quiz questions through the semester

what two structural factors determine the stability and mobility of a joint

periarticular tissues and bony fit

Task-dependent disturbances of motion are termed

perturbations

which of the following is NOT a type of postural control

perturbative -(static, adaptive, reactive, anticipatory)

A competitive cyclist typically pedals at a cadence of ____ revolutions per minute and must fight against the resistance created by the parting of air by the cyclist's body and bike, which is termed _____

70-100, shape drag

Which of the following is the most common mechanism for femoral neck fracture?

direct impact

Which of the following is NOT one of the phases in kicking?

double support

On the force velocity curve for maximally activated muscle, peak force happens during ___ muscle action

eccentric

On the force-velocity curve for maximally activated muscle, peak force happens during ________ muscle action.

eccentric

in which type of muscle action does the muscle actively lengthen

eccentric

negative training primarily involves what type of muscle action

eccentric

slowly moving the elbow from a fully flexed position to a fully extended position requires ___ action of the ____

eccentric, elbow flexors

A person's self-selected walking speed minimizes

energy expenditure

Following can be said about exercise and its effect of bone density except

exercise will protect against hormonal deficits in amenorrhea female athletes

the risk of low back injury is most likely to be increased by

exercising in the early morning

which two muscle properties are illustrated when a muscle is stretched and then allowed to return to original length

extensibility and elasticity

Estrogen inhibit osteoclasts while stimulating osteoblasts

false

True or false: the longer the moment arm, less muscle force needs to be produced

false

True or false: the maximal amount of torque a muscle can produce about a joint is independent of the angle of the joint

false

true or false: individuals body mass and body weight are the same and measured in kilograms

false

T or F: elbow flexion and extension are exampled of third class levers

false (only flexion is)

True or false: poor sitting posture is characterized by anterior pelvic tilt

false (posterior pelvic tilt)

bundle of muscle fibers is termed a

fascicle

which of the following are the only two types of cartilage found as binding tissue at cartilaginous joints

fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

mechanical work is calculated as the product of which two measures

force and displacement

Which of the following terms is used to describe the act of moving from one place to another

locomotion

Producing minimal work for a given amount of metabolic energy is characteristic of

low efficiency

Low pass filtering in signal processing of electromyographic data includes all except:

low frequency cutoff

____ is the fundamental physical process responsible for a given action, reaction, or result.

mechanism

which of the following is not one of the common structural elements found in all synovial joints

meniscus (fibrous joint capsule, joint cavity, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid)

what term refers to a tissues ability to adapt to environmental stimuli and events

plasticity

which of the following is NOT a cause of movement inefficiency

minimal center of gravity excursions -(extraneous movements, muscle coactivation, jerky movements, isometric muscle actions)

what term describes the resistance to a change in a bodys state of angular motion

moment of inertia

which term describes things related to a muscle, nerve, or brain center involved in producing or controlling movements

motor

Which of the following areas of study began with a neurophysiologist and then exploring how the nervous and muscular systems work together to produce human movement?

motor control

which of the following describes movement changes across life span, from infancy until death

motor development

which describes the acquisition of a motor skill

motor learning

control of postural sway is maintained by

muscle action

With regard to resistance training for children, which of the following is NOT a likely outcome?

muscle hypertrophy

having more than the minimally necessary number of muscles available at a given joint is referred to as

muscle redundancy

the cooperative action of several muscles working together is called

muscle synergy

which of the following structures provides active support for synovial joints

musculotendinous unit

In designing a resistance training program, the first step should be

needs analysis

Trained visual assessment of in-person or video-recorded gait is termed ________ gait analysis.

observational

young female athletes with low body fat who train at high intensities may experience irregular menstrual cycles, known as ____ and as a result have ___ levels of estrogen

oligomenorrhea, reduced

hennemans size principle refers to the

orderly progression of recruitment from the most aerobic to least aerobic muscle fibers

Devices used to assist in supporting anatomical structures are called

orthotics

most common type of arthritis

osteoarthritis

What principle addresses the need for a person to exercise at increasing levels of difficulty to maintain progress?

overload

which expresses the relationship between force area and pressure

p= F/A

Poor sitting posture, usually characterized by a slouched position, results in ________ pelvic tilt, ________ stretching and weakening of the posterior annulus fibrosis, and ________ flexor torque created by an anterior shift in the line of gravity.

posterior, increased, increased

back of the skull is ____ to the chest

posterosuperior

The process of improving a person's functional capacity through increased physical activity before an anticipated orthopedic procedure is clinically termed

prehabilitation

In the three-phase rehabilitation model presented by Voight and colleagues, the restoration of elements should be considered in which of the following progressions?

proprioception, dynamic stability, reactive neuromuscular control

in mechanical terms, mass is the

quantity of matter comprising a body

with the forearm in anatomical position, rotation of the ___ over a fixed ___ is termed ____

radius, ulna, pronation

Which of the following is NOT one of the phases in a standing vertical jump?

recovery

In cycling, the period beginning at bottom dead center (BDC) and ending at top dead center (TDC) is termed the

recovery phase

Generally, ________ refers to a lying posture. Specifically, lying facedown is termed ________, while lying face up is called ________

recumbent, prone, supine

after 90 degree of hip abduction, hip internal rotation now occurs in what plane

sagittal

after 90 degree of hip flexion, ankle plantar flexion now occurs in which plane

sagittal

Which of the following muscles is both a knee flexor and a hip extensor?

semitendinosus

which is NOT one of the four basic tissue types

skeletal (muscle, connective, epithelial, nervous)

Which of the following are documented effects of prolonged sitting?

sore neck and shoulders and increased risk of diabetes and certain cancers

The SAID principle addresses which aspect of strength and conditioning?

specificity

Which is true of measures of gait?

step time is the inverse of cadence

a researcher finds that a ligament stretched quickly is stronger and stiffer than the same ligament stretched slowly. this is evidence that the ligament is

strain-rate dependent

partial dislocation of a joint is termed

subluxation

Which of the following muscle's distal tendon is most likely to be involved in subacromial impingement?

supraspinatus

which is not true of the center of gravity of a person in a standing position

the height of the center of gravity is about 50% of the persons height above the ground

a walking gait cycle is

the sequential occurrence of a stance and swing phase for a single limb

For an object to be in static equilibrium...

the sum of the forces acting on the object must be equal to 0

which of the following is true of bone

the timing of the resorption-deposition cycle may leave bone vulnerable to injury

joints in the human body are predominantly of which class of lever

third

in landing from a vertical jump, which of the following structures is NOT involved in absorbing the forces at impact

tibiofibular interosseous membrane (longitudinal arch, spring ligament, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, transverse arch)

Which muscle protein stabilizes the alignment of the thick filaments and accounts for much of the extensibility and elasticity of myofibrils?

titin

which of the following is calculated as force x moment arm

torque

which is NOT a kinematic measure

torque (linear acceleration, time, displacement, angular velocity)

When cycling in a straight line, the knee is rotating around a ___ axis Transverse

transverse

which of the anatomical planes divides the body into superior and inferior parts

transverse

T of F: Bone actin filaments transmit force in the cytoskeleton

true

T or F: Biarticular muscles are the most common arrangement of joint structure

true

T or F: Sarcoglycans in the sarcolemma help transduce force generated by the contractile proteins within muscle through dystrophin and lamini 2 to the endomysium

true

True or false: lying posture rotates the action of gravity from its longitudinal axis to a transverse direction

true

true or false: During bone remodeling in response to compression forces, osteoclasts precede osteoblasts, which deposit layers of osteoid and subsequent mineralization

true

true or false: static movements involve stationary movements and/or constant velocity

true

which of the following is true with respect to walking

two steps are equal to one stride

Which of the following muscles is most likely active during the power phase of the pedaling cycle?

vastus medialis

Which of the following is the correct formula for walking speed?

velocity= step length x cadence

which movements most associated with gait

walking

In using the muscle control formula, if the effect of the external force is in the same direction as the actual movement, what is the next thing to determine?

what is the speed of the movement

How does abducting a person's right arm influence the center of mass

-The center of mass moves superiorly -The center of mass moves laterally to the right

a full deep squat will result in knee joint angles of about

120 degrees

Which of the following is true of muscle activity during a countermovement jump?

During the downward movement, the gastrocnemius acts eccentrically to control dorsiflexion at the ankle.

Which of the following is NOT true of lower extremity muscle action during the gait cycle?

In terminal stance, ankle dorsiflexors act concentrically to assist with push-off.

torque is defined by

The tendency of a force to cause rotation, the turning effect of a force, the product of force and moment arm

Female athletes with low body fat who train at high intensities have disordered eating patterns may experience few menstrual cycles, as known as ___ and as a result have ___ levels of estrogen hormones

amenorrhea, reduced

Which of the following glenohumeral movements is most closely implicated in internal impingement?

abduction

to balance the gravitational torque created on an arm abducted 90 degree, the glenohumeral ___ muscles must create an equal and opposite _____

abductor, countertorque

A forceful blow to the head typifies which type of mechanism?

acceleration

muscle hypertrophy resulting from resistance training is an example of which of the following concepts

adaptability

scapulohumeral rhythm is best described by which of the following

after the first 30 degrees of abduction, every 2 degrees of further humeral abduction is accompanied by 1 degree of scapular rotation

____ is a term used to describe things on the opposite side of the body

contralateral

the axis of rotation for the hip joint when lifting the leg to the side has an ____ orientation perpendicular to the ___ plane

anterior-posterior, frontal

A soccer player sees that an opponent is about to collide with her. To maintain balance, she would use which of the following types of postural control?

anticipatory

ligaments

are sometimes referred to as passive joint stabilizers

which of the following is always true for walking

at least one foot is always in contact with the ground

Older adults with relatively weak hip and knee extensors most likely would adopt which of the following lifting strategies?

back dominant

Posture is the position of the body and the relative arrangement of body parts for a specific activity. Postural control is synonymous with

balance

which of the following terms is defined as the area within the outline of all contact points with the ground

base of support

Which of the following is both an elbow flexor and a glenohumeral flexor?

biceps brachii

Which of the following muscles is LEAST involved in squat exercise?

biceps femoris

step rate, measured in steps per minute, is synonymous with which of the following terms?

cadence

two minerals most found in bone are

calcium and phosphorus

What is the most common term currently used to describe neurological damage caused by repetitive head trauma?

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

simultaneous action of agonist and antagonist muscles is called

coactivation

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a source of low back pain and dysfunction?

compression of connective tissues

movements occurring across gravity (parallel to ground) always involve ____ muscle action

concentric

Moving from a fully flexed (bent forward) spine back to an upright standing position requires ________ action of the ________.

concentric, erector spinae

Slowly ascending from a squat position to anatomical position requires ________ action of the _____

concentric, gluteus maximus

Quickly moving the hip from a 90° flexed position back to anatomical position requires ________ action of the _______

concentric, hip extensors

Horizontal adduction of the arm from a 90° abducted position to a 90° flexed position requires ________ action of the ____

concentric, pectorals major

When performing a standing overhead barbell press, slowly moving the bar from its starting position on the front of the shoulders to an overhead position requires ________ action of the ________ and ________ action of the ________.

concentric, triceps brachii; concentric, supraspinatus

The risk factor for fracture risk with the highest odds ratio is

decreased hand grip strength

which of the following is Not true of mechanical forces

force equals mass x velocity (Force applied through an axis of rotation produces zero torque. Force can be defined as a push or pull. Force is a mechanical action applied to a body that tends to cause acceleration. The force of gravity acts vertically downward)

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of upright standing?

from a sagittal (side) view, the line of gravity passes posterior to the thoracic vertebrae and anterior to the hip joint

which of the following has NOT been associated with prolonged standing

glenohumeral impingement -(slouching, carotid atherosclerosis, muscular fatigue, varicose veins)

the ____ joint is a ___ joint whose ____ structure allows it the greatest mobility of any joint in the body

glenohumeral, triplanar, ball and socket

force plates directly measure

ground reaction forces

which term is used to describe the extracellular component of a tissue that is the primary determinant of whether a connective tissue is solid, liquid, or somewhere in between

ground substance

The defining difference between walking and running is that running

has a period of nonsupport

which of the following is not a characteristic of type Iix muscle fibers

high fatigue resistance

The stretch-shortening cycle is characterized by

higher forces when eccentric muscle action is immediately followed by concentric action

In a squat exercise, which of the following are the principal muscle groups involved?

hip extensors and knee extensors

When a person propels herself into the air from one foot and lands on the same foot, she is said to be

hopping

One of the first steps in designing an injury prevention program is to

identify potential risk factors

Which of the following are characteristic of age-related compromises in postural control ability in older persons?

increased reflex latency, changes in muscle fiber type, decreased joint range of motion

Proficient walking is characterized by all the following EXCEPT

increased toe outing

The stance phase is initiated with what event?

initial contact

stride length occurs from

initial contact of one leg to the initial contact of the same (ipsilateral) leg

When knee flexion is increased (heel brough to butt) during running, the moment of inertia of the lower extremity about the hip

is decreased

A person lifting a dumbbell is most accurately said to be performing what type of exercise?

isoinertial

which of the following is technically not a hinge joint

knee

The quadriceps muscle group, the patellofemoral joint, and the tendon group connecting these elements are collectively known as the

knee extensor mechanism

Which of the following muscles is a glenohumeral extensor, adductor, and internal rotator?

latissimus dorsi