Quiz 1 practice questions

Side effects of chemotherapy include ? (Select all that apply.) a. anemia. b. nausea. c. leukocytosis. d. bleeding. e. infections.

a. anemia. b. nausea. d. bleeding. e. infections.

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is? a. energy and repair. b. invoke resting state. c. produce exhaustion. d. set a new baseline steady-state.

a. energy and repair.

The effects of excessive cortisol production include? a. immune suppression. b. hypoglycemia. c. anorexia. d. inflammatory reactions.

a. immune suppression.

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the? a. membrane. b. DNA. c. RNA. d. ribosomes.

b. DNA.

Proto-oncogenes? a. are the same as oncogenes. b. are normal cellular genes that promote growth. c. lead to abnormal tumor-suppressor genes. d. result from severe mutational events.

b. are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

Tumor markers? (Select all that apply.) a. are found only in the blood. b. are produced by normal cells. c. help determine cancer origin. d. help identify progression of cancer. e. include prostatic-specific antigen.

b. are produced by normal cells. c. help determine cancer origin. d. help identify progression of cancer. e. include prostatic-specific antigen.

Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of? (Select all that apply.) a. genetics. b. environmental toxins. c. overcrowding. d. nutrition e. hygiene.

b. environmental toxins. c. overcrowding. d. nutrition. e. hygiene.

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed? a. atrophy. b. hypertrophy. c. metaplasia d. inflammation.

b. hypertrophy.

Infectious injury often results from?(Select all that apply.) a. exotoxins. b. endotoxins. c. self-destruction of cells. d. anti-inflammatory reactions. e. enzymes from white blood cells.

a. exotoxins. b. endotoxins. c. self-destruction of cells. e. enzymes from white blood cells.

Your patient's red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by? (Select all that apply.) a. gender difference. b. situational factors. c. normal variation. d. cultural variation. e. illness.

a. gender difference. b. situational factors. c. normal variation. e. illness.

Metaplasia is? a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. c. an irreversible cellular adaptation. d. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.

a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Epinephrine d. Insulin

d. Insulin

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except? a. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. b. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. c. decreased blood viscosity. d. crystallization of cellular components.

c. decreased blood viscosity.

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including? a. Burkitt lymphoma. b. Hodgkin's lymphoma. c. pancreatic cancer. d. hepatic cancer.

a. Burkitt lymphoma.

Somatic death refers to death? a. of a body organ. b. of the entire organism. c. of nerve cells. d. secondary to brain damage.

b. of the entire organism.

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? a. "Lung cancer is always fatal." b. "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate." c. "Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early." d. "Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers."

b. "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is ? a. Rb. b. P53. c. DCC. d. APC.

b. P53.

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular ? a. atrophy. b. death. c. proliferation. d. mutation.

b. death.

In general, with aging, organ size and function? a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. d. are unknown.

b. decrease.

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is ? a. anaplasia. b. dysplasia. c. metaplasia. d. hyperplasia.

b. dysplasia.

A disease that is native to a particular region is called? a. epidemic. b. endemic. c. pandemic. d. ethnographic

b. endemic

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor? a. is benign b. is malignant. c. is secondary to cancer elsewhere in the body. d. has spread.

b. is malignant.

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.? a. prodromal b. latent c. sequela d. convalescence

b. latent

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in? a. stress reduction. b. permanent damage and death. c. movement into the resistance stage. d. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system.

b. permanent damage and death.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by? a. destruction of cellular membranes. b. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. c. promotion of free radicals. d. crystallization of cellular organelles.

b. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of? a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment.

b. secondary prevention

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of? a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment.

b. secondary prevention.

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3*F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is? a. a sore throat. b. streptococcal infection. c. genetic susceptibility. d. pharyngitis.

b. streptococcal infection

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as? a. latent. b. subclinical. c. prodromal. d. convalescence.

b. subclinical

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is? a. insulin. b. tumor necrosis factor. c. potassium. d. calcium.

d. calcium.

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive? (True or false)

False

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic? (True or False)

True

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.? (True or false)

True

Characteristics of telomerase include ? (Select all that apply.) a. repairs the end caps of chromosomes. b. contributes to cancer cell immortality. c. is deficient in cancer cells. d. activity allows a cell to replicate indefinitely.

a. repairs the end caps of chromosomes. b. contributes to cancer cell immortality. d. activity allows a cell to replicate indefinitely.

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? a. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. b. It is a histologic examination of tissues to determine the degree of tumor differentiation. c. It is based on exploratory surgery. d. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine the genetic basis of the tumor.

a. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring? a. Mutant tumor-suppressor gene b. Cancer-causing virus c. Oncogene d. Extra chromosome

a. Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of? a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment.

a. Primary prevention

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except ? a. aldosterone. b. cortisol. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine.

a. aldosterone.

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except ? a. allostasis. b. resistance. c. alarm. d. exhaustion.

a. allostasis

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to? (Select all that apply.) a. cardiovascular disease. b. depression. c. impaired cognitive function. d. autoimmune disease. e. overactive immune function.

a. cardiovascular disease. b. depression. c. impaired cognitive function. d. autoimmune disease.

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of? (Select all that apply.) a. catecholamines. b. ACTH. c. glucocorticoids. d. immune cytokines. e. TSH.

a. catecholamines. b. ACTH. c. glucocorticoids. d. immune cytokines

Deficits in immune system function occur in cancer as a result of ? (Select all that apply.) a. chemotherapy. b. cancer cells. c. cancer metastasis to bone marrow. d. immunotherapy. e. malnutrition.

a. chemotherapy. b. cancer cells. c. cancer metastasis to bone marrow. e. malnutrition.

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is? a. decreased functional reserve. b. diseased function. c. programmed senescence. d. senility.

a. decreased functional reserve.

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to? (Select all that apply.) a. decreased urinary output b. increased blood potassium. c. increased sodium retention. d. increased blood volume. e. decreased blood pressure.

a. decreased urinary output c. increased sodium retention. d. increased blood volume.

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they ? (Select all that apply.) a. enter the host cell. b. directly produce free radicals. c. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate. d. do not induce an immune response. e. do not produce toxins.

a. enter the host cell. c. use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate. e. do not produce toxins.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except? a. necrosis. b. metaplasia. c. atrophy. d. hyperplasia.

a. necrosis.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by? a. norepinephrine. b. cortisol. c. glucagon. d. ACTH.

a. norepinephrine.

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene? a. occurs at an earlier age. b. is more likely to be unilateral. c. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer. d. is more responsive to treatment.

a. occurs at an earlier age.

Bacteria cause injury to cells by? (Select all that apply.) a. producing exotoxins. b. producing endotoxins. c. producing destructive enzymes. d. reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function. e. evoking an immune reaction.

a. producing exotoxins. b. producing endotoxins. c. producing destructive enzymes. e. evoking an immune reaction.

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of? a. tumor necrosis factor. b. angiogenesis. c. loss of ATP production. d. pain medications.

a. tumor necrosis factor.

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as ? a. lymphoma. b. sarcomas. c. carcinomas. d. adenomas

c. carcinomas.

Cancer grading is based on? a. tumor size. b. local invasion. c. cell differentiation. d. metastasis.

c. cell differentiation.

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is? a. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. b. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy. c. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. d. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health

c. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.? a. coagulative b. caseous c. liquefactive d. fat

c. liquefactive

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of? a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment.

c. tertiary prevention.

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is? a. high-fat diet. b. urban pollutants. c. stressful lifestyle. d. cigarette smoking.

d. cigarette smoking.

Coagulative necrosis is caused by? a. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. b. trauma or pancreatitis. c. lung tissue damage. d. interrupted blood supply.

d. interrupted blood supply.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is? a. hydropic swelling. b. lactate production. c. metaplasia. d. intracellular accumulations.

d. intracellular accumulations.

Reperfusion injury to cells? a. results in very little cellular damage. b. results from calcium deficiency in cells. c. occurs following nutritional injury. d. involves formation of free radicals.

d. involves formation of free radicals.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will? a. selectively kill tumor cells. b. stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer. c. have minimal side effects. d. kill rapidly dividing cells.

d. kill rapidly dividing cells.

The effect of stress on the immune system? a. is unknown. b. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. c. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. d. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

d. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except? a. tachycardia. b. diaphoresis. c. increased peripheral resistance. d. pupil constriction.

d. pupil constriction.

Allostasis is best defined as? a. steady-state. b. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. c. the process by which the body heals following disease. d. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

d. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.