Quizbowl History
This man stabbed Henry Rathbone to begin his escape. Boarding house owner Mary Surratt was one of four people hanged for conspiring with this man, who was shot and killed in a burning barn. Samuel Mudd was arrested for treating this man's (*) leg, which was broken after he fell to the stage of Ford's Theater, shouting "Sic semper tyrannis!" For 10 points, name this actor and Confederate supporter who, on April 14th, 1865, shot and killed Abraham Lincoln.
John Wilkes Booth
After a speech by a member of this organization named Leonora Barry, Rockford, Illinois renamed the 4th of July as "Foremothers' Day." Some members of this organization were responsible for a massacre of Chinese miners at Rock Springs, Wyoming. This organization's first Grand Master Workman was Uriah(*) Stephens, who was succeeded by Terence Powderley. The influence of this organization declined after it was blamed for the Haymarket Square Riot. For 10 points, name this late 1800's labor union, which lost favor to the American Federation of Labor.
Knights of Labor
Members of this group were routed by Lumbee Native Americans in the Battle of Hayes Pond. The rape and murder of Madge Oberholtzer was committed by a leader of this group, D. C. Stephenson. Woodrow Wilson controversially showed a film in the White House glorifying this group, (*) The Birth of a Nation. The second iteration of this organization was founded on Stone Mountain by William Joseph Simmons, who proclaimed himself its "Grand Wizard." For 10 points, name this white supremacist organization whose members wear white robes and burn crosses.
Ku Klux Klan
This event was covered by Herbert Morrison, a Chicago reporter whose voice was accidentally sped up as he described the "falling on the mooring-mast" during this event. The LZ 129's arrival at the Lakehurst Naval (*)) Air Station preceded the cry "Oh, the humanity!" during this disaster. For ten points, name this 1937 tragedy in New Jersey, in which thirty-five people died aboard a German zeppelin that caught fire.
LZ 129 Hindenburg disaster
The "carriers of quiver" led this empire's military and made up a voting bloc of the Gbara, this empire's deliberating body. The founder of this empire defeated Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina, and a different leader of this empire founded the University of Sankore. A ruler of this empire built a mosque each Friday and devalued the price of(*) gold along his route during his pilgrimage to Mecca. This empire was ruled by Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa. For 10 points, name this West African empire that is named for a modern-day country, whose center was Timbuktu.
Mali Empire
One of these events was organized by the "MOBE" and is depicted in Norman Mailer's Armies of the Night. According to Henry Littlefield, the journey to Emerald City in The Wizard of Oz was a metaphor for one of these events, which was led by an Ohio businessman. Jacob Coxey led one of these events in support of unemployment relief, and Ralph Abernathy organized one of these events for the(*) Poor People's Campaign after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. For 10 points, name these events, one of which in 1963 featured King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
Marches on Washington, D.C.
This man described a ruler who kept ten thousand white horses, whose milk was fermented to make koumiss. This man also described the efficient empire-wide postal system and the paper currency used by the Yuan dynasty. He was imprisoned by (*) Genoa upon returning to his home city, and his stories were collected in the book Il Milione. For ten points, name this Venetian who met Kublai Khan during his travels on the Silk Road to China.
Marco Polo
At an event honoring this leader, Barack Obama shook hands with Fidel Castro. This leader suggested that Abdel Baset al-Megrahi, who bombed Pan Am Flight 103, should be held in a prison closer to his home country. This man posed as a worker on Liliesleaf Farm while running operations for the (*) Spear of the Nation. This man declared "I am prepared to die" at the Rivonia trial, where he received a life sentence that was to be served on Robben Island. This leader founded the Truth and Reconciliation commission after he was released from prison by F.W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this first black president of South Africa.
Nelson Mandela
This state's popular dueling site, Weehawken, was where both Philip and Alexander Hamilton were fatally shot. Hessian forces were attacked on (*)) Christmas Day in this state, after George Washington crossed the Delaware into this state to start the Battle of Trenton. For ten points, name this state in which American forces won the Battle of Princeton.
New Jersey
In 1984, Bernard Goetz shot four black teenagers on this city's subway, claiming self- defense. In 1976 and 1977, six murders by the "Son of Sam" terrorized this city. The zero- tolerance for "broken windows" policy used by this city in the (*) 1990s corresponds with a drop in the crime rate under mayor Rudolph Giuliani. For 10 points, name this city, whose failed 2013 law banning large soft drinks was supported by former mayor Michael Bloomberg.
New York City
A governor of this state who advocated a policy of "pay-as-you-go-liberalism" was the early head of an "Eastern Establishment" in the Republican Party. An influential faction of moderate Republicans was named after another governor of this state, who lost the 1964 Republican primary to (*) Barry Goldwater. The National Guard responded with excessive force to a 1971 prison riot at Attica in this state. Gerald Ford's vice president was former governor of this state Nelson Rockefeller, who adopted this state's "stop-and-frisk" policy. For 10 points, name this state which has recently been led by Mario and Andrew Cuomo.
New York State
This king was assisted by his son Amun-her-khepeshef while campaigning in Nubia. In the second year of his reign, this king defeated the Sherden pirates, who are one possible identity of the "Sea Peoples." The mummy of this son of Seti I was discovered at Deir el-Bahari in 1881. This king signed the first recorded(*) peace treaty with Hatusilli III. This king defeated the brother of Hatusilli, Muwatallis II, at the largest chariot battle in history. For 10 points, name this New Kingdom Pharaoh who won the Battle of Kadesh.
Ramses II
In a speech, this man noted that "Christ taught that our lives are precious in the sight of God," and that "poets have...woven it into immortal verse." This deliverer of the "Prince of Peace" speech resigned as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State following the sinking of the Lusitania. He was cross-examined by Clarence(*) Darrow during the Scopes Trial. In a speech championing bimetallism, this politician declared that "you will not crucify mankind" upon the title object. For 10 points, name this three-time Democratic presidential nominee and orator of the "Cross of Gold" speech.
William Jennings Bryan
Pliny the Elder wrote 120 historical remarks on this substance, noting how it names a reward bestowed upon winning soldiers, giving us our modern word "salary." A 1930 march to Dandi that protested a British (*) tax on this substance was led by Mahatma Gandhi, who produced this substance illegally by boiling off seawater. For 10 points, name this commonly iodized food preservative, found with pepper on Western table settings.
(table, rock, or sea) salt (accept sodium chloride)
A pair of VC-25s currently serve as this vehicle, replacing the SAM 27000 in 2001. This vehicle's crew refuses to admit certain caskets to its cargo hold, a tradition begun on November 22, 1963, when the oath of office was administered to (*)) Lyndon Johnson aboard this vehicle. For ten points, name this aircraft used to carry the President of the United States.
Air Force One
This man gave a speech in order to allow Myles Cooper to escape from an angry mob. This man advocated for the use of a sinking fund and the assumption of state debts in his "Report on Public Credit." This native of Nevis in the British(*) West Indies wrote 51 of the 85 essays in the Federalist Papers. This man died at Weehawken, New Jersey after being wounded in a duel against Aaron Burr. For 10 points, name this first Secretary of the Treasury who is on the ten dollar bill.
Alexander Hamilton
Victorious soldiers in this war, worried about unfunded pensions, tried to organize the Newburgh Conspiracy. The Conway Cabal was a short-lived attempt to replace the winning leader. During this war, John André was hanged for his role in an attempted (*) betrayal of the fort at West Point, a plan organized by Benedict Arnold. For 10 points, name this war, which ended when Lord Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown to George Washington.
American Revolutionary War
While in exile, this man helped to invent chewing gum by bringing the first shipments of chicle to the United States, which his secretary Thomas Adams then turned into Chiclets. This man's political career ended after Ignacio Comonfort and Benito Juarez supported his overthrow in the Plan of Ayutla. While fighting the Pastry War, this man buried an(*) amputated leg with full military honors. This leader was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco after losing the Battle of San Jacinto to Sam Houston. For 10 points, name this Mexican dictator who massacred the Texan defenders of the Alamo.
Antonio López de Santa Anna
This empire's history is recorded in the Mendoza Codex and Florentine Codex. Invaders of this empire fled its capital during La Noche Triste, shortly after they executed its leader, (*) Montezuma. A triple alliance of the city-states Tlacopan, Texcoco, and Tenochtitlan grew into, for ten points, what empire that was based in modern-day Mexico until it was conquered in 1521 by Hernan Cortes?
Aztec empire
A political cartoon of this man hitching a ride with a recently ousted Muammar Gaddafi led to Ali Ferzat being captured and beaten and both his hands broken. This man is quoted in a controversial Vogue article about his wife, "A Rose in the Desert," as having chosen his early profession as an(*) eye surgeon because "there is very little blood." This Ba'athist was named by his father Hafez as heir-apparent following the death of his brother Bassel in a car accident. For 10 points, name this Alawite president of Syria.
Bashar Hafez al-Assad
A wagon train retreating from this battle was caught at Monterey Pass, but George Meade couldn't catch up to it. During this battle, Lewis Amistead advanced to the "High Water Mark of the Confederacy," although (*)) Pickett's Charge failed to turn the tide of this July 1863 battle. For ten points, name this battle of the Civil War, whose site was made a cemetery after Abraham Lincoln gave a namesake "Address" there.
Battle of Gettysburg
In this battle, Joshua Chamberlain ordered a bayonet charge to defend a hill. Richard Ewell assaulted, but failed to take, Culp's Hill on each of the three days of this battle. Cemetery Ridge was the site of (*) Pickett's Charge, a failed assault in this battle that represented the high water mark of the Confederate invasion. For 10 points, name this July 1863 battle, the turning point of the Civil War, after which Abraham Lincoln gave a famous address.
Battle of Gettysburg
During this battle, Simon Fraser was targeted for death by Benedict Arnold, whose wounded leg was memorialized at Bemis Heights, in this battle's location. John Burgoyne's (*)) surrender at this 1777 battle led France to promise aid to the colonies. For ten points, name this upstate New York battle in which victory over the British is often cited as the turning point of the American Revolution.
Battle(s) of Saratoga
A republic founded by these people agreed to outlaw slavery after being granted independence as part of the Sand River Convention. In a war named for these people, the Fawcett Commission investigated concentration camps set up by Lord Kitchener. These people participated in the Great Trek out of the(*) Cape Colony and set up the Orange Free State. A war named for these people was preempted by the Jameson Raid on the Transvaal. For 10 points, name these Dutch settlers of South Africa who name two late 19th century wars with the British.
Boers
One companion case to this case named Bolling v. Sharpe arose due to conditions in the District of Columbia. The lead appellant in this case was a welder for the Santa Fe Railroad. This case used a psychological experiment done by Mamie and Kenneth Clark that involved children and doll selection. In a 1955 further hearing, the Supreme Court ordered its ruling to be implemented(*) "with all deliberate speed." For 10 points, name this case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson as applying to public schools.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
This man lost the only case he argued before the Supreme Court, Ware v. Hylton. In Barron v. Baltimore, he wrote that the Bill of Rights only applied to the federal government and not to the states. He upheld national supremacy in Cohens v. Virginia and argued that the Federal government could create a national bank in(*) McCulloch v. Maryland. After Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson perhaps apocryphally said, "[This man] has made his ruling, let him enforce it." For 10 points, name this Chief Justice who articulated the idea of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison.
John Marshall
A burial site in this city contains the body of a man on a bed of 20,000 decorative beads arranged in the shape of a falcon. A game that inhabitants of this city enjoyed playing involved rolling a stone across the ground, and then throwing a spear as close to the stone as possible. This city is where the game Chunkey originated, and it contains a formation of timbers known as "America's Woodhenge." This Mississippian culture city contains 120(*) mounds, the largest of which is Monk's Mound. For 10 points, name this Pre-Columbian city, which is just east of St. Louis.
Cahokia
One leader of this country when asked how far he would go to maintain order responded well, just watch me. After giving that statement that leader invoked the use of the War Measures Act to bring an end to the (*) October Crisis. In this country's namesake caper it participated in a joint operation with the CIA to rescue six American Diplomats from Iran. For 10 points, name this North American country whose capital city is Ottawa.
Canada
This organization's Project MKUltra investigated human mind control. In 2006, it was admitted that this organization operated "black sites" in Eastern Europe. This organization funded the Nicaraguan Contras and trained the rebels who landed at the (*) Bay of Pigs, one of many of its attempts to remove Fidel Castro from power. John Brennan currently leads, for 10 points, what governmental spy agency that deals in foreign espionage?
Central Intelligence Agency
This man declared Laurent-Desire Kabila to be "not the man of the hour" after attempting to aid him in the Simba Rebellion. This man said, "Shoot, coward! You are only going to kill a man" before being executed by firing squad in Bolivia. An iconic photo of this man was captured by Alberto Korda in (*) Guerrillero Heroico (gheh-ree-YEH-roh eh-RO-ee-co). This man wrote a "thank you" note to John F. Kennedy following the Bay of Pigs invasion. With Fidel Castro, this man helped to overthrow Cuban president Fulgencio Batista. For 10 points, name this Marxist revolutionary who was second-in-command to Fidel Castro.
Che Guevara
This man mixed Christianity and traditional beliefs in the New Life Movement, which was supported by the Blue Shirt Society. This man led the Northern Expedition against the Beiyang Government, ending the era of warlords. This man was kidnapped in the Xi'an Incident, which led him to agree to a united front against Japan. This general succeeded(*) Sun Yat-sen as leader of the Kuomintang, and his Encirclement Campaigns forced an enemy to retreat on the Long March. For 10 points, name this leader of the Chinese Nationalists, who fled to Taiwan after losing a civil war to Mao Zedong.
Chiang Kai-shek
Anti-Chinese sentiment sparked the "White [this country] policy." George Johnston and John Macarthur overthrew Governor William Bligh in this country's Rum Rebellion, while anger over mining fees resulted in this country's Battle of the Eureka Stockade. This country opened itself to immigration under its longest-ruling prime minister, Robert Menzies. Outlaws in this country were called (*) bushrangers, some of whom wore bulletproof iron armor like Ned Kelly. During the First World War, this country was a part of the ANZAC along with New Zealand. For 10 points, name this nation where the British founded penal colonies that became cities such as Sydney.
Commonwealth of Australia
Soldiers from this country carried out the St. Albans raid. Due to a blockade by a neighboring country, Mary Jackson led a bread riot in this country's capital. Lieutenant John L. Porter used this country's Tredegar Iron Works to create ships to fight in the Battle of Hampton Roads. One of this country's diplomats, John Slidell, was captured in the (*) Trent Affair. This country rebuilt the Merrimack for its navy in order to defeat the ironclad Monitor. Britain and France refused to recognize this country due to sufficient cotton production in Egypt. Jefferson Davis was the only president of, for 10 points, what country that fought the Union during the Civil War?
Confederate States of America
This political party's 1860 election was disrupted by the walk-out of the pro-slavery "Fire-Eaters." This party was born from an Andrew Jackson-led branch of an original party created by Jefferson and Madison. Stephen (*)) Douglas ran for president as a member of this party, but lost to a rival party led by Abraham Lincoln. For ten points, name this American political party that opposes the Republicans.
Democratic Party
Alex Salmond called this person "three times a loser" after this person attempted to stop some wind farms from being built in Scotland. This former owner of the New Jersey Generals wrote in the New York Times that he was leaving the Reform Party because of the involvement of Lenora Fulani, Pat Buchanan and(*) David Duke in 2000. This owner of Wollman Ice Rink and Mar-a-Lago switched parties again in 2009. Our Principles PAC ran attack ads against this man featuring some of his statements about women. For 10 points, name this winner of the 2016 Presidential election.
Donald John Trump
During one war, this man suggested dropping a belt of radioactive cobalt to hinder the enemy's supply routes. He's not Patton, but this man was met with jeers of "Shame! Shame!" after he ordered troops to clear the encampments of the Bonus Army. The Prime Minister of Japan convinced this man to add an article renouncing war to the Japanese constitution. This general was replaced by (*) Matthew Ridgeway after he was fired by Truman during the Korean War. After being forced to evacuate from the Philippines to Australia, this man declared "I shall return." For 10 points, name this American general who defeated Japan in the Pacific theater of World War II.
Douglas MacArthur
In this leader's farewell address, he noted that, until World War II, "American makers of plowshares could [...] make swords as well." He used the Army to desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, and he was inspired by the Autobahn to develop the national (*) Interstate system. This Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces led the invasion of Normandy on D-Day. For 10 points, name this general who served as U.S. President following Harry Truman.
Dwight David Eisenhower
This president signed an executive order targeting queer government workers in the "Lavender Scare." The coup that ousted Jacobo Arbenz (AR-benz) was sponsored by this president in Operation PBSUCCESS (P-B-"success"). This president ended the bracero system by deporting a million Mexican immigrants in Operation Wetback. During this man's presidency, the democratically-elected (*) Mohammad Mossadegh (moh-SAH-deck) was deposed in Operation Ajax, which was carried out by this president's CIA Director, Allen Dulles (DULL-ez). This president signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act to create the interstate system. For 10 points, name this president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Dwight David Eisenhower
After fighting in the Urabi Rebellion, a prime minister of this country named Saad Zaghloul founded the nationalist Wafd Party. This nation's King Farouk was overthrown in a coup led by Muhammad Naguib's Free Officers Movement. The third president of this country was killed after signing the Camp David Accords with(*) Menachem Begin. This country was invaded by Britain after it nationalized the Suez Canal, and its former presidents include Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat. For 10 points, name this country which saw protests of Hosni Mubarak's regime in Cairo.
Egypt
A group of texts found in these buildings at Saqqara describe a king hunting and eating the gods. Graduating sizes of mastabas were used by Imhotep to create Djoser's (*)) "stepped" one of these buildings, and three of these structures belonging to Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu were built near Giza. For ten points, name these enormous structures used to bury Egyptian Pharaohs.
Egyptian pyramids
One major party nominee in this election came under fire for suggesting that trees cause more pollution than cars. The first debate of this presidential election almost featured an empty chair for the incumbent, who chose not to participate due to the inclusion of John Anderson, a third party candidate. During the second debate of this election, the winning candidate asked "are you(*) better off than you were four years ago?" An issue during this election was the ongoing Iran Hostage Crisis. For 10 points, name this election where incumbent Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan.
Election of 1980
In August 2016, the holder of this position suggested that, after two surgeries, his country's Parliament should amend the Imperial Household Act and allow him to retire. The 1946 (*)) Humanity Declaration denied the godhood of people with this title. For ten points, name this position held by Akihito since the 1989 death of his father, Hirohito, the leader of an east Asian nation.
Emperor of Japan
This politician is the only still-serving member of a group of Senators who were investigated during the 1980's Savings and Loan crisis, the Keating Five. One piece of legislation named for this man and Russ Feingold provided new campaign finance regulations. This man's experiences as a(*) PoW in the Hanoi Hilton led this Senator to call for the closing of Guantanamo Bay and his support of the release of the Senate torture report in 2014. For 10 points, name this Republican Senator from Arizona, who lost to Barack Obama in 2008.
John McCain
A decade after this system first opened, it was expanded to connect to Oneida Lake, and a 20th century improvement on it implemented, rather than ran parallel with, the Mohawk River. A then- highly-inexperienced Benjamin Wright oversaw the construction of this system, which (*)) DeWitt Clinton controversially supported. For ten points, name this canal that opened in 1825, greatly simplifying east-west transport across New York state to a namesake Great Lake.
Erie Canal
This country defended the city of Harrar while it fought an eastern neighbor in the Ogaden War. A government in this modern-day country was led by Tafari Benti and Mengitsu. This country, which was ruled by the Marxist Derg military junta, defeated(*) Italy at the Battle of Adowa while it was led by Emperor Menelik II. Benito Mussolini conquered this country during the rule of its last emperor, Haile Selassie. For 10 points, name this country on the Horn of Africa, whose capital is Addis Ababa.
Ethiopia
During this man's re-election campaign, he ran with Henry Wilson instead of incumbent Vice President Schulyer Colfax, who was under investigation for taking bribes from a railroad construction company, (*)) Credit Mobilier. For ten points, name this winner of the 1872 and 1868 Presidential elections, a popular former Civil War general.
Ulysses S. Grant
On this date in 1929, several members of Bugs Moran's gang were killed, probably on the orders of Al Capone. This Christian feast day celebrates a saint who, according to legend, broke Roman law by performing (*)) weddings for soldiers. A Prohibition-era gangster massacre took place on, for ten points, what holiday now often celebrated with flowers and written expressions of love?
February 14
This president's administration released a memorandum concerning the Monroe Doctrine that was written by his predecessor's Undersecretary of State, J. Rueben Clark. Harry Truman appointed this man to head a commission to reorganize the Executive Department. A baby was among the dead after this president ordered a force led by Walter Waters to leave the Anacostia Flats; that(*) Bonus Army was dispersed by Douglas MacArthur. This man's name was given to shanty towns that were built after Black Tuesday. For 10 points, name this president in office at the start of the Great Depression.
Herbert Hoover
This current Chair of the Committee on Armed Services was shot down in 1967, then spent over five years in Hoa Lo, nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton." At one campaign stop, this man was booed for correcting an audience member who called his opponent, (*)) Barack Obama, an Arab. For ten points, name this former prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, who has served five terms as Senator from Arizona.
John Sidney McCain III
The last indigenous leader of this empire was captured at Momori and executed. This empire was led by Tupac Amaru. Because it did not have a written language, this empire used a series of knotted strings called quipus ("kwee-poos") to record information. A leader of this empire threw a(*) Bible on the ground before he was captured at the Battle of Cajamarca. This empire was weakened by a civil war between the brothers Huascar and Atahualpa. For 10 points, name this South American empire that was conquered by Francisco Pizarro and centered in modern-day Peru.
Incan Empire
The American journalist Amy Goodman was beaten by soldiers of this country while attempting to protect protesters during the Santa Cruz Massacre. A president of this country attempted to bring "Guided Democracy" to this country. This country's communist party, the PKI, was blamed for the failed 30th of September coup against its first president. This country was where the General(*) Suharto overthrew Sukarno, and it invaded neighboring East Timor. For 10 points, name this most populous Muslim country in the world, an archipelago with a capital at Jakarta.
Indonesia
As part of their way of measuring time, these people celebrated the beginning of spring by performing the Thanks to the Maple festival. These people fought the Huron and other Algonquian ("Al-gon-ki-an") tribes in the Beaver Wars. After the Battle of Oriskany, a civil war among members of this group began after the(*) Oneida aided the Americans. This group allied with the British during the Revolutionary War while led by Joseph Brant. For 10 points, name this confederacy of Native American tribes that included the Onondaga, the Seneca, and the Mohawk.
Iroquois Confederacy
This country declared a war after a neighboring country closed the Straits of Tiran to their shipping, then launched Operation Focus, a surprise air strike against that neighbor's air force. This country, whose generals included Ariel Sharon, took the (*) Sinai Peninsula within a week of fighting. Jordan, Syria, and Egypt were defeated in the Six Day War by, for 10 points, what Middle Eastern Jewish country?
Israel
The ship Sea Venture sank attempting to deliver supplies to this city as part of the "Third Supply mission." A massacre occurred east of this city at Martin's Hundred, despite Richard Pace's advance warning. This city was burned down by an opponent of the Doeg ("dough-egg") people during(*) Bacon's Rebellion. Lord De La Warr arrived at this city at the end of a harsh winter known as the "starving time." This Virginia city fought the Powhatans, and its tobacco cash crop was promoted by John Rolfe. For 10 points, name this first permanent English settlement in America.
Jamestown, Virginia
According to a 1946 work, members of this ethnic group were not interested in letting their families know they were safe in prison. This ethnic group's "shame culture" is contrasted with American "guilt culture" in Ruth Benedict's The (*)) Chrysanthemum and the Sword. For ten points, name this ethnic group that was persecuted in the US during World War II after the Pearl Harbor attacks?
Japanese-Americans
One religious leader in this city fled to Cairo after the appointment of Husam al-Din Jarallah; that leader was Grand Mufti Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Ralphe Bunche was appointed as a mediator after the assassination of Folke Bernadotte in this city by the "Stern Gang." The Irgun, without the approval of the Haganah paramilitary, bombed this city's (*) King David Hotel. The partition of a British Mandate in Resolution 181 made this city an international zone after a conflict which included a defense of its Western Wall. For 10 points, name this holy city that, in 1947, was declared capital of Israel.
Jerusalem
The Direct Tax that this man signed led to a rebellion of German-Americans led by John Fries ("Freeze"). This man declared that "facts are stubborn things" while defending Captain Preston and the other British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. He seconded a motion by Richard Henry Lee at the Second(*) Continental Congress to force the vote on independence. This Federalist fought the Quasi-War with France and signed the Alien and Sedition Acts. He died within hours of Thomas Jefferson. For 10 points, name this second president of the United States.
John Adams
This man served as U.S. President during the XYZ Affair. As President, this man suppressed criticism and immigration via the Alien and Sedition Acts. This member of the Federalist Party and first official resident of the (*)) White House died on July 4, 1826, the same day as his rival, Thomas Jefferson. For ten points, name this second President of the United States and father of another President, John Quincy.
John Adams
Franklin Sanborn was one of the "Secret Six" who funded this man's actions. He reacted to the sacking of Lawrence by committing the Pottawatomie Massacre, a pivotal moment during the "Bleeding Kansas" conflict. In October 1859, Marines led by (*) Robert E. Lee stopped him from inciting a slave revolt by capturing him in an armory. For 10 points, name this violent abolitionist whose raid on the armory at Harpers Ferry presaged the Civil War.
John Brown Bonuses
After this man returned from exile, several of his left-wing supporters were killed at Ezeiza Airport. In a presidential election, this man campaigned on United States Ambassador Spruille Braden's dislike of him. This leader was succeeded as president by his third wife,(*) Isabel Martínez. This leader's working-class supporters were known as the "descamisados," or "shirtless ones." His second wife was a popular former actress who died of cancer at age 33. For 10 points, name this president of Argentina who was married to Evita.
Juan Peron
In February 2019, the U.S. government controversially approved 810 ("eight-ten") authorizations to share nuclear power secrets with this country. Senator Bob Corker authored an open letter to Donald Trump urging investigations into an October 2018 event in this country's Istanbul consulate. That event, which was allegedly carried out with a vat of acid and a (*) bone saw, was the killing of a Washington Post columnist from this country, Jamal Khashoggi (kah-"SHOW"-gee). Allegedly, Khashoggi's killing was ordered by this country's Crown Prince, Mohammad bin Salman. For 10 points, name this Middle Eastern country ruled by King Salman of the House of Saud.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
This man said that "some blue-eyed devil [...] had imposed" his ancestors with a slavemaster's name in an autobiography co-written by Alex Haley. In March 1964, this man broke with a movement led by Elijah (*)) Muhammad, and was killed less than a year later. For ten points, name this African-American activist and one-time member of the Nation of Islam who replaced his birth surname, Little, with a single letter.
Malcolm X
Monks in this country accidentally altered the dangerous confluence of three rivers when they built the Leshan Buddha. A tomb containing a mercury river and an army of (*) Terracotta soldiers honors this country's emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, who began building this nation's defense against the Huns. For ten points, name this nation, home to a Great Wall.
People's Republic of China
This civilization's spiritual rituals were recorded in the Chilam Balam manuscripts and were based on a 260-day cycle that was extended by the Long Count system. A demon named Seven Macaw is defeated by Hunahpu and Xbalanque, the Hero Twins, as told by this culture's (*) Popul Vuh. For ten points, name this Mesoamerican culture whose calendar did not actually predict a 2012 apocalypse and which built the Temple of Kukulcan at Chichen Itza.
Mayan civilization
A group of people was subjected to this event due to the Treaty of New Echota. Present-day Oklahoma, then a territory, was the destination for many victims of this event, which got its name from the oppression of the Cherokee nation during it. (*)) Andrew Jackson supported, for ten points, what nineteenth century event in which tribes of Native Americans were forcibly relocated west of the Mississippi River?
Trail of Tears
In this war, a group of immigrant deserters formed Saint Patrick's Battalion and fought against the United States. This war resulted in a cession of land that was later adjusted by the Gadsden Purchase. Winfield Scott led an amphibious assault on (*) Veracruz during this war, which was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. For 10 points, name this 1846 to 1848 war against an army led by Santa Anna.
Mexican American War
This country fought France in the 1838 Pastry War, during which a general from this country lost his leg, then had it buried with military honors. That injury occurred during a failed raid on the occupied fort city of (*)) Veracruz in this country. For ten points, name this country which celebrates an 1865 victory against the French at Puebla on Cinco de Mayo, and which was often led in battle by Santa Anna.
Mexico
This empire's imperial guard were divided into day and night groups and were called Kheshig. Archers from this empire introduced a thumb ring to help with the release of their composite bows. This empire's capital of Karakorum was established by its second ruler,(*) Ogedei. A different ruler of this empire established the Yuan Dynasty of China and failed to invade Japan due to the appearance of kamikaze, or "divine wind." For 10 points, name this Asian steppe empire that was once ruled by khans such as Kublai and Genghis.
Mongols [or the Mongolian Empire; or the Mongol Empire;
This state's "Unassigned Lands" were claimed in an infamous 1889 land rush. In this state's capital, 168 people were killed in a 1995 bombing by Timothy McVeigh. In 1921, the wealthiest African-American community in the country, the Greenwood district, was burned during this state's (*)) Tulsa race riots. For ten points, name this central U.S. state where "Sooners" now live in a panhandle north of Texas.
Oklahoma
The location where this event happened was named for the heartbeat of the owner's brother. One person involved in this event held a door closed and unintentionally prevented others from escaping. The perpetrator of this event called(*) 911 and pledged allegiance to ISIS prior to the event. That perpetrator of this event was Omar Mateen. For 10 points, name this 2016 event which ended with 49 victims dead, the deadliest mass shooting in US history.
Orlando nightclub Shooting
The Battle of Camurlu ended a civil war in this empire called the Interregnum. An elite military unit of this empire was disbanded during the Auspicious Incident; that unit from this empire was recruited through the devsirme ("dev-sheer-mey") system. This empire's elite military units were the Janissary Corps, and it underwent the modernizing(*) Tanzimat reforms. This "sick man of Europe" was founded by Osman I, and it failed to capture Vienna under Suleiman the Magnificent. For 10 points, name this empire which became Turkey after World War I.
Ottoman Empire
The Darien Scheme was a failed attempt to create this structure. Ferdinand de Lesseps was arrested for bribery related to a plan for this structure, which failed due to landslides and yellow fever. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty allowed the (*) U.S. to build this structure after its country declared independence from Colombia. For 10 points, name this 48-mile long structure, whose three locks allow ships to cut across Central America.
Panama Canal
A close advisor to this man's son pointed to a deer and called it a horse. Feudalism was abolished and replaced by thirty-six commanderies by this ruler's chancellor Lǐ Sī (lee sih). This ruler issued the Bàn Liǎng (bun lee-ung) to standardize all forms of currency. This ruler standardized weights and measurements throughout his country but was accused by historian Sīmǎ Qiān (sih-mah chien) of (*) burning books and executing scholars as part of his Legalist doctrine. This ruler conquered the six other Warring States and is buried in a mausoleum supposedly containing rivers of mercury. The Terracotta Army protects the tomb of, for 10 points, what first emperor of China?
Qín Shǐ Huáng
The first president of this country instituted "Harambee," a community-building strategy. Dedan Kimathi led an uprising in the 1950s that sought to reclaim Kikuyu land from European colonists. The (*)) Mau Mau Rebellion challenged British rule of, for ten points, what African country with capital Nairobi, first led by Jomo Kenyatta?
Republic of Kenya
During a conflict in this country, swordsmen called Juramentados carried out suicide attacks against occupying forces. This country's Muslim minority was massacred by occuyping troops during the Moro Rebellion. Galleons named for this country's capital made bi-annual trading voyages to New Spain. Frederick Funston captured this country's first president, (*) Emilio Aguinaldo. Along with Cuba and Puerto Rico, this country was occupied by the United States after the Spanish-American War. For 10 points, name this Pacific archipelagic country that began its struggle against American colonizers in the Battle of Manila.
Republic of the Philippines
In 1892, revolutionaries in what is now this country named the exiled Jose Rizal its president. This country's first president, Emilio Aguinaldo, led revolts against Spanish rule and, after an 1898 war, American rule. George Dewey led the US Navy to a decisive victory against the Spanish (*)) fleet in this country. For ten points, name this Asian country with capital Manila.
Republic of the Philippines
The 1638 Portsmouth Compact established a settlement that would become part of this colony. Its founder published The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution in 1644 and purchased land for this colony from the Narragansett Indians. Anne Hutchinson (*) fled religious persecution in Massachusetts to join this colony with the support of Roger Williams, its founder. For 10 points, name this colony in New England with capital Providence.
Rhode Island
Due to its chaotic nature, one of these acts was nicknamed the "Mongrel" one by its critics. Woodrow Wilson became the first president since John Adams to go before Congress to encourage the passage of one of these acts sponsored by Oscar Underwood, which reduced the rates of the Payne-Aldrich one. The Great Depression may have been(*) worsened after the passage of one of these acts named for Hawley and Smoot. These business protecting acts were reduced between Canada, Mexico and the U.S. upon the signing of NAFTA. For 10 points, name these taxes on imported goods.
Tariffs
This country owned a colony that expanded as far south as Fort Ross in modern-day Sonoma. In 1848, St. Michael's Cathedral was built in this country's colonial town of (*)) Sitka. In 1867, this country received $7.2 million in a land deal orchestrated by Secretary of State William Seward, labeled a "folly" by his opponents. For ten points, name this country whose American colonies, including Alaska, were founded in the name of the tsars.
Russian Empire
One side in this war was banned from using the Suez Canal after it mistook British fishing ships for enemy torpedo boats. After this war's Dogger Bank Incident, one side's Baltic Fleet was virtually annihilated at the Battle of Tsushima. This war started after Admiral Togo launched a surprise attack on the Pacific Fleet at(*) Port Arthur, and Theodore Roosevelt ended this war by negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth. For 10 points, name this war that Tsar Nicholas II's forces lost to the forces of an island nation.
Russo-Japanese War
After a 1982 assassination attempt in Dujail, this man ordered the executions of over 140 Shiites believed to be involved. This leader, who was found in 2003 near Tikrit in a (*)) "spider hole," was hanged for crimes against humanity in 2006. This dictator's 1991 invasion of Kuwait sparked the first Gulf War, and he was deposed by US forces in the second Gulf War. For ten points, name this former leader of Iraq.
Saddam Hussein
Birch Bayh ("Bye") pulled this man from the wreckage of a plane crash that killed one of his aides in 1964. In 1987, he took the Senate floor to denounce Robert Bork's Supreme Court nomination less than an hour after its announcement. This man pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of the crash during the(*) Chappaquiddick ("Chap-uh-kwih-dihk") incident, which killed Mary Jo Kopechne ("kuh-pehk-nee"). This "Lion of the Senate" was a longtime advocate for health care reform. For 10 points, name this former Senator from Massachusetts, the brother of New York Senator Robert and the 35th President.
Ted Kennedy
Martha Wright and 99 other participants in this event signed the Declaration of Sentiments, which notes that "all men and women are created equal." Lucretia Mott was the featured speaker at this 1848 event in upstate New York, which benefited from Quaker ideals of (*)) equality. For ten points, name this convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a landmark moment in the women's rights movement.
Seneca Falls Convention
While in exile, this leader wrote a text that explains his republican principles and claims that "a state too expensive in itself... eventually decays." This leader and Andrés Béllo convinced Francisco de Miranda to return from exile and take power in a coup. This author of the Letter from Jamaica returned from exile to gain victory at the Battle of (*) Carabobo. This leader met with José de San Martin at the Guayaquil (guy-a-KEEL) conference, and he created the state of Gran Colombia. For 10 points, name this leader of most of the independence movement in South America, known as "The Liberator."
Simon Bolivar
Pedro Camejo died while trying to rally a division of this man's army commanded by Jose Antonio Paez. While in exile in Jamaica, this leader wrote a letter addressed to "an English gentleman" which explained his republican principles. This leader issued the "Decree of War to the Death" after beginning his(*) Admirable Campaign. With Antonio Jose de Sucre, this man won the Battle of Ayacucho. This president of Gran Columbia freed New Granada, Ecuador and Venezuela from Spanish rule. For 10 points, name this "Liberator" of South America.
Simón Bolívar
This man's final illness was documented by Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador of Henry III of Castile. At the battle of the Terek River, this ruler defeated his rival Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde. This man captured the Ottoman sultan(*) Bayezid the Thunderbolt at the Battle of Ankara. This ruler built a pyramid out of the skulls of his enemies after besieging Delhi, and he ruled from Samarkand. For 10 points, name this Central Asian ruler whose nickname referred to his injured foot.
Tamerlane
The Greenback Party candidate in this election built the first steamboat locomotive in the United States and was named Peter Cooper. In the leadup to this election, the Hamburg Massacre was committed by violent supporters of Wade Hampton's bid for governor of South Carolina. Federal troops were(*) withdrawn from three Southern states after an electoral commission awarded twenty disputed electoral votes to the Republican candidate in this election. A compromise struck in the aftermath of this election effectively ended Reconstruction. For 10 points, name this Presidential election where Samuel Tilden lost to Rutherford B. Hayes.
The Election of 1876
An AFL-CIO convention resolution called this law "highly disruptive" and leaders of the Teamsters Union sent letters arguing that it would "shatter our hard earned benefits" to Harry Reid and Nancy Pelosi. One legal challenge to this law ended when the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in King v. Burwell that its(*) federal subsidies clause is legal. For 10 points name this signature law that was erroneously claimed to include "Death Panels."
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
During this man's presidency, Benjamin Bristow uncovered a scandal that included this man's secretary, Orville Babcock, regarding failure to pay taxes on whiskey production and sales. This man, whose presidency was sullied by the (*) Whiskey Ring scandal, was also troubled by the Credit Mobilier scandal and the Panic of 1873. For 10 points, name this President, who had a more successful career as Commanding General of the U.S. Army during the Civil War.
Ulysses S. Grant
As US President, this man authorized the voyage of the Great White Fleet and brokered the Treaty of Portsmouth, ending the Russo-Japanese War. (*)) "Speak softly and carry a big stick" was a personal motto of this Bull Moose Party founder, who succeeded William McKinley. For ten points, name this president who is depicted on Mount Rushmore with Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln.
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
This ruler was supported and succeeded by the vizier Ay. This successor of Smenkhkare reverted many of the religious reforms made by his father, including the worship of Aten. After dying, possibly in a chariot accident, he was buried in (*) KV62, a tomb discovered in 1922 by a team led by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter. For 10 points, name this son of Akhenaten, a boy Pharaoh of Egypt.
Tutankhamun
A colorfully-named part of this organization circumnavigated the world in order to spread goodwill in the early 20th century. Theodore Roosevelt was the assistant secretary of this organization during war, a position he resigned to fight on the front lines. During the Spanish- American War a leader in this organization, (*) George Dewey won the battle of Manila Bay. For 10 points, name this organization which defends the coast and oversea holdings of a certain North American nation.
United States Navy
This government body resolved the Yazoo land scandal and determined in 1803 that, even though John Adams erred in not delivering a commission, the (*)) Judiciary Act in question was unconstitutional. This body was led for over thirty years by John Marshall, who helped decide the Marbury v. Madison case. For ten points, name this group of nine justices, the highest court in the United States.
United States Supreme Court
During this man's administration an act limiting child labor, the Keating-Owen Act, was passed. Another bill passed during this man's administration was the Clayton Antitrust Act which helped limit big business. This president's secretary of state resigned after the sinking of the (*) Lusitania. This man campaigned with the slogan he kept us out of the war and would later attempt to end that war with his 14 points. For 10 points, name this 28th President of the United States who was in office during World War I
Woodrow Wilson
This battle started after Harry Heth ("Heeth") sent Johnston Pettigrew to allegedly look for shoes. Daniel Sickles lost his leg while defending the Peach Orchard during this battle. During this battle, Joshua Chamberlain led a bayonet charge of the(*) 20th Maine that secured Little Round Top. On the third day of this battle, the Confederates launched a disastrous assault toward Cemetery Ridge that was known as "Pickett's Charge." For 10 points, name this July 1863 Civil War battle in Pennsylvania.
battle of gettysburg
Harold Brown promoted this object to display the danger of technology developed by Westinghouse and Tesla. William Kemmler was the first victim of this apparatus, which is often nicknamed "Old (*)) Sparky" but is now seldom used, having been replaced by a three-drug sequence. For ten points, name this object whose use in applying death sentences was phased out in the 20th century in favor of lethal injections?
electric chair
This policy was advocated for by an organization whose second president was Frances Willard. A riot in Portland, Maine resulted from the "Maine Law" enacting this policy that was advanced by James Appleton and Neal Dow. A nickname for Lucy Hayes reflects her support for this cause. One member of a (*) Woman's Christian Union for this policy was the hatchet-wielding Carrie A. Nation. The Volstead Act enacted this policy nationwide, which was enabled by the Eighteenth Amendment and repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment. For 10 points, name this policy in which the production and sale of alcohol was banned.
prohibition
Description acceptable. This 1997 event revoked a perpetual lease established by the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing. Like a similar event involving Portugal, this event was made possible by the development of "one country, two systems" theory, which blends socialist policies with capitalism in (*)) Special Administrative Regions. Tony Blair and Jiang Zemin oversaw, for ten points, what event in which the British handed over sovereignty of a very densely populated territory on the Pearl River to China?
transfer of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom (or Great Britain, England, etc.) to the (People's Republic of) China (accept anything that describes Hong Kong no longer being British and/or Hong Kong becoming Chinese)
The Silent Sentinels picketed the White House in support of this cause, which resulted in them being abused in jail during the "Night of Terror." A Diego Velazquez painting in London's National Gallery was slashed by a supporter of this cause. In 1869, the(*) Wyoming Territory became the first U.S. state to enact the goals of this cause. The first grievance in the Declaration of Sentiments decries the lack of this right, which Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton campaigned for. For 10 points, name this right, which was given to women in the United States by the 19th Amendment.
women's suffrage
