Quiz 4; WK 5-8

Which of the following neurotransmitter substances stimulate wakefulness?

histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin

Over the life-span, the greatest proportion of REM sleep occurs:

in the latter part of gestation.

Side effects of psychostimulant use are:

paranoia, neurotoxicity & depression

Sleep is:

present in animals with a central nervous system.

The cortical input to the basal ganglia originates in the:

Prefrontal cortex

The key symptom of narcolepsy is:

an attack of sleep during the day

Which region or regions (A-C) are activated during an amphetamine 'rush'?

A, B and C; Both the dorsal and ventral striatum are activated during a 'rush' ie caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens

Which of the following transmitter substances promote sleep?

Adenosine

Ia inhibitory interneurones inhibit the following spinal motoneurones in the stretch reflex:

Alpha motoneurones supplying the antagonist muscle; This allows the agonist muscle to contract without being impeded by the antagonist muscle

How does a knowledge of the extrapyramidal neural circuit help neurosurgeons treat movement disorders?

By systematically testing a patient's reflexes, muscle tone, and motor ability across his body, a skilled neurologist can often deduce the site and severity of motor system damage with impressive precision.

Which regions of the basal ganglia circuit are damaged in chorea and ballism?

Chorea; striatum Ballism; lesion of or near the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

Loss of serotinergic neurones with chronic use of NMDA (ecstasy) results the following long term effect:

Depression; Loss of serotonin leads to chronic depressive and/or anxiety state

How does the tremor of Parkinson's disease differ from that of cerebellar disease?

Essential tremor; doesn't cause associated health problems, may affect the voice box Parkinson's tremor; carries other symptoms, such as stooped posture and balance problems.

This rat will electrically self-stimulate if the electrode is activating the following brain region:

Medial forebrain bundle; The medial forebrain bundle is part of the mesolimbic pathway linking the midbrain ventral tegmantal area and the nucleus accumbens

A sleep disorder in which an awake person suffers from repeated, sudden, and irresistible REM sleep attacks is known as:

Narcolepsy

The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic caused a chronic sleeping sickness (Encephalitis lethargica) that was probably caused by.................. and lead to damage to ............ neurons that are found in ......... region of the central nervous system.

Narcolepsy, hypocretin, hypothalamus

The dorsal prefrontal cortex reduces drug craving by reducing levels of glutamate in the following brain region:

Nucleus accumbens; This is an established reward path in the mesolimbic pathway

All drugs of abuse increase levels of dopamine in the following region of the mesolimbic system:

Ventral tegmentum of the midbrain; The VTA has a reciprocal connection with the nucleus accumbens

Stages of sleep are easily distinguished by:

changes in the electrical activity of the brain.

The firing rates of hypocretin/orexin cells within the lateral hypothalamus:

decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.