Quiz One Study Guide

Who is Arthur Evans?

(Re)Discovery of Minoan Crete Sir, Arthur Evans - 1880s Finds ruins in Crete with relatively strong archaeological methods for his time period. Finds Knossos All over Crete different Palace centers are discovered of similar culture

When was the Dark Age in Greece?

1150 BC - 750 BC

What was the The Trojan War?

12th Century (Right around the time Hattusha is burning) On the Cusp of this Global DIsaster Was the burning of Troy part of the Bronze Age collapse Parts of Greece where everyone unites from Idea of Homer is that he did not compose the Illiad If he existed he compiled oral traditions in his own local flare ----------------------------------------------------------- Earliest account of the Trojan War is Illiad and Odyssey (Homer) Hallmark of Greek education Homeric Literature: Vs Homer Odyssey and the Illiad do not tell the full stories of the Trojan War Part of the "Epic Cycle" Illiad = 9th Year of the War Most of the stories are told via fragments If we don't have access to Star Wars --- But Movie reviews of Star Wars with a small summary of it We know there was this movie and it was well liked (archeological evidence with toys) That's what we have from the rest of the Epic Cycle --- Proclus - Chrestomathy --- Later Accounts: Historians Herodotus: (role of war in history) Historians mention it as history (nt legend or myth) writes the history of the Persian Wars 9 books on the invasions w/ Xerxes Page 1: The Trojan War --- It all goes back to Greece Vs Asia in the Trojan War You know the story this the root of it Although Trojans and Persians aren't related Vase Painting: Achilles vs. Hector Death of Hector Death of Achilles -------------------------------------- The Story: The Cast: Greeks (Argives, Danaans, Archaeans) Agamemmnon (King of Mycaeana = 1st among equal) Menelaos (King of Sparta = Married to Helen) Achilleus (Leader of Group --- More like a Chief) Patroclus (Achilleus = Best Firend/Lover?) Odysseus (King of Ithaca = Wise and Slick (Crafty) (Con) Witted) Ajax (The Greater - Second only to Achilleus) Diomedes (Major Character in the Illiad) Even though the Greeks win and the story is told by Greeks it is not a one sided story Not glorifying the Greeks against a dehumanized enemy Winner writes the history? Unless you're Trojans Hector and Priam are two of the more noble characters in the book I hope one day people will look at my son and say he is better than me Trojans Priam (King of the Trojans) Hector (Son of Priam --- Second greatest warrior in the world) Paris Laocoon Aeneas Sarpedon If you read the story of Homer it is difficult to tell if he is Greek The Judgement of Paris Eris - The Goddess of Strife (The Apple of Discord) She is mad about not getting married The apple of discord to the most beautiful (They all fight about it) You know who is renowned for his judgement? Trojan guy named Paris Tending to his flock? Who is the most beautiful? Hera - King of Asia Other - Wisdom Aphrodite: Most beautiful women --- Paris takes that = Goes to Sparta Helen gets a love potion to fall for Paris The Oath for marrying Helen You need to come to come or because of the oath Your reputation is important --- No better way to get glory than the greatest war Aggamendom shoots a sacred deer: Angers Artemis who stops them with wind Priest says you have to sacrifice your daughter to appease the Gods Sacrifices Iphigenia at Aulis Trojan War A protracted Siege (no siege engines) They would beach and then sorta duke it out Elites versus elties Everyone knows each other (they will call out their whole lineage) Mono on Mono (Gods play a major role) Zeus does not choose a side (Wants a fair fight) Achilles sits out for 9 years B/c Aggemendmon took his war trophy he pouts in a temper tantrum in his tent for days The Fall of Troy: Achilles kills Hector The Fall of Troy: Trojan Horse Odysseus realizes he knows how to get into the city Build a giant horse and give it to them as an offering We will stack it with troops They bring it in as a nice gift (Priest who knew better gets strangled by Sea Serpents)

What is the Bronze Age Collapse?

1300-1100 Egypt: Sea Peoples Mesopotamia: Fall of baylonian Hittites: Sack of Hattusas Cyprus, Syria, Assyria, Levant ---------- Causes of BA Collapse? Collapse of Neighboring States Unprecedented widespread catastrophe Domino Theory When Neighboring states collapse they go into chaos and it spreads IE: Famine --- No food and barren soil --- Go and take someone else's via invasion ---------------------- Collapse of neighboring states Dorian Invasion Sea Peoples civil unrest (radical ideas spread) Natural disasters (famine, plague, earthquakes, etc) Most likely to be all the causes --- Catastrophes of this magnitude are unlikely to be single sourced. Perfect storm of chaos

When was the Bronze Age of Greece?

3,000 BCE - 1150 BCE

Minoan Art based on Egyptians?

Art based on Egyptians? Foot forward, curly hair, side views, men with dark skin, women with fair skin Side Profile

What is Cleruchy?

Athenian Colonies

What is the Dipylon cemetery?

Athenian grave markers --- 760-700 Dipylon Cemetery (On entrance into Athens) Grave markers by one workshop Pottery were grave markers (Didn't have tombstone) Suspected that one person/workshop near Athens w/ masters and apprentices Father teaching sons of the workshop for about 50/60 years Decorations are running from top to bottom Some are not decorated on the bottom because they were buried to a certain point to give it structure and to serve as a marker Scene of a funeral showing dead person and people mourning (Large Pot) Not anatomical reasoning (They all look the same) Greek Funerals were loud (Rip skin, clothes and wail) (Men would bang pots) (Show them you miss them) (And be loud enough to make the ghost leave) Some women maid a living as professional mourners

Who is Theseus?

Athenian who kills the Minotaur in the labyrinth of Knossos

What is the Uluburun Shipwreck?

Bronze Age Trade: Uluburun Shipwreck (Near Turkey) Merchant Vessel Insight into trade we otherwise wouldn't have How ostensibly they traded among other cultures The Mediterranean = Very Deep --- Find Fully loaded with Cargo = Rare Mycenaean Swords + "Stirrup Jars" + Bronze "oxhide ingots" + Syrian Lamps + Egyptian Scarabs Metal Ship probably went port hopping along the entire Eastern Mediterranean Different than one that a Kingdom would send out Take ____ amount of gold and get 50 jugs of wine from Port A and come right back Buoyant Ships normally needed sandbags to keep weight when empty

What is cyclopean masonry?

Build with Heavy Fortifications "Cyclopean" Masonry Greeks are going to lose the technology to build giant blocks Later Greeks determined that no human could possibly move such blocks Must have been giants They wouldn't move into them, but they would admire them Especially famous at Tiryns ALso famous at Mycaene ------------ At Mycenae Massive Walls (Cyclopean Masonry) They extended their walls eventually Population Growth (Incentive extending the limits) (Crowded) New Walls encompassed a spring water supply Helps in the case of a siege so they can't be out of water

What is a timeline of the different periods of Minoan Crete?

C7000: earliest human habitation of Crete (Neolithic) C3500: Beginnings of Minoan Cities C3000: acquisition of Bronze Age technology C2500-2000: Pre-palatial period c2000-1600 : Palatial Period (Peak massive place centers) C1800: Linear A script (Probably Administrative uses only) C1600: Destruction and rebuilding of palaces (Natural disaster?) C1600-1400: New Palace Period (Mycenaean Greeks may have showed up and started a decline) C 1400-1100: Final Palace Period (Linear B script = Greek)

Who is Carl Blegen?

Carl William Blegen: Excavates Pylos first in 1920 Much better form than Schleban (and Arthur Evans) Uses proper modern methods Also disvoers the Palace of Nestor

What is the Franchthi Cave?

Cave in Southern Greek on the Coast (In the Peloponnese) Evidence of Paleolithic - Mesolithic - Neolithic continued human habitation from 28,000 BC - 3,000 BC Fishing community --- Found dishing hooks

What is a megaron?

Center of the Palace is the Megaron Throne Room (Not in Minoan Palaces) (Borrow this from Eastern cultures) For the King - Wanax Audience Hall There will be a hearth (religious fireplace) next to the throne --------------- Knossos got a throne room around 1400 Seems as if the Minoans adopted the central part of a Mycenaean Palace If this implies the Mycenaeans conquered the Minoans then it was a peaceful transition

What is Oikistes?

Colon

What is the Meander pattern?

Continuous line pattern in art

The Myth of the Labyrinth; Daedalus; Icarus; Talus; Theseus; Minos; and the Minotaur

Daedalus is an Athenian craftsman, famous for his ability to invent and build things. Think Leonardo da Vinci, but with more powers. Unfortunately, he also has a jealous streak. When his nephew (Talus) invents the saw, Daedalus realizes that the boy might be more talented than he is. Not good. In a fit of jealousy, Daedalus throws Talos off the Acropolis, a tall monument in Athens. That'll teach him not to invent any more carpentry tools. Some people say that Athena saw the boy falling, and transformed him into a partridge. But others argue that Talos died and that Daedalus tried to hide the murder by burying him. Well those are very different endings. Either because he was feeling guilty or because he was banished, Daedalus leaves Athens and heads to the island of Crete. While he's hanging out there, Daedalus befriends King Minos, the island's ruler. (It pays to have friends in high places.) Daedalus still has the touch in Crete and he continues his building streak. First, he builds a cow suit so that Crete's queen (Pasiphae) can get it on with a bull. Yes, we said bull. Pasiphae's union with the bull results in a horrible half-man, half-beast called the Minotaur. Heard of him? Next up, King Minos (the half-beast's step-dad) asks Daedalus to design a maze (the Labyrinth) in which to put the terrible Minotaur. The Minotaur demands human sacrifices, and every nine years, King Minos sends seven young men and women into the Labyrinth to meet their doom. One of these victims sent to his death is the hero Theseus. This guy is tough and he decides to fight back and try to kill the Minotaur. King Minos' daughter, Ariadne, falls madly in love with Theseus. And since Daedalus built the Labyrinth, she asks him to help Theseus safely navigate it. Always the helpful one, Daedalus gives Theseus a ball of yarn, and tells the hero to trail it behind him, creating a roadmap for how to get back out. Genius, we say! And sure enough, after Theseus kills the Minotaur, he is able to escape. (He and Ariadne leave Crete together.) King Minos is not happy with Daedalus for helping Theseus, so he locks Daedalus and his son, Icarus, in the Labyrinth. (This seems to be his punishment of choice.) (Some versions of the story say that King Minos actually imprisoned them in a tower. Still others say that Minos just ordered every ship surrounding the island to be searched, making it impossible for Daedalus and Icarus to escape. Any way you look at it, Daedalus and Icarus are trapped on Crete.) Clearly our genius inventor won't take this sitting down. Knowing that the land and water are guarded by King Minos' army, Daedalus decides to escape by air. Brilliant. Daedalus uses twine, feathers, and wax to build large wings for himself and his son. (According to Ovid, Icarus goofed around while Daddy Daedalus was making the wings. He played with the feathers and wax and just generally got in his dad's way. Ah, kids.) Finally, the wings are finished. Daedalus tries his set on and—OMG—they totally work. He hangs in the air for a few seconds, flapping his fake wings. Nice! Before putting wings on Icarus, Daedalus gives his son some warnings: he should follow him closely and fly at a middle height. If he flies too low, the seawater will dampen the wings, and if he flies too high, the sun will melt them. Got it? Good. Daedalus is still a little scared about the journey: the big softy cries while tying the wings onto his son, and gives his little guy a hug. And off they go! Daedalus looks back at his son, cheering him on. A bunch of people on the ground, including a shepherd and a plowman, stop their work to gaze up at Daedalus and Icarus. They're completely blown away at the sight of two people flying in the air—they figure that Daedalus and Icarus might be gods, since no human has ever achieved flight before. What's up now, humans? In all the excitement, Icarus forgets his father's warning and starts to fly higher. Sure enough, he gets too close to the sun: the heat softens the wax, and his wings fall apart. Icarus plummets into the sea, crying "Father, father!" on his way down. (We'll wait while you break out the tissues.) Daedalus tries to save his son, but it's too late—he has drowned. The only thing Daedalus can find are feathers floating in the water. For the first time ever, Daedalus curses his "art" (i.e., his crafting skills). That's what got him into this mess to begin with. Daedalus names the part of the ocean where Icarus fell the "Icarian Sea." A nice honor for a not-so-well-behaved boy. Still mourning, Daedalus flies onward to the Italian island of Sicily. When he gets there, he performs funeral rites for his son (these were super important back then). Oh, and according to Ovid, a partridge watches Daedalus as he does all this. This is no ordinary partridge, but Talos, the nephew that Daedalus once tried to murder. Next, Daedalus constructs a temple to Apollo (NBD), where he hangs his wings. While living in Sicily, Daedalus strikes up a friendship with King Cocalus, the ruler of the island. When King Minos comes searching for Daedalus, Cocalus takes pity and hides the inventor. Oh, and even better, King Cocalus' daughters kill King Minos with scalding water, freeing Daedalus from his hunt forever.

What is "Big Man"?

Dark Age Society Monarchies of Mycenaeans are done More likely to be a mericrocity "Big Man" = Influential role based o charisma (meritocracy) We see one important person, not always burials for his parents or children in elite cultures. Not an inherited office Gradual establishment of elite class (Rule of the worthy) Sparta will have II KIngs ------------------------------------------- The Tholos for the monarchs were elite in Mycanean Now there is more diversity in eltie burials

What is Attic, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic?

Dialects of Greek spoken in scattered area indicative of the dorian invasion

What is Dimini?

Dimini (Late Neolithic Settlement (ca. 4800 BCE - 1200 BCE) Potential expansion of Sesklo Seems to be relatively peaceful transition between the two settlements Might have been slight conflict

What is the Petralona cranium?

Earliest hominids found in Greece around 200,000 BP (Found near Thessaloniki) Skull found --- People most likely migrated down into Greece from the North

Who are the Mycenaeans?

Earliest inhabitants of Greece that we can say with certainty are Greek 2100 BC Came from North (Balkan mainland) and head South Didn't leave a trail The Middle Bronze Age in Greece saw a population rise and the entrance into the Mediterranean Trade network with the rise of local independent kingdoms.

What is the Lelantine Plain?

Fertile plain creating a wealthy agrarian economy on the island euboea for the lafkandi to avoid the BA Collapse into the DA

What is the Palace of Nestor?

Finds the Oxhide ingots - Connection Palace structure at Pylos

Who was Herodotus?

Greek historian Herodotus: (role of war in history) Historians mention it as history (nt legend or myth) writes the history of the Persian Wars 9 books on the invasions w/ Xerxes Page 1: The Trojan War --- It all goes back to Greece Vs Asia in the Trojan War You know the story this the root of it Although Trojans and Persians aren't related

What is a Minotaur?

Half-Man Half-Bull

What is Heroön?

Heroon: Apsidal Structure: Similar to a temple but not to a full-blown God Heroon: Could be a tribute to a hero? Demi-God in this sense Perhaps to the person who founded the city Lefkandi Apsidal: Squared off in one end (entrance) but curved in the back

Who is Wilhelm Dorpfeld?

Hisarlik where he continued Heinrich Schliemann's excavations. Like Schliemann, Dörpfeld was an advocate of the historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer. While the details of his claims regarding locations mentioned in Homer's writings are not considered accurate by later archaeologists, his fundamental idea that they correspond to real places is accepted. Thus, his work greatly contributed to not only scientific techniques and study of these historically significant sites but also a renewed public interest in the culture and the mythology of Ancient Greece. Wilhelm Dorpfeld skips a lot and then leaves and brings a bunch of gold and jewelry and makes the Turks mad

What is the House of the Oil Merchant?

House of the Oil Merchant Shield Maker Something else Not within city walls (fortifications) Seem to be private property Right next to city walls Must have allegiance and tax to the King Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaean won't be entirely re-distributive with their goods/property Near Mycenae

What did Homer write?

Iliad and Odyssey

What is the The House of Tiles?

In Lerna The House of Tiles May have been a palace? Missing features: Central Courtyard + Throne Room Seems to be a complex that is the center of the farming village Co-op built a large center structure and use it as their hub Pool all their stuff and store it in the House of tiles Roof was tiles Two stories (Thick walls in central part of the building) Storage vessels (Unpainted large pottery) Had fortifications (Protection from robbers/bandits) Unclear as to how they were governed? King? No throne room? No comparable city states/villages to make inferences Didn't leave any written word Pottery is distinct from Minoans Communal village 2500 BC

What is Kamares Ware (2100-1500 BCE)

Kamares Ware (2100-1500 BCE) Much more specialized than pyrgos ware. Different Designs and shapes Different colors (Usually earthy - not as fruity)

What is Knossos, Pylos, Tiryns, Mycenae, Dendra (Argos), Thebes, Athens, Gla

Knossos -- What extent Myceanae and Tiryns - Friends Ahtens + Sparta = 2nd Rate Pylos ( Peleopnessian Power Sea)

How can we tell that Minoan Palaces had storage rooms?

Know its storage chambers because it is not the fine pottery like tombs, but simple pottery Rooms for large-scale food storage

What is (a) Laocoön?

Laocoön and His Sons in the Vatican For other uses, see Laocoon (mythology). Laocoön (/leɪˈɒkoʊˌɒn, -kəˌwɒn/;[1][2][Note 1] Ancient Greek: Λαοκόων, IPA: [laokóɔːn]), the son of Acoetes, is a figure in Greek and Roman mythology and the Epic Cycle.[3] He was a Trojan priest who was attacked, with his two sons, by giant serpents sent by the gods. The story of Laocoön has been the subject of numerous artists, both in ancient and in more contemporary times. Trojan Priest who was killed by sea seprents from Poseidon for doubting the Trojan Horse and wanting to burn it. Two sons killed as well

What are Pithos?

Large Minoan storage jugs Human Sized

The Palace in Minoan Society enabled _____?

Large scale food storage and thus surplus

What is Lefkandi?

Lefkandi - Survives the Dark Ages on the island of Euboea Dark Age site of success that moves to nearby Eretria Might be ignored by invaders They seem to maintain their society through the dark ages Burial Methods: Cremation and Burial methods ½ km outside city Even various methods within the same family plot 2 Cemeteries General One Toumba Cemetery - Ruling Classes Toumba notes that if this was a monarchy, the King definitely has checks Whereas in Mycaena, clearly the King and family has power via large tholos tombs Heroon: Apsidal Structure: Similar to a temple but not to a full-blown God Heroon: Could be a tribute to a hero? Demi-God in this sense Perhaps to the person who founded the city Lefkandi Apsidal: Squared off in one end (entrance) but curved in the back Famous burial of a man and woman that seems to be more serious than the others Chief or Ruler? Leading figure in the settlement? Man and woman buried? Seem to be buried at the same time? Maybe she was added later? No indication that she was killed deliberately to join him in the after life What is unique is she was buried and he was cremated She is decorated with hammered gold --- expensive --- Imported --- Trade? Husband (Big Man) with his bones inside the pot They are accompanied with four sacrificed horses for the afterlife Horses still had Iron bit in there mouth --- Teaches us about the bit Gold shows a lot of wealth --- But horses show extreme wealth Iron bit to steer the horse shows they weren't just show animals To have the capacity to sacrifice the horses shows major wealth

What is Lerna?

Lerna (ca. 2500) Eventually becomes a center of the Mycenaean in the Peloponnese Existed prior to the Mycenaean Agrarian Society Farmers Seemed to have one central authority unit nonetheless??? Don't seem to be an empire The House of Tiles

The Minoans wrote with a script, not yet deciphered, that was known as

Linear A

What is the Phaistos Disc?

Linear A Hieroglyphic Inscribed on both sides with a hieroglyphic script No other written records Unreadable No Rosetta Stone to decipher/translate it The Disk itself is not a large enough of a sample size to decipher it

What is Linear B?

Linear B: Adopting Linear A Purely Administrative in use Earliest evidence of the Greek Language WE have a good portion of Linear B Michael Ventris - deciphered Linear B Figures out the sounds Realizes what he's reading is Greek Thus, we are certain Linear B is the earliest known Greek Syllabic script (represents sounds)

What is the Lustral Basin?

Lustral Basin at Minoan Palaces Multiple floors in palaces with thick walls on ground level to know the were two store buildings These were dug into the grounds with plumbing and waterproof Ritual washing? Practical washing? Big Problem: NO DRAIN Aquarium: God of the sea?

What is Marine Style (ca. 1500-1100)?

Marine Style (ca. 1500-1100) Usually indicative of figures on pottery Octopus and other organisms from the sea

Who is Michael Ventris?

Michael Ventris - British architect deciphered Linear B Figures out the sounds Realizes what he's reading is Greek Thus, we are certain Linear B is the earliest known Greek

Why are ruins' walls so low?

Minoan Crete - Major Places Palace at Knossos Lay their foundations into the rock bottom --- build mud brick walls up Mud brick walls do not survive Foundations do

Minoan Plumbing?

Minoan Plumbing: Taken for granted Fountains and fresh water piped in Technology lost with their fall Used pottery to create their running water systems

Minoan Royal Family?

Minoan Royal Family? Gender Roles: Relative equality for women? What we know about Minoans is postulated from leftover treasures, coins and wall paintings They seem to be relatively equal Open and apt with the men Acting with the men Maybe not fully equal with men Not matriarchal, but certainly not patriarchal Perhaps because the men are out at sea and the men are supposed to be working Women are often bare breasted (Stylistic or Practical) Based on the art there did not seem to be a separate set of rules for men and women

What is Linear A?

Minoan Script: Linear A Most likely stored in archives Hieroglyphic or Pictographic Is it Greek? Not used by them

Who influenced the Minoans the most?

Minoans were heavily influenced by Egyptians Due North trade route More integration than any other culture

What is Anemospilia and its connection to Minoan Culture/Human Sacrifice?

No evidence they practiced human sacrifice on a regular basis Perhaps at Anemospilia Top of the hill May have found a human sacrifice caught in the act 1 room in storage 1 room shrine (Goddess statue) Entrance 1 room with two dead people If it was one person? It could be a member of the royal family to stop the earthquake Greeks rarely practiced human sacrifice? But mythology is full of notable examples extraordinary circumstances of sacrifice Myth based on kernel of truth? Perhaps Anemospilia was the sacrifice of a royal in a temple to stop the tremors of an imminent earthquake.

What is the Dorian Invasion?

Northern "Greeks" invade Greek Legend that Greeks just told later on? Some evidence of Dorian language in North/South/Islands Descendants of Hercules

What is the Heraion of Samos?

Now the only monumental architecture is reserved for Public Places Temples out of Stone Walls out of Stone Temples are now Public 1st Stone Temple we find is the Heraion of Samos (To Hera) Column structures on the side were aesthetical and alleviated the burden on the walls Columns on the outside with overlapping roof is a shaded walkway Shade in Greece was a valuable commodity --- Especially relative to Florida Mediterranean Climate is very dry = Shade is significant temperature drop Practical to create more shady areas in the Temple which is now a Public Area Shows the dissemination of power as the benefits are going to the people

What is Thera?

OTHER ISLAND WITH MINOAN CULTURE Thera = Island - City (Santorini) Beautiful island Site of a volcanic eruption in the 16th century BC (Massive Eruption) Sharp steep cliffs Used to be one island --- Now has a gulf Tidal Wave Thera: Minoan-like civilization 1628 BCE: Volcano erupts (Preserves similar remains of a Minoan culture) Frescoes from Thera Show similar life to Minoans Going on a boat --- but not for war Dolphins --- Seem to be at peace --- Two boys boxing = As violent as it gets (Wearing gloves) Crete gets annihilated by the Tsunami from the earthquake May have been the beginning of the decline of the Minoans that enabled the Mycenaeans

What is Sesklo?

Older of two neighboring settlements (Neolithic) in mainland Greece. Potential transfer of Neolithic ideas from Egypt and the Levant into Greece and then the rest of Europe Reverse flow from humanoids down into Greece ash shown from the petralona cranium. 6500 BCE - 4400 BCE

What is the Geometric Period?

On Top Then Middle Taller Thinner Get Better Concentric Lines and Circles

Palatial Fortifications for the Minoans?

One thing not consistent with these palaces is fortifications People must have moved very freely throughout the palaces Not afraid of raiders/pillagers/other palace centers Couldn't reach the island without the Minoans wanting them Probably knew how to fight through the sea, but were not much of a land fighting culture No Walls

What are the Resources of Greece?

Only 30% of the land is arable. Thessaly in the north is the bread basket. Flatter territory, which enabled grain and more horses. Horses in Southern Greece were rare and served as taxis not cavalry. B/C there is very little wheat and grain --- they need to trade for it. Key note of resources is the impetus for trade. Olives grew very well in the dry arid mountainous climate. Made Olive Oil and Wine, which was good for drinking water because fermenting it could kill potentially harmful bacteria. Goats/Sheep/Mountainous animals for dairy/meat Coastal Settlements had fishing but there was relatively little seafood inland. Trade Routes --- Location between East/West Trade in the Bronze Age Globalization also made Greece well positioned to foster a robust mercantile economy.

What is Orchomenos?

Orchomenos - Home of Minyas One of the two most powerful kingdoms in Central Greece (With Thebes) Found the biggest Tholos here "Treasury of Minyas" Orchomenos is the biggest tholos --------------------------- Most unusual of the mycenaean kingdoms is Gla Separated by a lake Would go up and down in height Probably not a Kingdom or a Palace Center Not Meglaron (Big Room) On the edge of the lake there were numerous farms Probably a Fort for the Farmers (Refugee for the local farmers) Orchomenos probably dominated it as a palace center

Minoan Palaces were known for being . . . .

Palace Center Settlement with a large palatial complex that resembles a place that everything is centered on Palaces have large public spaces, open areas, hallways, and storage chambers

What is the Palatial Period?

Palace Center Settlement with a large palatial complex that resembles a place that everything is centered on Palaces have large public spaces, open areas, hallways, and storage chambers Know its storage chambers because it is not the fine pottery like tombs, but simple pottery Rooms for large-scale food storage Redistributive economy Farmer - makes oil - everything goes to the palace - palace collects everything - palace doles out supplies in need - enables the palace to maintain surpluses to create trade markets

What was the Palace at Phaistos and the Palace at Mallia known for?

Palace at Phaistos: Open courtyard Palace at Mallia Circular rings Open Courtyard

Who were the Minoans?

Pre-Greek inhabitants of Greece Did not speak Greek Related to people from Turkey, but it is not clear genetically Relatively isolated on Crete Minoans rule the sea + Sea Trade Knossos (Capital) Island of Crete seems to be unified culturally under the Minoans We do not know their language or what they were actually called (Minoans are what archaeologists call them -- not what they call themselves) Three Cities = Palace Centers (Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia) Some evidence to show that Knossos was the first among equals

What are Shaft Graves?

Pre-Palatial Burial Methods for Elites Shaft Graves (Cut into ground lined with stone) (Used in circular burial complexes) (Only for elites) Tended to either bury or cremate Evident in Mycenae --- Circular walls parallel to one another within the city walls for elites They kept maintaining the circular burial complexes using shaft graves into the Palatial period even after they moved on to other burial styles Finds from the Shaft Graves indicate wealth --- Sheet Gold Death Masks (Chalices (Prolly ceremonial/ritual use) + Daggers + Swords (Warrior)) Concentric Walls -- Seems to be more of a fencing area

What is Pyrgos Ware?

Pre-Palatial Pottery in Minoan Crete Pyrgos Ware = 2500 BCE Non painted, relatively simple

What/Who was Proclus - Chrestomathy?

Proclus wrote the Chrestomathy which is a summary of the Trojan War/Epic Cycle

What is Pre-Palatial Minoan Crete?

Pyrgos Ware = 2500 BCE Non painted, relatively simple Tombs: Relatively simple + weapons, jewelry + pottery Difficult to find an unlooted tomb

How can we tell the Minoan Palaces were a redistribution economy?

Redistributive economy Farmer - makes oil - everything goes to the palace - palace collects everything - palace doles out supplies in need - enables the palace to maintain surpluses to create trade markets

What is Al Mina?

Renewal of Trade Trading Outposts in Emporia in the East with Syrians, Babylonians and Hittites Greeks are going to produce products like olives Rather than wait for vessels to come to them, Greeks set up permanent trade outposts They no longer have to wait for boats to come to them Al Mina in Syria is one of the first Greek outposts Not Colonies They are not local city-states They are just outposts These outposts are coming from Eretria (New Lefkandi) and Chalcis Established by the Euboeans (Island Name) Shows they have to have a surplus of people and Goods --- a LARGE surplus If they couldn't supply from their own home-base they wouldn't set up abroad to trade The could send extra people out and abroad for opportunity

Who are the The "Sea Peoples"?

Seem to have come from the West Coincide with the "Trojan War" Are the Mycenaeans the Sea People? Troy did burn Part of their myth is that after the Trojan War they went to Egypt Probably not the Greeks because of . . . Destructions: The House of the Oil Merchant and other "houses beyond the walls" burn The FOrtress of Gla is destroyed New Palace at Thebes is destroyed Could have come from the North Part of the Collapse could be people from everywhere This is when Mycenae extends their fortifications to their water supply (1250) Can withstand by food --- But not water At Tiryns (They strengthen their fortifications at the back and they extend to a water supply) Efforts show they are preparing for an invasion/siege Extend to increase facilities In Athens they fortify the Microplus THey fortify their walls What saves Athens is that they are a second rate power The Northern invaders probably skipped over them to hit the big dawgs At Corinth They try to fortify the Isthmus This shows a land based attack Looks like the people bothering Mycenae are not the same people bothering everyone else Final Destructions The Argolid Mycenae: Citadel burnt by fire in (ca. 12th C) Tiryns: Citadel destroyed slightly later (Natural Disaster?) Not massive holes in the walls Nemea: Abandoned and destroyed (12 C) Refuges Pylos destroyed by rapid fire in (12th C) Athens - Evidence for Destruction (In Contrast to their later claims) No signs they were destroyed or fled Suffered Damage

What is the Pre-Palatial Period ca. 2000-1600 BCE (Mycenaeans)?

Shaft Graves (Cut into ground lined with stone) (Used in circular burial complexes) (Only for elites) Burial Methods are kind of good Tended to either bury or cremate Evident in Mycenae --- Circular walls parallel to one another within the city walls for elites They kept maintaining into the Palatial period even after they moved on to to other burial styles Finds from the Shaft Graves --- Sheet Gold Death Masks (Chalices (Prolly ceremonial/ritual use) + Daggers + Swords (Warrior)) Concentric Walls -- Seems to be more of a fencing area

What is Mycenaean Palaces?

Similar to Minoan Model: Redistributive economy Layout Cent Administration DIFFERENCES: Spatial Organization: Open Air central courtyard that Minoans had Closed off and roofed over (Darker closed air place) Minoans all had a similar layout with courtyards, closets, and basins Mycenaean Palaces were much more distinct from one another Infers that Mycenaeans were less connected to one another than the Minoans More autonomous Center of the Palace is the Megaron Throne Room (Not in Minoan Palaces) (Borrow this from Eastern cultures) Audience Hall There will be a hearth (religious fireplace) next to the throne THEY ARE ALSO FORTIFIED

What is Smyrna?

Smyrna: Settlement off of Turkey Houses - SIngle Room and Multi Story Stone Foundations with mud brick walls and two story houses Thick Walls Closest we get to monumental architecture in private houses Smyrna: Also gives us City Walls Mycenaean Walls only surrounded the City Palace If someone came in people ran inside to take refugee In Smyrna, city walls surrounded the city at large Yet again shows a dissemination of power Not Democracy (Still have unequal burials) But a growth of upper class --- Upper class based on land ownership People living in wider fertile areas and they own it They will use people as labor or serfs to produce which spreads power amongst different people and families The land owners will want their land protected by Walls This is leads into Democracy, just the first time power is no longer in the hands of Monarchy Sparta even will have two Kings (2 Royal Families) But they aren't that powerful

What is Partheniae?

Spartan COlonies

What was the Social Structure of the Minoan Period?

Strong Central Authority in the Palatial Period Social Structure: Hierarchical (Consistent with Bronze age) (Oligarchies were most consistent with society after Bronze Age) Priest-King (Probably) Monarch Officials (arms of power from the monarch) Workers Slaves (Probably)

What was the Sacrifice of Iphigenia at Aulis?

The Oath for marrying Helen You need to come to come or because of the oath Your reputation is important --- No better way to get glory than the greatest war Aggamendom shoots a sacred deer: Angers Artemis who stops them with wind Priest says you have to sacrifice your daughter to appease the Gods Sacrifices his daughter Iphigenia at Aulis (Big Deal and BIG Exception) to get the winds going again

Who is Heinrich Schliemann?

The archaeologist who identified Homer's Troy as the mounds at Hissarlik, Turkey. Also found Mycenae Just tales from Homer (Fictional) Schliemann begged to differ Went to Turkey and found a site they appeared to be Troy (Walls and what have you) Then went to Greece and found suspected city in Greece Not a professional excavator (Lack of delicacy) Troy (Was less than delicate to be candor) Would dig and dump until he found his goal in mind His methods were very poor, but they were before archaeology became a precise art and science. Known to alter or forge finds.

What was the Judgment of Paris?

The competition between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, in which Paris chooses Aphrodite so he can gain Helen as his wife. The Judgement of Paris Eris - The Goddess of Strife (The Apple of Discord) She is mad about not getting married The apple of discord to the most beautiful (They all fight about it) You know who is renowned for his judgement? Trojan guy named Paris Tending to his flock? Who is the most beautiful? Hera - King of Asia Other - Wisdom Aphrodite: Most beautiful women --- Paris takes that = Goes to Sparta Helen gets a love potion to fall for Paris

What is Luwian?

The language the inhabitants of Troy, (Hisarlik) spoke

What is Eretria and Chalcis?

These outposts are coming from Eretria (New Lefkandi) and Chalcis Established by the Euboeans (Island Name) Shows they have to have a surplus of people and Goods --- a LARGE surplus If they couldn't supply from their own home-base they wouldn't set up abroad to trade The could send extra people out and abroad for opportunity In the 8th century BC, Euboea was one of the economically strongest regions of Greece.[18] The two leading powers of the island, Chalcis and Eretria were among the driving forces behind the apoikiai of the Mediterranean, acting for a long time not as competitors but as collaborators. Around the mid-8th century, they jointly founded Al Mina, a colony conceived to facilitate trade with the eastern Mediterranean Went to war over the lelantine plain

Why did Minoan power take off?

They are at the epicenter of the East-West change that flourished in the Bronze age. Middle men Sea Routes kept trade in close proximity to land Port Hopping because of slow sailing speeds Taxing on port visits and merchant trade integration Mercantile Empire

What is a Tholos Tomb?

Tholos tombs marked a shift into the Palatial Period all over Greece Igloo shaped dome with a long entrance way that leads into a door that is dug into the ground The arch's were built with the corbelled style instead of being a pure arch False Dome---Beehive Most of these have been looted over the 3,000 years Attractive to the eye They have a log door opening with a triangular wedge above for support/stability Royal Family Plots - Main Rooms (King/Queen) When the next King dies he gets the main room and they go to a side room

What is the Toumba cemetery?

Toumba Cemetery - Ruling Classes Toumba notes that if this was a monarchy, the King definitely has checks Whereas in Mycaena, clearly the King and family has power via large tholos tombs

What is Emporia?

Trading Outposts --- Due back to the old one

What is Knossos?

it is the palace-city of the Minoans and it is where European Civilation began.

What is The Dark Ages?

lost knowledge lost of central government no travel, very little trade Change in mental attitude rebirth of the classics

Who was Homer?

poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey

What is the Epic Cycle?

series of epic Greek poems about the Trojan War

What is Stratigraphy?

the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale. Pottery used for dating Find one type --- you can compare it around In the Protogeometric Period Potters wheel comes back Can tell from thin top, orbitals horizontally, and compasses Lines around the pot and concentric circles These slow changes last decades ____ Simple designs and advances in technology Compass + Faster Wheel You can tell there is a faster wheel because of thin, strong pot walls Iron Smelting (Comes to beginning of the Iron Age) In order to smelt it you need mining and very hot fires Use for Dating Stratigraphy: The Study of the Layers As you dig and work your way down, the lower you dig, the earlier you are. The first stuff you are uncovering and as you go deeper you are getting earlier In the Protogeometric Period connections between people spread similar pottery style abroad.