Quiz 8: The Skull

Mandible, Vomer and Frontal

The single bones of the face are ___, ___, and ___.

Frontal, Pariatel and Occipital

These bones are seen in a superior view of the skull: the ___, ___, and ___ bones.

Parietal Bone

These two bones are cranial bones. They articulate anteriorly with the frontal bone at the coronal suture, posterior with the occipital bone at the lambdoidal suture, and inferiorly with the temporal bone at the squamosal suture. They also articulate with each other along the sagittal suture on the uperior surface of the skull.

Anterior Fossa

This feature of the skull is made up of the 3 bones: Frontal, Ethmoid and Sphenoid (lesser wings) and for the brain it is the frontal lobe.

Mental Foramen

This is the last (third foramen through which the mandibular Nerve (v3) passes away from brain.

Tear ducts

This lacrimal canal holds this structure. It serves to conduct the fluid from the eye into the nasal cavity.

Maxilla, Palatine

Anteriorly the ___ ones and posteriorly the ___ bones form the hard palate.

Auditory Ossicles

Collectively the three interconnected but moveable bones of the middle ear make up the ____? They include the Incus (anvil), Malleus (hammer) and Stapes (stirrup). They are important because they amplify the pressure of vibrations of the ear drum associated with sound by about twenty times. They are synovial joints between them and they are suspended in the middle ear by ligaments.

Mandible, Hyoid, Suture

Except for the ___ and the ___ ,the bones of the adult skull are attached to each other by ___.

Nuchal Lines

Landmark of the occipital bone, it is where many of the muscles and ligaments of the neck and back are attached to on the skull.

Petrous Ridge

Landmark of the temporal bone, it is the border between the middle fossa and posterior fossa of the cranium. There are cavities that form the inner and middle ear. "Rocky walls"

Stapes

One of the three auditory ossicles. Also called the stirrup.

Malleus

One of the three auditory ossicles. It is sometimes referred to as the hammer. The "handle" of this bone attaches to the eardrum.

Incus

One of the three auditory ossicles. Sometimes referred to as the Anvil.

Sagittal Suture, Coronal Suture, Squamous Suture and Lambdoidal Suture

The 4 major sutures of the skull are?

Temporal, Occipital bones

The ___ and ___ bones are the bones that form the posterior fossa of the cranium. (Anterior to Posterior)

Facial Nerve VII, Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII

The ___ and ___ nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus.

Occipital Condyles

The ___ are found on each side of the foramen magnum, are shaped like the runners of a rocking chair, and articulate with the atlas.

Vomer

The ___ articulates with the sphenoid bone and forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum. This bone is a single bone of the face. It forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum. It starts as a large portion of that septum posteriorly and then narrows to a point at its anterior end. Dr. J states it looks plow-shaped.

Zygomatic bone

The ___ bone is a facial bone that is both inferior and lateral to the orbit. We called it the cheekbone in nursery school. There are two of these facial bones. They articulate posteromedially with the sphenoid bone, posterolaterally with the temporal bone, superiorly with the frontal bone and anteriorly with the maxillary bones. This bone is a portion of the bony orbit of the eye. The temporal process is the only landmark of this bone.

Ethmoid Bone

The ___ bone is a single bone of the cranium. It is anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the nasal bones. It forms most of the area between the nasal cavity and the orbit of the eye. It has a number of landmarks associated with it. It includes: The crista galli, cribriform and perpendicular plates, a pair of sinuses and the middle and superior conchae.

Hyoid bone

The ___ bone is attached to the superior end of the larynx. It is also attached to the base of the tongue. It has the same origin as the mandible and the cartilages of the larynx. This bone does not articulate with any other bone. It is held in place by ligaments to the styloid process of the temporal bone. It is considered part of the axial skeletal, in spite that it is not attached to the skull.

Middle Fossa

The ___ consists of parts of the sphenoid and temporal bones. This feature of the skull is made up of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone. The temporal lobes of the brain are superior to it.

Superior Nuchal Line, Inferior Nuchal Line

The ___ extends laterally from the external occipital protuberance, and one inch inferior to it is the ___. They form due to the attachment of some of the muscles that control the position of the head and neck.

Cribiform Plate

The ___ fills the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone. It is a landmark of the ethmoid bone, and is a sieve-like structure allowing the olfactory nerves to pass through its foramina. Dr. J analogy is that it is like the deck of a sailboat.

Foramen Ovale

The ___ is a foramen in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the middle fossa of the cranium. This is the first foramen the mandibular nerve (V3) passes through as it leaves the cranium.

Sella Turcica

The ___ is shaped like a "Turkish Saddle," and is part of the sphenoid bone and is important because this is where the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is found. Its is part of the middle fossa of the cranium. A sheet of dura mater attaches to the posterior margin of this landmark. This sheet is called the tentorium cerebelli that separates the cerebellum from the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres.

Mandibular bone

The ___ is the only bone that articulates with other bones of the skull and moves in the adult.

Palatine Process

The ___ is the portion of the maxillary bone that makes up the majority of the hard palate, about 67 to 75% on each side. Along the midline these two landmarks of the left and right maxillary bones articulate with each other. They articulate posteriorly with the horizontal plate of the palatine bone on each side. The shelf that they form is part of the floor of the nasal cavities.

Optic Canel, Sphenoid

The ___ of the ___ bone allows the optic nerve II to bring info to the brain from the photorecptors in the retina.

Crista Galli, Ethmoid

The ___ of the ___ bone is a sailshaped process projecting superiorly from the cribiform plate. It anchors a fold of the dura mater in the cranial cavity to help stabilize the brain. It translate to "Chicken's comb" the fleshy ridge on the top of a chicken's head. It rises superiorly from the cribiform plate on its left and right sides. It extends superiorly between the frontal lobes of the brain.

Inferior Orbital Fissure

The ___ provides for passage of the maxillary nerve (V2), it is formed by four bones; maxillary, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic. This is the second foramen through which maxillary nerve passes.

Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid and Ethmoid

The ___, ___, ___ and ___ are the single bones of the cranium.

Ethmoid, Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Sphenoid and Temporal

The ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ are the bones of the cranium.

Nasal, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Conchae, Maxilla, Zygomatic and Palatine

The ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ bones are the paired bones of the face.

Supraorbital (V1), Infraorbital (V2), Mandibular (V3), Mental (V3)

The ___, ___, ___, and ___ are the foramina of the face (superior to inferior- one of these is deep)

Frontal, Ethmod, and Sphenoid (lesser wing)

The ___, ___, and ___ are the bones that form the anterior fossa of the cranium. (Anterior to Posterior)

<125 degree, >125 degree

The angle of a male's mandible is ___ while the angle of a female's mandible is ___.

Vomer, Perpendicular plate and Ethmoid

The bone portion of the nasal septum is formed by the ___ and the ___ of the ___ bone.

External Occipital Protuberance

The bony protuberance that can be palpated on the midline of the posteiror surface of the skull is the ____? This feature forms part of the origin of the trapezius muscle.

Maxillary Bone

The facial bone that occupies the space between the orbit and the oral cavity is the ___ bone. These two bones are considered part of the face. They form form the upper jaw, as well as the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate. They also form the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, and a portion of the bony orbit of the eye. They have a number of landmarks including: Sinuses, alveoli, and the palatine processes. In addition they have the infraorbital foramina and form part of the inferior orbital fissure. All facial bones except the mandible articulate with these bones.

Frontal Bone

The forehead is formed from the ___ bone, which also forms the superior part of each orbit of the eye. This bone was two bones in fetus, while it is considered a single bone in the adult. It forms part of the cranium and part of the face. It is one of the four bones that contains a paranasal sinus. It also has the second foramen through which the ophthalmic nerve (V1) passes to reach the facial region. This bone is the only bone considered to be both cranial and a facial bone.

Coronal Suture

The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bones at the ___. This structure starts off as the fontanel in the fetus. It is an example of a synostosis.

Foramen magnum, Occipital bone

The large foramen that provides a passageway for the spinal cord, blood vessels, medulla oblongata (and the meninges surrounding it) and spinal root of the eleventh cranial nerve is called the ___. It is part of the ___ bone.

Zygomatic, Greater wing of the sphenoid bone

The lateral wall of the bony orbit consist of two bones; anteriorly, the ____ bones and posteriorly, the ___ bone.

Rounded, Blunt edges, sharp edges

The margins of male orbits are ___ and have ___ while the margins of female orbits have___.

Temporal Bone

The mastoid process is a landmark of the ___. There are two of these bones, and they are bones of the cranium. They form most of the middle fossa of the cranium. They are positioned inferior to the parietal bone and articulate with the parietal bone at the squamosal suture. Anteriorly, they articulate with the zygoma, posteriorly with the occipital bone and inferiorly with the mandible. There are a number of landmarks: Petrous ridge, mastoid, zygomatic and styloid process and mandibular fossa. They also contain the stylomastoid foramen, the internal auditory meatus, and external auditory meatus, and they form part of the jugular foramen.

Supraorbital Foramen, Frontal

The ophthalmic nerve (V1) passes onto the face by going through the ___ of the ___ bone.

Styloid Process, Temporal

The origin of the stylohyoid muscle is the base of the ____. This is a landmark of the ___ bone.

Broad, Tends to be U-shape, Narrow and tends to be shaped like a parabola

The palate of a male is ___ and ___, while the palate of a female is ___ and ___.

Sphenoid Bone

The pterygoid process is a landmark of the __ bone. This is a single bone of the cranium. It articulates with every other cranial bone. It articulates with the zygomatic, vomer, maxillary, and palatine bone. It has many landmarks: The greater and lesser wings, the sinuses, the sella turica and the pterygoid processes. It has significant forminas: Rotundum, ovale, the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure.

Broad, Outward flare, Narrow, more vertical

The ramus of a male is ___ and ___, while the ramus of a female is ___ and ___.

Ramus of the Mandible

The second, second foramen through which the mandibular nerve (V3) passes is on the medial surface of the ____.

Cranium

The skull is sometimes divided into two areas for study purposes. One of the regions is the facial region, the other is called ?

Glossopharyngeal, Vagus X, Spinal Accessory Nerve XI, and Internal Jugular Vein

The three nerves and one vessel that pass through the jugular foramen are: ___, ___, and ___ nerves, and the ____ .

Maxillary bone, Mandible bone, Alveolar process

The two ___ bones and the ___ bone have ___, which contain teeth.

Palatine Bones

The two ___ bones are L-shaped facial bones that form the posterior floor of the nasal cavity and posterior third portion of the hard palate where they articulate with the palatine processes of the maxillary bones. The portion of those bones that form the hard palate is called the horizontal plate. Each bone also has a perpendicular (vertical) plate.

Inferior Nasal Conchae

There are two of these bones, one on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity. Important because their curved surface causes turbulence as air moves into the nasal cavity, helping warm, moisten and filter the air before it enters the lower respiratory tract. They also help recover moisture and heat during expiration. Especially important during cold and dry conditions.

Lacrimal Bone

There are two of these facial bones. They each contain the lacrimal canal, which is the passage for the tear duct. The canal terminates in the nasal cavity. They make part of the medial wall of the orbit. They contact the maxillary bone anteriorly, the ethmoid bone posteriorly and the frontal bone superiorly.

Alveoli

These features are found in both maxillary and mandible bones. They are the depression into which the root of the tooth is anchored.

Maxillary Sinus

These features of the maxillary bones are located inferior to the orbits and superior to the oral cavity. "Grant thing"

Sphenoid Sinus

These features of the sphenoid bone are located inferior and anterior to the sella turcica. "Grant thing"

Superior Conchae

These landmarks are part of the ethmoid bone, one on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity. We find olfactory receptors in the epithelial covering the medial surfaces of these landmarks.

Middle Conchae

These two landmarks are part of the ethmoid bone, one on the lateral wall of the each nasal cavity. We find olfactory receptors in the epithelium covering the medial surfaces.

Hypoglossal Nerve XII

This cranial nerve (motor nerve) is found in the anterior triangle of the neck. It runs with an artery that has a different name, but their names translate to the same meaning.

Optic Nerve II

This cranial nerve is the sensory nerve for vision. It passes through the optic canal to the eye.

Superior Orbital Fissure

This feature is part of the sphenoid one. It provides for the passage of four cranial nerves, the lowest number of which is III

Hard Palate

This feature is the bony portion of the roof of the oral cavity. It is formed anteriorly by the palatine processes of the two maxillary bones and posteriorly by the horizontal plates of the two palatine bones. Functionally it is important because it separates the nasal cavities from the oral cavity. This separation is important to keep food out of the air passage and it suction when we drink from a straw.

Posterior Fossa

This feature of the skull is made up of the temporal bone and occipital bone. The cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata are superior to it.

Infraorbital Foramen

This foramen is found in the maxillary bone, just inferior to the orbit. It is the third foramen the maxillary nerve (v2) passes on its way to the face.

Hypoglossal Canal

This foramen is found in the occipital bone on the lateral surface of the foramen magnum. It provides a passage for Cranial Nerve XII.

Optic Canal

This foramen is found in the sphenoid bone. It houses the Optic Nerve II. Note that if you pass a wooden applicator stick through this landmark on each side, the sticks crisscross inside the cranium.

Supraorbital foramen (notch)

This foramen is in the frontal bone and it is the second foramen through which the ophthalmic nerve V1 passes as it travels to the face.

Jugular Foramen

This foramen is located between the temporal and occipital bones. The Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X, Spinal Accessory Nerve XI and the internal jugular vein all pass through this.

Foramen Rotundum

This foramen of th sphenoid bone houses the maxillary nerve (v2) as it passes toward the infraorbital foramen of the maxillary bone. This is the FIRST of the THREE formania through which it passes.

Stylomastoid Foramen

This foramen provides for passage of the cranial nerve VII (facial nerve VII) out of the skull and onto the face. It is found in the temporal lobe.

Sagittal Sutures

This is a landmark found between the two parietal bones.

Coronoid Process

This is a landmark of the mandible. It extends superiorly from the anterior portion of the ramus. It is functionally important as the point of attachment of the temporalis muscle (we will not study this muscle). The name translate to mean resembling a crow.

Pterygoid Process

This is a landmark of the sphenoid bone and there is one on both sides. There is a medial and lateral plate for each of them. They project inferiorly from the greater wing. The medial plate articulates with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bones anteriorly. This landmark is the origin for the pterygoid muscles that close the mandible. It is also associated with the soft palate.

Occipital Bone

This is a single bone of the cranium. It is found on the posterior side of the skull. It articulates via the lambdoidal suture with the parietal bones. It also articulates with the sphenoid bone, temporal bones and the atlas. Landmarks include: Nuchal Lines, condyles and the protuberance. It also contains the foramen magnum, hypoglossal canals and part of the jugular foramina.

Mandible bone

This is a single bone of the face. It articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, and irritation of this joint leads to the condition known as TMJ syndrome. It has a number of landmarks associated with it, including: Rami, alveoli, coronoid and condyloid processes, mandibular fossa, body and the mandibular notch. It also houses two important foramina, the mandibular and mental foramina. It was actually two bones in the fetus.

Mandibular Foramen

This is the 2nd foramen through which the mandibular nerve V3 passes as it moves toward the mental foramen . It is part of the mandible, dentist usually try to anesthetize the nerve near the foramen when working on teeth in the mandible.

Mandibular Nerve V3

This is the 3rd branch of the cranial nerve V. It passes through three foramina on its way to the face. It is a mixed nerve, serving the muscles of mastication as well as sensory to the skin of the face, anterior 2/3 of the tongue and teeth.

Olfactory Nerve I

This is the first cranial nerve. It is a sensory nerve for the sense of smell and it passes throuh the many foramina of the Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone.

Alveolar Process

This is the name for the portion of the two maxillary bones and the mandible that contain the alveoli for the teeth.

Maxillary Nerve V2

This is the second branch of cranial nerve V. It passes through three foramina on its way to the face. It is a sensory nerve to the skin of the face, oral cavity and teeth.

Mandibular (sigmoid) Notch, Mandible

This landmark ___ is located between the condyloid and coronoid processes of the ___.

Squamosal Suture

This landmark is found between the temporal bone and parietal bone on each side of the skull. This structure starts as a fontanel in the fetus. An example of synostosis.

Styloid Process

This landmark is part of the temporal bone and is anteromedial to the mastoid process. It is formed where muscles attach to the bone. Its is the origin of the styloglossus, stylohyoid and stylopharyngeus muscles. It also serves as a point of attachment for the stylohyoid and stylomandiblular ligaments.

Orbital Plate

This landmark of the frontal bone forms a large portion of the anterior fossa of the skull as well as most of the roof of the orbit of the eye.

Condyloid Process

This landmark of the mandible extends superiorly from the ramus of the mandible. It includes the head of the mandible, it is important because this is where the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. This is known as the Temporomandibular Joint. This is the insertion for the lateral pterygoid muscle.

Body

This landmark of the mandible has a superior (alveolar) portion, which contains the alveoli that secure the teeth, and an inferior portion, or base. The two mental foramina are found in the anterior portion of this landmark. The mandibular nerve (v3) emerges onto the face through these foramina.

Lesser Wing

This landmark of the sphenoid bone forms part of the anterior fossa of the cranium as well as part of the orbit. According to Dr. J it resembles the end of a Manta Ray. This process serves as a point of attachment for a sheet of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres.

Greater Wing

This landmark of the sphenoid bone forms the anterior part of the middle fossa of the cranium. The foramen rotundum and foramen ovale are both found in this landmark. It can also be seen on the surface of the skull anterior to the temporal bone.

Mandibular Fossa

This landmark of the temporal bone is important because this is one articular surface of the temporomandibular joint. This is the surface with which the head of the condyloid process articulates. There is a meniscal cartilage associated with this joint, it may become problematic for people with TMJ syndrome.

Zygomatic Process

This landmark of the temporal bone is named for the bone with which it articulates rather than the bone of which it is a part of. It forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch and projects anteriorly to where it articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.

Mastoid Process

This landmark of the temporal bone. It is the insertion for the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Temporal Process

This landmark of the zygomatic bone is another example of a structure that is named for the bone with which it articulates rather than the bone of which it is a part. It forms the anterior portion of the zygomatic arch and projects posteriorly to where it articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The msseter muscle, which is the prime elevator (closer) of the mandible attaches to the inferior margin of this landmark.

Lambdoidal Suture

This landmark/suture is found between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones. This structure starts off as a fontanel in the fetus.

Ramus (Rami)

This name means a branchlike structure of some larger structure.

Facial Nerve VII

This nerve is both motor and sensory. It also has parasympathetic functions. It controls the lacrimal gland, as well as, the mandibular and sublingual salivary gland. It leaves the cranium by way of the internal auditory meatus and then exits from the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. We can find this nerve on the lateral portion of the face where the two branches bracket the masseter muscle.

Lacrimal Canal

This opening has appreciable depth and it holds the lacrimal duct. The duct serves to conduct the fluid from the eye into the nasal cavity. This duct is sometimes called the nasolacrimal duct.

Ethmoid Sinus

This sinus is a feature of the ethmoid bone, it is located lateral and superior to the nasal cavities. "Grant thing"

Frontal Sinuses

This sinus is a feature of the frontal bone are located immediately superior and medial to the orbits of the eye. "Grant thing"

Facial Region

This skull is sometimes divided into two areas for study purposes: One is the cranium.

Zygomatic Arch

This structure is made up of two processes from two bones, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone posteriorly and the temporal process of the zygomtic bone anteriorly.

Nasal Septum

This structure is primarily made up of two bones and a cartilage. This structure separates the two nasal cavities.

Nasal Bone

Two small bones are considered facial bones. They form a bridge of the nose, articulate with the maxillary bones laterally, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone posteriorly, and the frntal bone superiorly. Inferiorly, cartilages that form most of the external nasal skeleton attach to these bones.

Incus, Malleus and Stapes

What are the 3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear?

Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid and Maxillary

What are the 4 major sinuses?

Sutures, Synarthroses, Non-movable

___ occur where two bones are fused together. Commonly found in the skull. Another name for this kind of joint is ___. This joint is also called ___. They are important because they help protect the brain.