Quiz 4 (chapters 7 & 8)

hypothalamus

a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate the parts of the brain and body

hippocampus

a brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

synchrony

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

working model

in cognitive theory, a set of assumption that that individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by an incident in which this working model of human behavior is erroneous

temperament

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment

strange situation

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

attatchment (including secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure resistant, and disorganized)

According to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver - tie that binds them together in space and endures over time secure attachment: A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. insecure-avoidant attachment :A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return. insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment: A pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. disorganized attachment: A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.

lateralization

Libertally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

corpus callosum

a long thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

self awareness

a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people

amygdala

a tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety

separation anxiety

clinging and crying when a familiar caregiver is about to leave

stranger wariness

fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move too close, too quickly

How do emotions differ between the first and second year of life?

first year= happiness, anger, fear, and sadness. Second year= guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride

cortisol

primary stress hormone; fluctuations in the body's cortisol level affect human emotion

social referencing

seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.

Contemporary research has found three domains of temperament. Name and describe.

regulatory capacity & ability to orient attention. (remaining engaged and enjoy interactions with others. Negative emotionality= degree which child is angry. Positive affectivity = degree in which children are active/social

What is the difference between separation anxiety and stranger wariness? When do these begin to occur?

separation anxiety= tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves. Stranger wariness= being wary of strangers. They both provoke fear in 9th month of life.

social smile

smiles directed at faces.

Describe Erikson's first two stages of psychosocial development: trust vs mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt

trust vs mistrust: infants learn whether or not world can be trusted to satisfy basic needs. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: want autonomy over their own actions and bodies without it they feel shame.

impulse control

the ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior

social learning

the acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.

myelination

the process by which axons become coated with myelin; a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

perseveration

the tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought, or action for a long time