QUIZ ONE- Chapter 1: Earth as a System
A geologist interprets from the bottom to the top of an outcrop a succession of sandstone, shale, and limestone beds with shark fossils as older, shallow marine deposits overlain through time by deep marine deposits. Which principle best explains this example? A. Principle of superposition B. Principle of components C.Principle of original lateral continuity D. Principle of fossil succession
A
Geologists and other scientists assume that the results of an experiment conducted on a given day will be applicable to events that take place a day, a year, a century, or a million years later. Which concept best fits this example? A. Uniformitarianism B. Actualism C. Catastrophism D.Principle of original lateral continuity
A
Which statement best defines the relationship between rocks and minerals? A.Rocks are interlocking or bonded grains composed of single minerals, which are naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with a particular chemical composition or range of compositions and a characteristic internal structure. B. Minerals are interlocking or bonded grains composed of single rocks, which are naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with a particular chemical composition or range of compositions and a characteristic internal structure. C. Rocks are interlocking or bonded grains composed of single minerals, which are naturally occurring inorganic or organic solid element or compound with a particular chemical composition or range of compositions and a characteristic internal structure. D. Rocks are sedimentary only, while minerals are igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary in origin with a range of compositions and internal structures.
A
________ rocks form by the cooling of molten material to the point at which it hardens or freezes. A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic D. Volcanic
A
A geologist examines large pebbles of sandstone in the base of a thick shale bed, which directly overlies a sandstone bed, and wants to determine the origin of the pebbles. Which principle best explains this example? A.Principle of superposition B. Principle of components C. Principle of original lateral continuity D. Principle of fossil succession
B
A geologist interprets a succession of tightly folded and tilted beds of sandstone, shale, and limestone from the bottom to the top of the outcrop as sediments deposited in shallow to deep marine settings. Which principle best explains this example? A. Principle of superposition B. Principle of original horizontality C. Principle of original lateral continuity D. Principle of intrusive relationships
B
A geologist measures the water depth, current velocity, and sediment grain size of a modern river to understand the formation of ripples on the river bottom. The geologist suggests a similar set of parameters to explain the formation of ripples preserved in sandstone representing an ancient river bottom. Which concept best fits this example? A. Uniformitarianism B. Actualism C. Catastrophism D. Principle of original lateral continuity
B
An irregular surface between two parallel beds that represents a past episode of erosion is called a(n): A. unconformity. B. disconformity. C. angular unconformity. D. nonconformity.
B
The evolution of life is often interrupted when individual species disappear from Earth. This is called: A. unconformity. B. extinction. C. transpiration. D. None of the above
B
________ rocks form by the lithification of grains after they have been deposited. A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic D. Volcanic
B
________ rocks high in Mg and Fe form the ocean's crust, whereas _____ rocks high in Si and Al comprise continental crust. A. Mafic; ultramafic B. Mafic; felsic C. Felsic; mafic D. Felsic; lithosphere
B
An early nineteenth century concept many natural scientists subscribed to that proposed that floods caused by supernatural forces formed most of the rocks visible at Earth's surface. A. Uniformitarianism B. Actualism C. Catastrophism D. Principle of original lateral continuity
C
Layers of rocks outcropping on one side of a highway are the same as the layers of rocks outcropping on the other side of the highway, a distance of 1000 m. Which best principle explains this example? A. Principle of superposition B. Principle of original horizontality C. Principle of original lateral continuity D. Principle of intrusive relationships
C
Tectonic plates are created at ________ and destroyed at ________. A. subduction zones; spreading zones B. convection zones; transform faults C. spreading zones; subduction zones D. transform faults; spreading zones
C
When bedded sedimentary strata are uplifted, tilted, and eroded, and younger rocks have been deposited on top of them, it is called a(n): A. unconformity. B. disconformity. C. angular unconformity. D. nonconformity.
C
________ rocks form by the alteration of rocks within Earth under conditions of high temperature and pressure. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Volcanic
C
A particular order of fossils in Silurian rocks in eastern Ohio is nearly identical to an order of fossils in Silurian rocks in western New York. Which principle best explains this example? A. Principle of superposition B. Principle of components C. Principle of original lateral continuity D. Principle of fossil succession
D
An outcrop succession of sedimentary rocks composed of interbedded shale and sandstone with several bodies of subvertical igneous intrusions. Which principle best explains this example? A.Principle of superposition B. Principle of original horizontality C. Principle of original lateral continuity D.Principle of intrusive relationships
D
When bedded sedimentary strata rest on an eroded surface of crystalline rocks it is called a(n): A. unconformity. B. disconformity. C. angular unconformity. D. nonconformity.
D
________ is the chemical and physical processes that breaks down rocks at Earth's surface. Erosion Soil formation Intrusion Weathering
D
