in a forager society a person might belong to multiple bands based on ...?
larger, more permanent, dense communities increase contact among the residents; governments are installed to keep order and to coordinate the use of resources; permanent fields keep people tied to the land instead of being nomadic
in agricultural societies ...?
social complexity
in archaeology, the number of settlement levels in a city is a measure of ________
has no strong feelings about it because it does not belong to the person who made it
in industrial economies, the term "alienation" is used to describe a situation in which a worker has produced something but ....?
the area that is presently a mountain range was once a salty, shallow sea
in keeping with the law of uniformitarianism, the scientist is likely to make which of the following observations
money is used to buy and sell items; the goal is to maximize profit; the law of supply and demand dictates the value of things
in market exchange ...?
gender; age
in most foraging societies, there were only minor differences in prestige, which was based on ...?
work and social life are intertwined
in nonindustrial societies ...?
agriculture; pastoralism; horticulture
in nonindustrial societies the adaptive strategies that are based on food production are ...?
artifacts
in order to reconstruct ancient human biological dn cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, and other manufactured items known as
primatology
in order to understand how human behavior differs from the behavior of the animals most similar to humans, some biological anthropologists in the subfield of ____ study animals such as gorillas, monkeys, and lemurs in their natural rain forest habitats.
crops are cultivated in a plot of ground, often for only a year or two; grass and debris are burned in place; trees and bushes are cut down to clear a plot of land
in slash-and-burn horticulture
the male is brightly colored to attract mates
in some species of bird, that male is more colorful than the female. which of the following statements might you infer to be true
diffusion
in the U.S today we wear pajamas (ancient Persia), use mirrors (ancient Egypt), and eat with forks (ancient Rome). what mechanism of cultural change does this represent?
workers are paid money for their labor; there is a social gap between the workers and the people who own and manage the enterprise
in the capitalist mode of production, which of the following are true?
systematic survey involves gathering information about settlement patterns across a region; excavation involves digging in selected sample sites.
in the methods of archaeology, what is the difference between systematic survey and excavation
racial
in the past, scientists used ____ classification to study human biological diversity. This approach has largely been abandoned as modern scientists believe categorizing humans is not productive in the understanding of human biological diversity.
southerners, roman catholics
in the united states, which of the following is an example of a subculture
regions where there are major obstacles to food production
in what sort of environment is a foraging society most likely to continue, even in modern times?
japan
in which culture are differences in social status regularly communicated through bowing?
Reproductive success measured by the genes one shares with relatives is known as
inclusive fitness
Agriculture developed first in the Americas in the valley of Mexico around 3500 years ago, it developed in the Middle East several thousand years before that, and it developed in India and China separately. What mechanism of cultural change does agriculture represent?
independent invention
The process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems, is a mechanism of cultural change known as
independent invention.
that sociologists studied industrial societies and anthropologists studied nonindustrial societies
initially, the main distinction between sociologists and anthropologists was
key informant
instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. what is the term used to describe these few select individuals?
the loss of forests that are cut down to make room for fields; a loss of environmental diversity; the proliferation of pollution and disease organisms in irrigation ditches and paddies
intensive agriculture has caused ...?
contains salt that eventually makes the field unusable
irrigation can damage the land because sometimes the water ....?
increases the fertility of the soil and therefore the value of the land; establishes a unique ecosystem that enriches the soil; makes it possible to cultivate a plot of land for many successive years
irrigation is used in agriculture because it ...?
Phenotype
is defined as expressed physical characteristics
Kinesics
is the study of body language and gestures to understand nonverbal communication
What is the foramen Magnum and why is it important?
it is the hole through which the spinal cord attatches to the brain; its placement on the skull indicates whether or not a creature was bipedal
he may increase his lactose tolerance
jiro is japanese and cannot digest lactose very well. he decides to try carefully increase his consumption of dairy products to see if he can increase his tolerance. What is likely to happen to his lactose tolerance?
social class differences were revealed by whether or not the R was pronounced after vowels in words such as "car" or "floor"
labov did a study of how R was pronounced in New York City department stores. which of the following statements best describes his findings?
at an unknown time
language first developed in humans ...?
Traits shared by apes and humans distinct from monkeys and other animals:
larger bodies, longer life span, longer interval between births of infants, tendency toward upright posture, larger brain, the muzzle or face is shorter is less projected, and no hominoid has a tail
What type of diet did the australopithecines have?
mainly vegetarian
A cultural trait that helps individuals cope with environmental stresses but that could threaten a group's continued existence in the long run would be defined as
maladaptive
capital; land; labor
means, or factors, of production include ...?
The knowledge of the properties of metals, including their extraction and processing to manufacture metal tools, is known as _______
metallurgy
phytoliths
microscopic crystals called ____ found at archaeological sites help identify wheat, maize, rice, or other early domesticated plants
deserts; very cold regions; islands
most of the foraging societies in the world today are in locations such as ...?
some economies combine features of both types of cultivation
nonindustrial economies are typically arranged along a cultivation continuum because ...?
arches, holy water, flags
nonverbal symbols include
Each gorilla troop has a silverback, which is usually the _________ in the group?
only breeding male
search for evidence about human origins
paleoanthropologists
Civic culture includes which of the following (Check all that apply.)
participation in formal elections, citizen adherence to the legal system
the entire group of men, women, and children moves with the herd to different places throughout the year
pastoral nomadism is a system where ...?
often pay large amounts of rent to landlords and taxes to government; produce food without modern farming technology; live in societies organized by the state
peasants are small-scale agriculturists who ...?
linguistic relativity
people tend to evaluate certain dialects as less sophisticated or as more prestigious. anthropological linguists don't rank speech patterns as better or worse. this approach to the study of language by anthropological linguists is known as
Anthropologists have come to believe that foragers have an excellent knowledge of what?
plant and animal reproduction
The anthropoid suborder has two infraorders:
platyrrhines (New World monkeys) platyrrhines: flat nosed catarrhines (Old World monkeys, apes, and humans) cararrhines: sharp nose *get their name from placement of nostrils
plural society
society that combines ethnic contrasts, economic specialization and economic interdependence of those groups
Catastrophism
some 19th-century creationists thought that fires, floods, and volcanic activity periodically wiped out life in parts of the world. After the dust settled, God would create new species to fill up the empty spaces. what is this creationist doctrine called
cursing, telling jokes, lying, and teaching language to others
some chimps such as Lucy and Washoe were taught ASL to test their language abilities. which statement best summarizes the human language abilities these primates manifested?
farms and other encroachments of food-producing civilization, the modern world economic system, state governments
some foraging societies arise after people move to inhospitable locations to escape from ...?
common movements such as nodding, head shaking, and bowing can mean very different things in different cultural communities
some linguistic anthropologists study how body language compares in different cultures. which statement best describes their major findings?
the sapir-whorf hypothesis
some linguists have proposed that the grammar of different languages cause different ways of thinking in particular cultures. what name do linguistics use to refer to this idea?
bonobos
sometimes called the pygmy chimpanzee, ____ live in the forests of the democratic republic of congo.
focal vocabulary
specialized sets of words and terms that are particularly important to certain groups are known as
social life, the economy
studies of societies often reveal correlations between what two factors?
Historical Linguistics
study the evolution of languages over time, and how groups of languages called language families share a common ancient ancestor language
What is the term used by anthropologists to describe the existence of diverse cultural traditions within a nation?
subcultures
Prosimians
suborder Prosimii Includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.
What is the most exclusive classificatory unit of the zoological taxonomy?
subspecies
The classification of organisms based on their relationships and resemblances is known as
taxonomy
the assignment of organisms to categories according to their relationship and resemblance is known as?
taxonomy
canals must be dug to divert spring water throughout the terraces; the retaining walls must be maintained each year; building the terraces requires great effort
terracing is a labor-intensive form of agriculture because ....?
cutting laterally into a steep hillside to form level plots of ground that resemble steps
terracing is an agricultural technique that involves ...?
chimps
thanks to studies by scientists such as Jane Goodall, more is known about the full range of behavior and social organization of what kind of apes
Which of the following lists best describes the human abilities that had to develop before culture could exist?
the ability to use symbols, language, and tools
the band
the basic social organization of a foraging society was typically ...?
the capacity to use symbols
the difference between the two is that human cultural learning depends on
the Middle East
the earliest known sites where people cultivated crops and domesticated livestock are in ...?
consisted of fewer than 100 people; consisted of people related by kinship or marriage; sometimes split up for part of the year
the foraging social unit called a band ...?
cultural generality
the idea of the nuclear family, a kinship group consisting of parents and children, is a(n)
cultural
the invention of pressurized airplane cabins equipped with oxygen masks in order to survive at the high altitudes reached during flight is an example of ________ adaptation
Gigantophithecus
the largest primate to ever live
protolanguage
the linguistic term for such a parent language is a
genocide
the most extreme form of discrimination against ethnic groups, which involves the deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder is known as ___
termiting
the most studied form of ape tool making involves ________, in which chimps make tools to probe termite hills
did not exist before Europeans introduced domesticated sheep
the pastoral economy of the Navajo in what is now the southwestern United States ...?
natural selection
the process by which the form most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so is known as ____, and it plays a key role in the explanatory approach to understanding human biological diversity
natural selection
the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so is known as ____ ____, and it plays a key role in the explanatory approach to understanding human biological diversity.
excavation
the process used in archaeology of digging through a succession of levels at a particular site in order to document changes over time is known as
To suggest that some human populations simply do not have the ability to form a culture violates a fundamental 19th-century doctrine accepted by anthropologists that is known as
the psychic unity of man.
changes in the environment
the range of phenotypes characteristic of a population may change due to ____ rather than genetic changes
bioarchaeology
the specialty in archaeology known as ____ is the study of human skeletons and associated artifacts, which are used to understand health, diet, and social status differences
Hominoid
A term that refers to great apes and humans
What evidence of bipedalism was discovered at a famous site in laetoli, Tanzania?
A trail of ancient footprints preserved in volcanic ash
paleontology
the study of ancient life through the fossil record is known as
taphonomy
the study of processes that affect the remains of dead animals is known as
survey research; anthropological research
the study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is _____, and the study of culture and people is ____.
survey research; anthropological research
the study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is ________, and the study of culture and people is __________
holism
the study of the whole human ______ is called
cultural
the sub-field of anthropology that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is ________ anthropology
correlation
A(n) ______ is an association or covariation between two or more variables
trade with one another, depend on one another activities, occupy different ecological niches
According to Fredik Barth, plural society is most successful when the ethnic groups do which of the following?
Which of the following tool types is associated with homo erectus
Acheulean hand ax
What was the name given by Louis and Mary Leakey to the type of stone tools associated with the species named Homo Habilis
Acheulian tools
Microbes are able to "trick" the hosts by appearing similar to the body's own biochemistry
the surfaces of some microbes have substances similar to ABO blood group substances how is that advantageous for microbes
linguistic relativity
Anthropological linguists accept the principle that no language or dialect is superior to any other. What is the term used the describe this principle?
cenozoic
Anthropologists are concerned with the _____ era, which is the era of recent life--birds and mammal
cultivation of plants and domestication of animals
the term 'food production' refers to the ...
hominins
the term is used for the group that leads to humans but not to chimps and gorillas
Which of the following statements about apes and brachiation are true?
Apes have longer arms than legs, which is adaptive for brachiation. Young apes brachiate Apes and humans likely had a brachiating ancestor
offspring inherit characteristics from their parents; organisms that are poorly suited to the environment die with no or fewer offspring than well-suited organisms
the theory of evolution through natural selection includes which ideas
The difference between terrestrial and arboreal primates
Arboreal primates are smaller and smaller animals can reach a greater variety of food. Arboreal monkeys are lithe and agile, they escape predators through alertness and speed. Terrestrial primates are larger but this is an advantage in a sense that they can fight off predators. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more marker on terrestrial species. (It is hard to tell the difference of a male or female arboreal monkey) Among terrestrial monkeys, the core group consists of females - among apes it is made up of males.
Which statement best describes some important characteristics of ardi
Ardi had a brain that was about the size of a chimp's and lived in a woodland or forest environment
What is the name of the species that was discovered in 2009 that dates to 4.4 million years ago?
Ardi ramidus
The pelvis, hand, arms, legs, and feet of "Ardi" have been compared to those of "Lucy." Which of the following statements best describe Ardi?
Ardi's pelvis allowed her to walk bipedally, but her feet did not have an arch; Ardi's hands, long arms, and short legs show an apelike climber
forensic anthropology
the type of anthropology in which biological anthropologists work in a legal context and assist medical examiners and law enforcement agencies to recover, analyze, and identify humans remains is knwon as
The famous fossil find known as "Lucy" was an almost complete skeleton of a bipedal walker. A more recently discovered fossil skeleton predates "Lucy" by almost one million years and is now the most famous early bipedal walker. What is the name of this earlier species?
Ardipithecus ramidus
by changing language, by changing location, by changing attitude
By which of the following can a brazialian change his or her "race'
The ____ are famous cave paintings found in southwestern france made by prehistoric big game hunters and depict the animals they hunted, such as wooly mammoths, wild cattle and horses, deer, and reindeer
Cave art at Lascaux
Which of the following are examples of cultural particularities?
Chicago-style hot dogs
Thanks to studies by scientists such as jane goodall, more is known about the full range of behavior and social organization of _______ than any other apes
Chimps
There are dietary differences between chimps and gorillas. For example, _________ prefer fruits and are omnivorous, but ________ eat green bulk vegetation
Chimps Gorillas
Which of the following are true of chimps
Chimps are omnivorous, Chimps live in tropical Africa and range over a larger area than gorillas
relative
the type of dating that establishes a sequence for the artifacts and fossils found at a site, but that does not establish a specific age for these items, is called ____ dating
American women and girls make direct eye contact, while men tend to stand side by side to talk, avoiding direct eye contact
Deborah Tannen, a linguistic anthropologist, has identified some gender differences in nonverbal communication. What are some of the differences in communication styles she has identitfied?
What is not an adaptive trend in anthropoids?
Decreased sociality
Endangered Primates
Deforestation is the main factor. Other factors are human hunting and capture for use in labs or pets. The apes are the most endangered.
Globalization is defined as
the worldwide spread of production, communication, and technology.
chimps; gorillas
there are dietary differences between chimps and gorillas. for example, ____ prefer fruits and are omnivorous, but ____ eat green bulk vegetation
core
there is a set of dominant beliefs in the U.S, such as a belief in the rights of the individual and belief in the value of hard work. such sets of values are called _________
settlers of brazil married indigenous women and had racially mixed children
Early settlers of the US came as men and women but the early settlers of brazil came mostly as men. How did this impact racial classification?
The first (prosimianlike) fossils clearly identified as primates lived during the_____
Eocene
The Palezoic
Era of ancient life - fishes, amphibians, and primitive reptiles
The Mesozoic
Era of middle life - reptiles including dinosaurs
The Cenozoic
Era of recent life - birds and mammals. Two periods: Tertiary and Quaternary The Tertiary has five epochs: Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. The Quaternary has two epochs: Pleistocene and Holocene *This is the era that anthropologists are concerned with
are excluded from certain other ethnic groups
Ethnicity exists when people feel like they belong to a certain ethnic group and
True or False: there are fewer than 10 fossillized bone specimens that represent only 2 individuals that wer discovered at laetoli and harad that established the species known as Australopithecus afarensis
False
True or false: Some apes have tails?
False
Which of the following statements about nonhuman primates are true? (Check all that apply.)
Female chimps and gorillas tend to migrate to find mates, Primates other than Homo tend to disperse at adolescence.
How were Oldowan stone tools likely used
For breaking open bones for marrow, and for digging up roots and insects to eat
Lesser Apes include
Gibbons and siamnges
The largest primate that ever lived is
Gigantopithecus
Which of the following statements about gorillas are true?
Gorillas live in social groups Most of the gorillas day is spend feeding Gorillas spend little time in the trees
What are the names of the two major groups of South African australopithecines?
Gracile and robust
Anthropoid heritage that humans share with monkeys and apes:
Grasping Smell to sight Nose to Hand Brain Complexity Parental Investment Sociality
Which of the following did primates develop as adaptions to life high up in the trees?
Grasping hands and feet importance of sight over smell omnivorous diets
Which of the following statements best describes cultural rights?
Groups of indigenous people have the right to maintain their own traditions and languages.
Which species origionaly got its name because it was thought to be the first human ancestor that made tools?
Homo Habilis
What was the name of the earliest human ancestral species that hunted game animals for food
Homo erectus
Which two species of hominins existed during the period from 1/9 million years ago to 1.4 mya?
Homo erectus and Homo Habilis
Which statement best describes the cultural abilities of Au. boisei and Homo erectus
Homo erectus had greater mental capacities that enabled toolmaking and hunting, but there is no evidence that Au. Boisei had those abilities
What was the name of the earliest species within the genus
Homo habilis
Which species was named by louis and mary leakey, with the name meaning "handy man" because it was believed to be the first tool maker?
Homo habilis
What is used as a basis for assigning organisms to the same taxon (zoological category)?
Homologies
What is the term for a trait that organisms have inherited from a common ancestor?
Homology
Animals such as wolves learn behavior patterns, such as hunting techniques. What makes human cultural learning different from that?
Human culture is based on ideas shared through symbols.
human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into such discrete groups
Humanity lacks races such as those associated with breeds, as in dogs or roses, because
In human evolution, the shape of the pelvis changed to accommodate two conflicting requirements. Which statement best reflects the nature of the chance in the pelvis?
Humanlike birth canals had to accommodate larger skulls, but the demands of bipedalism restricted the size that the pelvic opening could be
Which of the following statements regarding apes and humans are true
Humans and apes are more closely related to each other than they are to monkeys. Humans and apes share common ancestry Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily
Which of the following statements best describes how human sexual behavior differs from that of primates?
Humans mate year round, and their pier bonds are more enduring that those of other primates.
Primates
Humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians are primates.
made somewhat consistent
through enculturation, behavior and thought in a society are ...
status
In sociology, which of the following refers to the position that someone occupies in society no matter what that person's prestige is?
racial classification
In the past scientist used __ to study human biological diversity. This approach has largely been abandoned as modern scientists believe categorizing humans is not productive in the understanding of human biological diversity
Japan
In which culture are differences in social status regularly communicated through bowling
Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care. What did this select for?
Increased sociality
What was the initial purpose for writing
to keep records and accounts
link all people in the modern world system
today's global economy and communications ...
Which of the following types of traits are likely to move from particularity to generality?
traits that are useful, traits that have the capacity to please large audiences
True or false: Probably one of the species of Australopithecus made and used stone tools long before the species homo habillis did.
true
True or false: The brain size or cranial capacity of australopithecus afarensis was almost the same as that of a chimpanzee
true
True
true or false: Members of ethnic group define themselves as different and special because of cultural features
true
true or false: a cultural custom can be adaptive in one way (resolving a problem) but also maladaptive in other ways (causing other problems).
false
true or false: a human child is born with culture
false
true or false: because correlations are universal, they indicate that all foraging societies share certain cultural features
false
true or false: fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past.
false
true or false: it is not necessary for an ethnographer to speak the local language
false
true or false: lactose tolerance can be produced only by one single genotype
false
true or false: language is the only kind of communication used by humans
false
true or false: some apes have tails
adaptive strategies
unrelated societies are most apt to resemble each other when they have similar ...?
there is no relationship between the height of the stalk and the color of the pod
using mendel's law of independent assortment in the study of the reproduction of pea plants, which of the following statements is true
absolute dating
volcanic ash specimens are often used to extract potassium argon samples to determine the age of layers in which early hominid fossils have been found in africa's great rift valley. this kind of dating technique, which establishes dates in numbers, is known as
The position of the foramen magnum in australopithecines is centered under the base of the skull, which indicates that australopithecus
walked upright and was bipedal
bones or other remains of ancient life forms
what are fossils
american women and girls make direct eye contact, while males tends to stand side by side to talk, avoiding direct eye contact
what are some of the differences in communication styles Deborah Tannen has identified?
According to Sir Edward Tylor's definition of culture from 1871, what is the critical defining feature of culture?
It includes patterns of behavior acquired by people as members of society.
Which of the following is true of culture, according to anthropologists?
It is all-encompassing
Which of the following statements about kenyanthropus playtops are true?
It is dated to 3.5 million years ago. It provides evidence that at least two hominin lingeages existed at the same time The fossil find was made in northern Kenya
Night Monkey or Owl Monkey
Of all the anthropoids this is the only nocturnal animal. It is a New World monkey.
The stone tools that date to about 1.8 million years ago are called _______ pebble tools
Oldowan
What is the name for the simple stone tools dating to about 2 million years ago that were first discovered by l.s.b. and mary leakey
Oldowan Tools
During _____, anthropoids became the most numerous primates. This is also when New World monkeys diverged from the line leading to cararrhines.
Oligocene
A significant amount of fossil evidence has been found that relates to the ancestral hominin species Australopithecus afarensis. Which statement best describes the amount of fossil specimens found?
One site studied yielded about two dozen specimens; another site yielded fossil specimens representing 35-65 individuals.
Which of the following comprise the great apes of the hominoid superfamily?
Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees
Great Apes include
Orangutans, gorillas, chimps, and bonobos.
Which of the following hominins had an anatomical feature called a sagittal crest?
Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei
Bipedal
Part of the "grasping" concept - (two-footed)
Opposable thumbs
Part of the "grasping" concept - the thumb can touch other fingers
refugees
People who flee a country to escape persecution or war are known as
to ensure that their research causes no harm to the people, animals, or artifacts involved
what is the anthropologists' primary ethical concern?
subspecies
what is the most exclusive classificatory unit of the zoological taxonomy
melanin
what is the name for the chemical substance in the skin that determines skin color
daughter languages
what is the term for a group of languages that share a common ancestor?
subcultures
what is the term used by anthropologists to describe the existence of diverse cultural traditions within a nation?
experimental archaeologists
what is the term used for the type of archaeologists who make replicas of ancient tools
globalization
what is the term used to describe the increasing international interconnections in the world today brought about by modern electronic communication systems, travel, international trade, and migration?
classical
what is the term used to describe the type of archaeologists who study Old World civilizations such as greece, rome, and egypt
paleoanthropology
what is the term used to refer to the type of anthropology that focuses on the study of ancient human ancestors
women often play a major role in food production; for large jobs, some societies assemble teams, while others use small groups or individuals over a longer time period; men handle large animals, but in some cultures women do the milking
which of the following are common divisions of labor in nonindustrial societies?
reciprocity; the market principle; redistribution
which of the following are principles that Karl Polanyi defined for orienting exchanges cross culturally?
rising immigration to North America, large scale migration to north america from less developed countries
which of the following are reason for the North American shift from assimilation toward multiculturalism
life in groups, life in some kind of family
which of the following are social universals?
the distortion of remains by natural various forces; the scattering of remains by carnivores and scavengers; the possible fossilization of remains
which of the following are studied as part of taphonomy
likely fruit eaters; adapted for tree climbing as well as knuckle-walking on the ground
which of the following are traits that pierolapithecus shared with other apes, such as chimps and gorillas
some hunt mostly big-game animals; some hunt and gather various animals and plants
which of the following are true of the world's foraging societies?
it is taught directly, it is absorbed unconsciously, it is transmitted through observation
which of the following are ways culture is transmitted and learned?
infectious diseases
which of the following became a major problem after food production emerged some ten thousand years ago
it could encourage overpopulation
which of the following best describes how a government policy that promotes pre-natal healthcare and large families could become maladaptive?
archaeologists study the past by analyzing objects from dig sites; biological anthropologists study ancient human skeletons or living humans
which of the following best describes how the subfield of archaeology differs from that of biological anthropology
in an undisturbed set of strata, the oldest layer is deepest
which of the following best describes the principle of superposition
random genetic drift; mutation; gene flow; natural selection
which of the following cause changes in gene frequency
chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans
which of the following comprise the great apes of the hominoid superfamily
alleles are biochemical variations of a gene
which of the following correctly describes alleles
the particular, universal, generalized
which of the following do anthropologists consider when studying human diversity in time and space?
it helps to determine an ancient site's environment at the time it was inhabited
which of the following does palynology
science, invention, and discovery are parts of culture and enable humans to control many natural limits
which of the following examples best describes how culture influences the ways that humans interact with the natural environment?
biology requires that humans eat a certain amount each day, but culture teaches us what we want to eat, when we want it, and how
which of the following examples best illustrates the relationship between human biological needs and culture?
a person making a winter coat to aid survival in cold weather; a person building temporary shelter to live in during the rainy season; a person producing food through farming
which of the following examples illustrate cultural adaptation
its rib cage; its lower spine; its wrist
which of the following features distinguishes pierolapithecus from the lesser apes
humans
which of the following have longer legs than arms
the use of digging sticks
which of the following is a characteristic of horticulture in nonindustrial societies?
light skin lets the body manufacture more vitamin D from sunlight
which of the following is a physiological advantage to light skin color
"cat" and "hat"
which of the following is an example of a minimal pair?
an anthropologist goes to live in Amazon River village, gets to know the local people, and writes a report describing the community
which of the following is an example of the ethnographic technique called participant observation?
racial classification
which of the following is one main approach, now largely abandoned, that scientists have used to study human biological diversity
kingdom
which of the following is the broadest of the classificatory units of zoological taxonomy
it is all-encompassing
which of the following is true of culture, according to anthropologists?
there is greater variation within each of the so-called races than between them
which of the following is true regarding genetic variation within and between the traditional racial groupings such as africans, asians, and europeans
alleles that were once considered maladaptive may lose their disadvantage if the environment shifts.
which of the following is true regarding maladaptive alleles?
carolus linnaeus
which of the following scholars is generally credited with creating the first broadly used taxonomy of plants and animals
about 70% of all countries have ethnic group that forms an absolute majority of the population, countries with no ethnic majority are the norm in africa, there is a substantial regional variation in countries' ethnic structures
which of the following statements about ethnic diversity across the globe are true?
they occur in certain times and places but not in all cultures; they may be widespread
which of the following statements about generalities is true?
arboreal; skilled brachiators; live in primary groups
which of the following statements about gibbons are true
female chimps and gorillas tend to migrate to find mates, primates other than homo tend to disperse at adolescence
which of the following statements about nonhuman primates are true?
primates tend to be social animals, which live with others of their species; learned behavior is an important part of primate adaptation
which of the following statements about primates are true
chimps are very vocal; chimps exhibit dominance relationships though attacks and displacement
which of the following statements about the behavior of chimps are true
they are subject to discrimination, they are physically indistinguishable from other japenese, they are residentally segregated into specific neighborhoods
which of the following statements about the burakumin are true?
dominant traits mask the effects of recessive traits; traits are determined by discrete particles or units
which of the following statements accurately describe Mendel's discoveries
groups of indigenous people have the right to maintain their own traditions and languages
which of the following statements best describes cultural rights?
culture teaches us how to satisfy our biological needs
which of the following statements best describes culture?
they excavate to reveal the layers in a site and systematically survey the region
which of the following statements best describes how archaeologists survey sites
it only works on organic materials, such as plant and animal remains, and the specimens cannot be older than 40,000 years old
which of the following statements best describes the limitations of carbon-14 dating
they reconstruct patterns and waves of human migration; they compare the genetic relationship between apes and humans; they examine evolutionary relationships among ancient and contemporary populations
which of the following statements correctly describe what molecular anthropologists do
as more american women attended college and obtained jobs in the workplace, beliefs about marriage and divorce changed
which of the following statements describes a case revealing the integrated nature of culture?
natural selection operates upon variation produced by recombination
which of the following statements describes recombination
establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country; including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding
which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad
humans; apes
which of the following tend toward orthograde posture
cooperation, sharing
which of the following traits are more developed among humans than other primates?
body size tends to be larger; tendency toward upright posture; longer interval between infant births
which of the following traits are shared by apes as distinct from monkeys and other primates
traits that have the capacity to please large audiences, traits that are useful
which of the following types of traits are likely to move from particularity to generality?
linguistic variation corresponding to regional dialects, linguistic features that correlate with socioeconomic class, relationships between social and linguistic variation
which of the following would be examples of topics studied in sociolinguistics?
preferential mating, where animals with preferred characteristics have more mating opportunities
which statement best describes sexual selection
survey research relied on questionnaires to gather data, but anthropological research relies on long-term firsthand observations of day-to-day life
which statement best represents the relationship between anthropological research and survey research?
language is a form of communication that must be learned
which statement is true regarding language?
apes and humans hunt, but only humans bring food back to camp to share
which statement regarding primate hunting behaviors is true
archaeology
which subfield of anthropology specializes in the study of the human past by analyzing artifacts
phenotypic plasticity
which term best describes a situation where the environment changes a person's outward appearance without changing their genes
molecular anthropology
which type of anthropology compares and analyzes DNA from various primates such as chimpanzees and apes, extinct human groups such as Neandertals, and various modern human groups to determine evolutionary relationships>
sir edward tylor
whose definition of culture includes the phrase, "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man"?
women's speech reflects women's traditional lesser power in American society
why did Lakoff say that women were more likely to say such things as "Oh my goodness!" and men were more likely to curse or swear?
of the 2,000 Basarwa who wanted to return, only 189 were allowed to do so; the Basarwa were required to obtain permits for hunting; the Basarwa would be allowed to use only enough water for subsistence needs
why were critics displeased with the legal verdict that allowed the Basarwa of southern Africa to return to their ancestral lands?
The discovery of an early species of hominin called ardi revealed revealed that bipedalism first appeared in which type of habitat?
woodland or rainforest habitat
Which of the following are biologically based universals? (Check all that apply)
year-round sexuality, a long period of infant dependency, a complex brain
kinesics
_______ is the study of body language and gestures to understand nonverbal communication
What is the earliest date that homo erectus lived in africa?
1.9 mya
What was the cranial capacity of Au. afarensis?
430 cm 3, close to the size of an avarage chimp
How old is the human ancestor known as sahelanthropus tchadensis?
6-7 myo
How many species are there from the genus Australopithecus
8
rickets
A dark-skinned person in a cold, northern climate are at a higher risk of developing ____ (a condition that softens and deforms the bones) due to a vitamin D deficiency
race
A geographically isolated subdivision of species is referred to as which of the following
All New World Monkeys are ______, however Old World monkeys include both _____ and _____.
All New World are arboreal, Old World are both terrestrial and arboreal.
Which of the following statements best describes the anthropological approach to culture?
All people have culture, which includes everything that is part of everyday life, from fast food to symphony music.
nation
An independent centrally organized political unit, or government is known as a
Which of the following distinguished anthropoids from prosimians during the eocene epoch?
Anthropoid eyes were rotated forward, Anthropoid brains and eyes grew bigger
Which of the following statements describes a case revealing the integrated nature of culture?
As more American women attended college and obtained jobs in the workplace, beliefs about marriage and divorce changed.
What does the narrower birth canal of Au. afarensis reveal about this early species?
Au. afarensis had a small brain.
Which statement most accurately describes the teeth of australopithecus afarensis
Au. afarensis has pointed premolars that are similar to an ape's
What was the species name given to the famous :Taung child" discovery, and which anatomist named it?
Australopithecus Africanus
In the evolutionary sequence of hominins, which probably came first; Australopithecus afarensis or robust australopithecus?
Australopithecus afarensis
What is the species name of the oldest fossil child, Which is called Lucys Baby?
Australopithecus afarensis
A new species of hominin was discovered in 1999 that used stone tools to butcher animals earlier than any human ancestrial species had been thought to use them. What was the name given to this early tool user from 2.5 mya
Australopithecus garhi
Why don't prosimians directly compete with anthropoids?
Because prosimians are nocturnal and anthropoids are active during the day
The study of evolutionary basis of social behavior is known as
Behavioral ecology
Chimpanzee
Belong to a genus, Pan, which has two species: Pan troglodytes (the common chimp) and Pan paniscus. Like humans, they are closely related to the gorilla. Common chimps live in tropical rain forests and woodlands. Gorillas eat larger quantities of green bulk vegetation, but chimps (like orangutans and gibbons) prefer fruit. Chimps are omnivores, capture small mammals, bird eggs, and insects. Chimps are lighter and more arboreal than gorillas. And has much less sexual dimorphism. Female chimps are more likely to migrate and mate outside their natal group than males. Chimps are very vocal.
Bonobos
Belong to the species Pan paniscus. They never leave the protection of trees. Same size as chimps. Female bonobos rule over male bonobos. Bonobos are known as peace-loving, and male bonobos remain closely bonded to his mother for life. They have frequent sex however dont exceed the reproductive rate of chimps.
Which of the following examples best illustrated the relationship between human biological needs and culture?
Biology requires that human eat a certain amount each day, but culture teaches us what we want to eat, when we want it, and how.
Which anthropologist defined culture as ideas based on symbols that are programs, plans, or recipes governing behavior?
Clifford Geertz
Primary groups
Composed of a permanently bonded male and female and their preadolescent offspring
Proconsul group
Contains the last common ancestor shared by the Old World monkeys and apes.
What does it mean when one says that culture is Integrated?
Cultures are interrelated systems of thought, beliefs, and behavior.
minimal pairs
In English words like "dog" and "bog"resemble each other in all but on sound, but they have completely different meanings. What is the linguistic term used to describe a set of two words, such as these, that can be used to identify phonemes?
mutation; random genetic drift
In a small population of finches, a single finch with red eyes is hatched. The red eyes confer no apparent survival advantage, but this particular finch has many offspring. Over a short period of time over 30% of the small population has the distinctive red eyes. Which of the following forces of evolution are happening in this example?
Which of the following statements regarding Gigantopithecus are true?
It is the largest primate that ever lived It was confined to asia
Gorillas
Just one species: gorilla gorilla - and there are three subspecies of gorillas. The western lowland, the eastern lowland, and mountain gorillas. The mountain gorillas are the largest and rarest. The western lowlands are what you see in zoos. There are only 4 eastern lowland gorillas in captivity. Sexual dimorphism in gorillas: the male is twice the size They live in stable social groups, the troop is a common unit of primate social organization, (males/females/offspring) Silver line down the back resembles full maturity of a male and is the only breeding male of the troop which is why gorilla troops are called "one male groups"
The fossil of the flat faced "man" that was discovered in 1999 by Maeve Leakey's research team and represented a new branch of the early family tree was named
Kenyathropus platyops
The highest taxonomic level is
Kingdom. At this level animals are distinguished from plants.
Significant Australopithecus afarensis discoveries have been made in
Laetoli, tanzania, and Hadar, Ethiopia
women's speech reflects women's traditional lesser power in American society
Lakoff, a linguist who studied American speech patterns, identified some gender differences . Why did she say that women were more likely to say things as "oh my goodnesss" and men were more likely to swear
What is not a hominoid?
Lemur
Which of the following are social universals? (Check all that apply)
Life in some kind of family, Life in groups.
Which statement about Lucy is true?
Lucy lived around 3 mya and about 40% of the skeleton was recovered
Which of the following statements about baboons are true?
Male baboons typically leave their home troop for another near the time of puberty. Female baboons form the stable core of the terrestrial monkey troop.
Which of the following are characteristics of orangutans?
Males typically climb, rather than swing through, trees. They live in jungles and feed in trees. Adult males weight more than twice as much as females
Which of the following statements about new world monkeys is true?
Many have prehensile tails
Which of the following best distinguishes prosimians from anthropoids?
Many prosimians are nocturnal
Hominids
Members of the zoological family that includes fossil and living humans
The earliest hominoid fossils are from the _____.
Miocene
Anthropoids
Monkeys, apes, and humans. Constitute the suborder Anthropoidea
dark
Your skin has natural sunscreen properties in the tropics but reduced UV absorption outside the tropics, leaving you susceptible to developing rickets or asteoporosis. You have _ color sking
Arboreal Theory
States primates became primates by adapting to arboreal life.
Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?
Stereoscopic vision
Which of the following primate traits are believed to have developed as adaptations to life in trees?
Stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb
The primate suborder _____ includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers
Strepsirrhini
Primatology
Study of nonhuman primates
What is the primate order subdivided into?
Suborders, superfamilies, families, tribes, genera, species, and subspecies.
prejudice
Suzy is a barista at a coffee shop. She sees an Asian customer approaching the counter and calls to her Asian coworker to help the customer because Suzy assumes the customer will speak poor , broken English and be very demanding without leaving a tip. What is Suzy guilty of ?
Baboons and many macaques are _______ monkeys.
Terrestrial
Which of the following are traits of terrestrial, as opposed to arboreal, Old World monkeys?
Terrestrial monkeys are larger than arboreal monkeys Sexual dimorphism tends to be more marked in terrestrial than in arboreal monkeys
Which statement best describes the famous fossil find known ad Lucy?
The Lucy discovery was a skeleton from female hominin that was 40% complete and has been dated to 3 mya
The history of the vertebrate life has been divided into three main eras, which are:
The Palezoic, the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic Each era is divided into periods and the periods are divided into epochs.
assimilation
The absorption of minorities within a dominant culture is known as
Taxonomy
The assignment of organisms to categories according to their relationship and resemblance.
How does the brain size of cranial capacity of the australopithecus compare with Homo sapiens and chimps
The australopithecus brain size was only slightly larger than that of chimps and was roughly one- third of the size of Homo sapiens'
Which statement best describes the general shape of the pelvis and spine of Australopithecus
The australopithecus pelvis is shorter and bowl shaped while the spine is curved similar to that of the humans
the rules governing word order and the arrangement of words into sentences
What is syntax
Analogies
When species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways
the body manufactures vitamin D, light skin color absorbs UV outside the tropics
Which of the following are advantages to light skin color?
stay indoors, use sunscreen
Which of the following are cultural alternatives that permit a light-skinned person to effectively live in a tropical climate?
the presence of one trait that does not automatically indicate the presence the presense of another trait; the amount that heredity contributes to phenotypical traits is often unclear
Which of the following are problems with basing racial classification on a combination of physcial traits
the settlement of the Americas by light-skinned Asian ancestors of the Native Americans was relatively recent
Which of the following best explains why tropical populations in the Americas dont have very dark skin
political upheaval, migration, wars
Which of the following have been major factors in why many nationalities have been split up and placed in different nation-states
Its been increasing steadily, Canada's largest visible minorities are South Asian and chinese
Which of the following statements about Canada's visible minority population are true?
japanese value "pure" japanese, racial attitudes tend toward intrinsic racism
Which of the following statements about japanese
it is darker in southern Europe than in northern, it is lighter in sothern europe than in the Middle east, it is lighter south if the tropics
Which of the following statements are true regarding average skin color in various geographical regions
the tripartite is overly simplistic, the tripartite scheme had more to do with politics than biology
Why is the once commonly used tripartite scheme of three great races no longer used by scientists?
foraging, agriculture, pastoralism
Yehudi Cohen's five adaptive strategies included ...?
Which of the following statements best describes the time period in wich australopithecus africanus lived in south africa?
between 3-1 mya
human development; nutritional status; human growth
biological anthropologists use anthropometry to learn about which of the following aspects of humans
phenotypical adaptation
biological plasticity, or our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow, makes which of the following possible?
The single most important humanlike charachteristic that set apart hominins from ape ancestors was
bipedalism
Some call the pygmy chimp, _____ live in the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo
bonobos
Hand-over-hand movement through the trees is known as
branchiation
resources would be shared communally
buying a gift for a friend, then expecting the friend to buy a gift in return, would not be customary in a foraging band because ...?
Anthropologists are concerned with the _____ era, which is the era of recent like--birds and mammal
cenozoic
the capacity to use symbols
children learn to avoid fire by being told it is dangerous, while animals learn to avoid fire by discovering that it burns them. the difference between the two is that human cultural learning depends on
universal grammar
chomsky theorizes that these similarities in language structure occur because of the nature of the human brain, and calls this recurring pattern for organizing language ....
Which of the following explains the arboreal theory?
claims that primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to arboreal life. Primates are thought to have developed several of their traits and habits initially while living in trees.
Which of the following best describes the process by which similar traits arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways?
convergent evolution
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
could be the last common ancestor of humans, chimps, gorillas, and orangutans.
agriculture
cultivation that requires somewhat more intensive labor than horticulture is called ....?
in their social and cultural context
cultural and linguistic anthropology view creative expression
relative dating and absolute dating
what are the two major categories of dating techniques used to establish the dates of layers of fossils and artifacts?
phonology or sounds, morphology or meaning, and syntax or word order
what aspects of language are studied in descriptive linguistics?
cultures are interrelated systems of thought, beliefs, and behavior
what does it mean when one says that culture is integrated?
the government of Botswana forced them to leave their ancestral territory because it was being converted into wildlife reserve
what event do critics claim turned the previously free Basarwa San Bushmen of Botswana in Africa into communities dependent on food aid and government handouts?
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
what is NAGPRA
a list of all the units of meaning in a language, a dictionary
what is a lexicon?
a minimal unit of meaning
what is a morpheme?
a minimal sound that is important to distinguish meaning in a language
what is a phoneme?
any two organisms that can reproduce and have viable offspring capable of reproduction
what is a species
anything verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else
what is a symbol?
the study of layers of deposits at a site in which older materials are found deeper and younger ones are in the top layers
what is stratigraphy
the rules governing word order and the arrangement of words into sentences
what is syntax?
hominoid
what is the zoological superfamily that includes extinct and living apes
remote sensing
what technique is used by archaeologists to identify ancient roads and canals invisible to the human eye but visible with aerial photos and satellite images using a spectrum invisible to the naked eye
biological
what type of anthropologists study primate behavior and also the physical characteristics of ancient and modern humans
foraging
what type of society consists of people who "live off the land" by gathering resources from nature instead of cultivating crops or raising domestic animals?
displacement
when Koko was asked to do something that she did not want to do she would respond by saying 'later'. in that instance Koko was demonstrating a humanlike language ability referred to as
cultural relativism
when an anthropologist does not pass judgement on either of these modes of dress, they are manifesting the principle of
historical archaeology
when archaeologists excavate early colonial settlements in jamestown, Virginia, this type of archaeology is known as
cultural resource management
when construction sites reveal artifacts, impact studies may be required to asses the historical importance of the site. In this case, "salvage archaeologists," also called ____ archaeologists, analyze what is found at the site
key informants
when cultural anthropologists do fieldwork in a community, they may rely on just a few chosen people who can provide special knowledge and details about community life. What is the term used for the people chosen
go extinct
when faced with a major environmental shift, such as climate change from an asteroid impact, a species will most likely
the entire village sometimes relocates to stay near the crops; some villages remain in one place for many years while the crops are shifted around it; the decision to move the village or leave it in place mostly depends on how large the buildings are
when horticulturalists shift their plantings from plot to plot ...?
underwater archaeology
when is the term used to describe the type of archaeology that investigates shipwrecks and sites submerged under the sea
direct; forced
when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another, diffusion is ________, but when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group, diffusion is _________
productivity
when washoe saw a swan, and did not know the sign, she combined two signs to give it the name "waterbird". this feat showed that she had a linguistic ability called
cultural transmission
when washoe the chimp taught ASL to her son and when Koko tried to teach her cat to sign, that was an example of a fundamental aspect of human language called
the forests of central and south america
where do new world monkeys live
O
which blood type has the highest frequency in most human populations
sociolinguistics
which field of linguistics analyzes the ways that language is used in different social contexts?
it tries to describe the physical variation that exists within the population
which is true of the traditional racial classification system used in Brazil
the bible, especially the book of genesis
which model was used by european scholars to explain biological variation prior to the discovery of natural selection
replacement; subsistence; social
which of the following are among the funds, or aspects of living, in which most people must invest their resources?
year-round sexuality; a long period of infant dependency; a complex brain
which of the following are biologically based universals?
negotiations between buyers and sellers must remain open for a short time; buyers and sellers do not need to meet personally; buyers and sellers attempt to obtain the largest possible gain
which of the following are characteristic of bargaining?
primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for grasping; primates' most important means of obtaining informaiton is sight rather than smell.
which of the following are characteristics of primates
Which of the following are ways culture is transmitted and learned? (Check all that apply)
It is taught directly, It is transmitted through observation, It is absorbed unconsciously.
False
True or false: Language is the only kind of communication used by humans
The goal of anthropologists is to understand different cultural practices through the eyes of the people in that culture, an approach known as
cultural relativism
allowing insignificant sites to be destroyed
cultural resource management involves not only preserving some sites but also
animal call are set instinctive responses to particular stimuli and are based on only a few sounds
how are animal call systems different from human language?
descriptive linguistics
if you need to study a spoken language that has never been written, and you need to identify all the sounds, meanings, and structural rules for that language, which type of linguistics would be most helpful?
a comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential
one of the most fundamental assumptions shared by all anthropologists is that
participant observation
one technique commonly used by ethnographers is ____ ____ ehich means that they take part in community life as they study it
participant observation
one technique commonly used by ethnographers is _________ _________
Which of the following is an example of what is known as a subculture?
the Amish, who have clothing and religious restrictions that set them apart.
"first do no harm"
the american anthropological association (aaa) has established a code of ethics that requires that anthropologists be guided by a principle that has been compared to a doctor's Hippocratic oath, which essentially says,
Language
-?- can be spoken or written and is based on learned meanings
lexicon
A language's ___ is a dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings
Although an individual resident of a southern city in the United States may not like to eat grits and cornbread, these foods are considered a part of southern culture. What does this reveal about culture?
Culture is a shared attribute
Which of the following statements best describes culture?
Culture teaches us how to satisfy our biological needs
Which of the following statements about culture are true? (Check all that apply)
Cultures are dynamic and constantly changing, Common symbols can have different meanings to different individuals and groups in the same culture.
daughter languages
English is considered a Germanic language that belongs to the same language family as German and Dutch. English, German, and Dutch ll came from one original ancient parent language. What is the term for group of languages that share a common ancestor?
True or False: A human child is born with culture
False
Social class differences were revealed by whether or not the R was pronounced after vowels in words such as "car" and "floor"
Labov did a study of how R was pronounced in New york City department stores. Which of the following statements best describes his findings?
universal grammar
On colonial sugar plantations in the Carribean enslaved people from various African nations who originally spoke many different languages developed new languages called creole languages. These languages, such as Gullah, Hatitian creole, and new orleans creole share certain rules and language structure. Chomsky theorizes that these similarities in language structure occur because of the nature of the human brain, an calls his recurring pattern for organizing language
focal vocabulary
Peter is a sailing instructor and frequently uses such terms as jib, tack, tiller and sheet. His non sailing friends cannot understand him when such terms. Peter is using
protolanguage
Romance languages such as french, spanish and portuguese are considered to be related languages that descended from latin. What is the general term used in historical linguistics to describe a root language or ancestor such as Latin
Which of the following traits are more developed among humans than other primates? (Check all that Apply)
Sharing, Cooperation, remembering information
Whose definition of culture includes the phrase, "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man"?
Sir Edward Tylor
Which of the following do anthropologists consider when studying human diversity in time and space? (Check all that apply)
The particular, the generalized, the universal
Which of the following statements about generalities are true? (Check all that apply)
They may be widespread, They occur in certain times and places but not in all cultures.
productivity and displacement
What do animal call systems lack thathuman languages have?
a list of all the units of meaning in a language, a dictionary
What is a lexicon?
a minimal unit of meaning
What is a morpheme?
a minimal sound that is important to distinguish meaning in a language
What is a phoneme?
identifying which sounds are important in a language
What is a phonology?
Language determines ways of thought
What statement best describes the Saphir-Whorf hypothesis ?
cultural transmission
When Washoe the chimp taught ASL to her son and when Koko tried to teach her cat to sign, that was an example of a fundemental aspect of human language called
productivity
When Washoe, a chimp who learned ASL, saw a swan and did not know the sign for it, she combined two signs that she did know to give it the name "waterbird". This feat showed that she had a linguistic ability called?
displacement
When humans talk about things that happened in the past or that are going to happen in future, they are manifesting a language ability known as
sociolinguistics
Which field of linguistics analyzes the ways that language is used in different social contexts
the history of languages, linguistic differences among cultures, and linguistic diversity related to social differences.
Which phrase best describes the major subjects studied in linguistic anthropology?
paleoecology
________ looks at ecosystems of the past
carbon-14 dating
a technique called __________ __________ measures radioactive decay and is commonly used to date fossilized plant or animal remains
evolutionary changes
biological anthropologists examine _______ ________ in human biology
less important to anthropology
compared to sociology, statistics traditionally have been
There is a set of dominant beliefs in the United States, such as a belief in the rights of the individual and belief in the value of hard work. Such sets of values are called _____ values.
core
Which of the following is the term anthropologists use to describe the process in which a child learns culture?
enculturation
economics, political science
ethnographic fieldwork leads to a perspective that differs radically from which of the following?
informed consent
the ethics of archaeologists and physical anthropologists require that they negotiate with local officials and colleagues to establish who owns bones, artifacts, and other materials recovered at excavation sites. These agreements between anthropologists and colleagues in the host countries are established through the procedure known as
prehistory
the period before the invention of writing is called _______
to do no harm to the people in the host community
the primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist is
Anthropologists stress that although individuals are unique in their abilities and talents, all human groups have equal capacities for culture. This principle is called
the psychic unity of man.
true
true or false: in addition to having links to the natural sciences, anthropology also has links to the fields in the humanities
absolute dating
what is the term used to describe any method of dating fossils which establishes a precise age range
short-term physiological
when non-natives' breathing and heart rates increase in mountain highlands, this is an example of _________ adaptation
archaeological anth., sociocultural anth., biological anth.,
which of the following are among the four subfields of general anthropology?
the ability to think symbolically, the ability to learn, the ability to use language
which of the following are human biological capacities upon which culture depends?
primatology, paleoanthropology, human genetics
which of the following are specialties within biological anthropology?
garbage, tools, animal bones
which of the following are studied by archaeological anthropologists?
business, public health, marketing
which of the following areas have benefited form the work of applied anthropologists?
anthropologists get to know people via local life
which of the following best sums up the hallmark of ethnography?
zoology, biological anthropology
which of the following disciplines include primatology?
it cannot be used to directly analyze bone or plant remains, but instead is limited to use on ash layers that are older than 500,000 years old
which of the following statements best describes the limitations of potassium-argon dating?
establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country; including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding
which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad?
anthropologists personally experience life in a study community in order to understand it
which statement best describes the major emphasis in the ethnographic method?
to learn about the personal experiences of a few community members over a long period of time, in order to understand responses to change
which statement best describes why ethnographers collect life histories?
