Quiz 1
Positive Nervousness
Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation.
critical thinking
Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
active listening
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view. resisting distractions, not allowing yourself to be diverted by a speaker's appearance or delivery, suspending judgment until you have heard the speaker out, focusing your listening, and developing note-taking skills
What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism?
Global plagiarism is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own and Patchwork plagiarism is stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?
In an ideal world, as the Greek philosopher Plato noted, all public speakers would be truthful and devoted to the good of society. Yet history tells us that the power of speech is often abused. like Hitler
Channel
The means by which a message is communicated. Ex: television, radio, direct
Frame of Reference
The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. You must be audience-centered so you have to relate the audience's...
Situation
The time and place in which speech communication occurs
Hearing
The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
extemporaneous speech
combines the careful preparation and structure of a manuscript presentation with the spontaneity and enthusiasm of an unrehearsed talk. Your aim is to plan your major points and supporting material with- out trying to memorize the precise language you will use on the day of the speech.
Preparation
each minute of speaking time requires one to two hours of preparation time
What is the difference between hearing and listening?
hearing is the anatomical phenomenon and listening is hearing what the speaker says and processing it using critical thinking
ethical decisions
involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
Conclusion
let the audience know you are about to finish and reinforce your central idea.
Appreciative Listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment. music, comedy special
Critical Listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it Ex: sales pitch
Empathic Listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker. Ex: psychiatrist
comprehensive Listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker. Ex: lecture, directions
How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?
more highly structured requires more formal language requires a different method of delivery
What are the four main causes of poor listening?
not concentrating "spare brain time", listening too hard and missing the main details and points, jumping to conclusions, and focusing on delivery and personal appearance.
How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?
organizing your thoughts logically tailoring your message to your audience telling a story for maximum impact adapting to listener feedback
Listening
paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
What steps should you take when rehearsing your first speech?
rehearse aloud, ask for feedback, time your speech
What are the best ways to avoid these global and patchwork plagiarism?
start working on your speech as soon as possible
Ethnocentrism
the belief that our own group or culture—whatever it may be—is superior to all other groups or cultures. Because of this, we identify with our group or culture and see its values, beliefs, and customs as "right" or "natural"—in comparison to the values, beliefs, and customs of other groups or cultures, which we tend to think of as "wrong" or "unnatural."
What is ethics?
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
Visual Framework
the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas
Feedback
the typically nonverbal message sent from the listener to the speaker. Affected by one's frame of reference Ex: looking at the clock, Clapping
The aim of active listening
to set aside "one's own prejudices, frames of reference, and desires so as to experience as far as possible the speaker's world from the inside
In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?
vital means of civic engagement a way to express ideas and have impact on major issues empowerment
Message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
Why is it normal—even desirable—to be nervous at the start of a speech?
your body is responding as it would to any stressful situation by producing adrenaline
There are four basic questions to ask about a speaker's evidence:
○ Is it accurate? ○ Is it taken from objective sources? ○ Is it relevant to the speaker's claims? ○ Is it sufficient to support the speaker's point?
• Parts of a Preparation Outline
○ The Specific Purpose of Your Speech - comes before your outline and helps you assess how well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose ○ Identify the Central Idea - comes after purpose ○ Intro, Body, Conclusion ○ Main Points supported by Sub-points in full sentences ○ Title(if you want)
Interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message. Both internal and external
topical order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
chronilogical order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
transition
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
delivery cues
Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.
What are the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking discussed in this chapter?
1) Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2) Be prepared for the speech 3) Be honest in what you say 4) Avoid name-calling or other abusive language 5) Put ethical principles into practice at all times
How Public Speaking is diff from Talking
1) Public Speaking is more structured 2) Public Speaking requires more formal language 3) Public Speaking requires a diff method of delivery
Similarities between talking and public speaking
1)Organizing your thoughts logically 2)Tailoring message to audience 3)Telling a story for max impact 4)Adapting to listener feedback
How to build a connection with your audience
1. Eye contact 2. a smile 3. be vulnerable (sometimes acknowledging your nerves can cause the crowd to root for you 4. Humor can cause a audience to quickly like you 5. Lose you ego. don't talk more about yourself than the idea you want to convey. Some use humor 6. tell a story, preferably a personal one 7. Refrain from politics or tribal thinking
What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?
1. Speaker 2. message 3. channel 4. listener 5. feedback 6.interference 7. situation
What are two major steps discussed in this chapter for developing your introductory speech?
1. focusing your topic: make sure it conforms to the assigned time limit, but don't narrow your focus too much leaving out important details 2. Develop your topic: be creative, use colorful descriptive language
What five elements of speech delivery are discussed in this chapter with regard to presenting your first speech?
1. plant feet, smile to audience; 2. gesture naturally; 3. establish, maintain eye contact; 4. speak expressively; 5. take steps to reduce nervousness
speaking outline
A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. A condensed version of your preparation outline and follows same visual framework. It should contain keywords or phrases to jog your memory, as well as essential statistics and quotations that you don't want to risk forgetting, especially cues to direct and sharpen your delivery
preparation outline
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
Why is it important to outline your speeches?
An outline helps a speaker see the full scope and content of the speech at a glance, judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed, and helps create a coherent structure for the speech.
key-word outline
An outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.
What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?
An outline that helps you prepare the speech State the specific purpose of your speech Identify the Central Idea Label the introduction, body, and conclusion Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation State main points and sub points in full sentences Label transition, internal summaries, and internal previews Attach a bibliography Give your speech a title, if one is desired
What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?
An outline used while speaking to jog memory Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline Make sure the outline is legible Keep the outline as brief as possible Give yourself cues for delivering the speech
Stage Fright
Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
Ethic Listening
Be courteous and attentive, avoid prejudging the speaker, maintain the free and open expression of ideas
What method of delivery does this chapter recommend for your introductory speech?
Extemporaneous Speech
Internal Interference
Interference within your audience. Ex: a listener is worrying about a test next class
When organizing your introductory speech, you should divide it into what three sections?
Introductory, body, conclusion
Why is it important to develop strong listening skills?
It is important to have strong listening skills because it is shown that good listeners tend to be more successful. Also, the better one listens the better they speak, also helping them become successful.
How is listening connected with critical thinking?
Listening is critical thinking because it requires you to use your mind and ears to understand what is being said.
Visualization
Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation. Can help control stage fright
gestures
Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.
Why Public Speaking
Public speaking is a vital means of civic engagement. It is a way to express your ideas and to have an impact on issues that matter in society.
spare "brain time"
The difference between the rate at which most people talk and the rate at which the brain can process language
External Interference
Static or the mic stops working
What are seven ways to become a better listener?
Taking listening seriously, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgement, listen for main points, listen for evidence, listen for technique, develop note taking skills,
Because we could offend someone of another culture and we'll lose them
What is ethnocentrism? Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?
How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?
acquire speaking experience prepare think positively use the power of visualization know that most nervousness is not visible don't expect perfection