Quiz: lesson 13 - applied kinesiology
There are _______________ compartments in the lower leg.
Four Why? The lower leg is comprised of muscles in three regions—lateral, anterior, and posterior—divided by the anterior and posterior intermuscular septa (a band of fascia separating muscle compartments), the interosseous membrane (fibrous tissue that helps maintain space between bones), and the tibia and fibula. Muscles in the same region are grouped together with connective tissue. The muscles of the anterior region of the lower leg are grouped together in the anterior compartment, while the muscles of the lateral region are grouped into the lateral compartment. The posterior region has two distinct groups; the deep muscle group and the superficial muscle group. Some resources introduce this topic presenting the muscles in their three regions, with the posterior region presented as having two layers. Structurally and functionally, the posterior region is really comprised of two distinct compartments (superficial and deep), giving the lower leg four total compartments.
An individual is performing a seated leg press. What prime movers initiate this exercise?
Knee extensors and hip extensors Why? The knee extensors (quadriceps femoris) and hip extensors (hamstrings and gluteus maximus) are the prime movers that initiate the movement to straighten the legs at the beginning of a seated leg press.
Scapular protraction is also known as _______________.
Abduction Why? Scapular protraction is also known as abduction. Concentric activity of the pectoralis minor results in abduction of the scapula.
What muscles are strengthened when a client performs side-lying leg lifts with the lower leg?
Adductors work concentrically in the upward phase and ecentrically in the downward phase.
The _______________ compartment extends the toes and dorsiflexes/inverts the foot.
Anterior Why? The anterior compartment of the lower leg contains muscles that extend the toes and dorsiflex and/or invert the foot.
What muscle or muscle group is the prime mover during a prone hamstring curl?
Knee flexors Why? The prime movers during a prone hamstring curl are the knee flexors, which are comprised of the hamstrings muscle group.
You notice a client or class participant is running "flat-footed." You can hear her foot slap the treadmill with every step. What muscles can you suspect to be weak?
Dorsiflexors Why? When acting concentrically, the muscles of the lower leg produce dorsiflexion of the ankle, and work together during walking and running to eccentrically lower the foot to the ground with control. Without the eccentric action of the dorsiflexor muscles as dynamic shock absorbers, the foot would slap the ground with each stride or impact.
During the up-phase of a shoulder overhead press, the middle deltoid is _______________ contracting.
Concentrically Why? The fibers of the middle deltoid are aligned perfectly with the frontal plane, and thus this muscle is the primer mover in concentric abduction of the shoulder joint, as seen during the upward phase of a shoulder overhead press.
The concentric contraction of the upper trapezius produces _______________ and _______________ of the scapula.
Elevation; upward rotation Why? The fibers of the upper trapezius are angled upward and obliquely. Therefore, if the upper fibers are activated concentrically, they will produce elevation and upward rotation of the scapula.
Assuming a client is lifting the same amount of weight, he or she can create more resistance by moving the weight closer to the working joint.
FALSE Why? To create more resistance with the same amount of weight, move the weight farther from the working joint. To lessen the resistance as fatigue occurs, move the weight closer to the working joint.
The _______________ and _______________ are powerful plantar flexors that share an insertion on the Achilles tendon.
Gastrocnemius; soleus Why? The gastrocnemius and soleus are powerful plantar flexors that make up the bulk of the calf and share a common insertion on the Achilles tendon.
What group of muscles works eccentrically during the down-phase of a squat?
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings Why? Eccentric action of the gluteus maximus and hamstrings controls the downward phase of the squat into hip flexion.
The _______________ muscle group is the prime mover during a prone leg curl. As the knee flexes, a(n) _______________ contraction occurs. As the knee extends, a(n) _______________ contraction occurs.
Hamstring; concentric; eccentric Why? The primary knee flexors are the hamstrings; they are the prime mover during a prone leg curl. As the knee flexes, a concentric contraction occurs, and as the knee extends, an eccentric contraction occurs.
What is the primary action of the gluteus medius?
Hip abduction Why? The three gluteal muscles—gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the superior fibers of the gluteus maximus—are the primary hip abductors and are assisted by the tensor fasciae latae. The gluteus medius is the largest of the hip abductor muscles, two times larger than the gluteus minimus.
If scapular adductors are weak, the postural deviation called _______________ is likely.
Kyphosis Why? Kyphosis is defined as an excessive posterior curvature of the spine, resulting in a rounded-shoulders posture. If the scapular adductors are weak, fatigued, or injured, the muscular tension created by the pectoralis minor will tilt the scapulae forward and down, resulting in kyphosis.
Which of Newton's laws of motion is described as follows? A body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion (with the same direction and velocity) unless acted upon by an external force.
Law of inertia Why? Newton's first law of motion, known as the law of inertia, states that a body at rest will stay at rest and that a body in motion will stay in motion (with the same direction and velocity) unless acted upon by an external force. In addition, a body's inertial characteristics are proportional to its mass, which is why it is harder to start (or stop) moving a heavy object than a lighter one.
Which pair of shoulder muscles is BEST strengthened by shoulder shrugs performed with resistance?
Levator scapulae and trapezius Why? These two muscles that act at the shoulder girdle to elevate the scapula are effectively targeted by shoulder shrugs.
A muscle with which of the following muscle arrangements has the LOWEST force production, but the HIGHEST speed of contraction?
Longitudinal Why? Penniform muscles, which include unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate muscles, are designed for higher force production than longitudinal muscles. Longitudinal muscles are long and thin and have parallel fibers that run in the same direction as the length of the muscle. This type of fiber arrangement allows for speed of contraction.
If an individual has tight hip flexors, what condition can occur in the lumbar spine?
Lordosis Why? Because of its origin at the lumbar spine, tight hip flexors can result in passive hyperextension of the lumbar spine, which is known as lordosis.
Which category of hip muscles is primarily responsible for hip adduction?
Medial muscles Why? The medial hip muscles (i.e., those hip muscles closer to the midline of the body), including the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis, and adductor magnus, are primarily responsible for hip adduction.
The birddog is an effective exercise for which of the following muscles that act at the trunk?
Multifidi Why? The multifidi, which contribute to spinal stability during trunk extension, rotation, and side-bending, are effectively targeted by the birddog.
Which of the following is an example of a multiplanar movement from the anatomical position?
Opposition of the thumb Why? Opposition of the thumb is a movement unique to primates and humans that follows a semicircle toward the little finger. Each of the other movements is uniplanar.
You notice when a client or class participant bends down that his heels cannot maintain contact with the floor. What muscles can you suspect to be tight?
Plantar flexors Why? The large muscles of the superficial posterior tibial compartment are the primary plantar flexors of the ankle joint. The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are often inflexible, particularly among individuals who regularly wear high-heeled shoes.
The _______________ deltoid extends, externally rotates, and horizontally extends the arm at the shoulder.
Posterior Why? The posterior deltoid is located on the back side of the glenohumeral joint and has the exact opposite functions as the anterior deltoid: it extends, externally rotates, and horizontally extends the arm at the shoulder.
The _______________ muscle group is the prime mover during a squat. As the knee flexes, a(n) _______________ contraction occurs. As the knee extends, _______________ contraction occurs.
Quadriceps; eccentric; concentric Why? The quadriceps femoris is the prime mover for knee extension when acting concentrically. As the knee flexes during the downward motion of a squat, the quadriceps act eccentrically to allow knee flexion. On the upward motion of the squat, the quadriceps muscles act concentrically as prime movers to extend the knee.
Injury to the _______________ is common in baseball pitchers because of the repetitious pattern of abduction, flexion, and rotation of the shoulder.
Rotator cuff Why? The four musculotendinous attachments of the rotator cuff can become inflamed as a result of performing many repetitions of movements that involve abduction, flexion, and rotation, as seen in the throwing motion of baseball pitchers.
Shoulder girdle" is the informal term for the _______________.
Scapulothoracic articulation Why? Shoulder girdle is the informal term for scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation, which consists of the muscles and fascia connecting the scapula to the thorax.
Which of the following exercises would be MOST appropriate for an individual who needs to strengthen the hip adductors?
Side-lying leg lifts with the bottom leg lifting upward Why? Side-lying leg lifts with the lower leg lifting upward require the adductors to work concentrically in the upward phase and eccentrically in the downward phase.
The _______________ joint allows inversion and eversion of the foot.
Subtalar Why? The articulation of the talus and the calcaneus is referred to as the subtalar joint, which allows inversion and eversion of the foot.
The soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris are located in which compartment of the lower leg?
Superficial posterior compartment Why? The soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris are all located in the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg and serve as primary plantarflexors of the ankle joint.
When evaluating a new client's posture, a personal trainer notices a long outward curve of the thoracic spine with a decreased anterior lumbar curve and a backward shift of the upper trunk. What postural deviation does this client have?
Sway back Why? Sway-back posture is a long outward curve of the thoracic spine with a decreased anterior lumbar curve and a backward shift of the upper trunk. It is often accompanied by rounded shoulders, a sunken chest, and a forward-tilted head. If an individual has this postural abnormality and cannot actively assume a neutral-spine posture, the fitness professional should refer him or her to a physician.
Your client or class participant is experiencing some pain in her low back when performing abdominal exercises. Which of the following imbalances could potentially cause this condition?
Tightness in the iliopsoas Why? Because of its origin at the lumbar spine, iliopsoas tightness can result in lordosis, which can cause low-back pain, particularly during the second half of a sit-up and with prolonged periods of sitting. To correct the anterior pelvic tilt position associated with lumbar lordosis, focus on strengthening the abdominal and hip extensor muscles, while stretching the hip flexors and spine extensors.
Which of the following muscles plays a vital role (with the multifidi) in providing feedback to the central nervous system about spinal joint position before dynamic forces in the extremities destabilize the spine?
Transverse abdominis Why? Coactivation of the transverse abdominis and multifidi muscles occur before any movements of the limbs. Specifically, these two muscles are activated an average of 30 milliseconds before shoulder movement and 110 milliseconds before leg movement. What is the importance of this temporal pattern of trunk muscle recruitment? The transverse abdominis and multifidi muscles are thought to play a vital role in providing feedback about spinal joint position, and thus forewarn the central nervous system about impending dynamic forces to be created in the extremities that may destabilize the spine
