Quizlet Nutrition Exam 2

What is the effect of trans fat on HDL and LDL cholesterol? a. Increase HDL, increase LDL b. Decrease HDL, increase LDL c. Increase HDL, decrease LDL d. There is no effect.

b. Decrease HDL, increase LDL

What type of bond connects amino acids? a. Disulfide bond b. Peptide bond c. Covalent bond d. Amine bond

b. Peptide bond

The lipoprotein that carries triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols from the intestine via the lymphatic system is ________. a. a chylomicron b. LDL c. albumin d. a micelle

a. a chylomicron

Proteins change acid-base levels (thereby pH) by a. accepting or donating H+ atoms. b. digesting acid-forming compounds in the intestine. c. denaturing basic compounds in the stomach. d. accepting or donating carbon atoms.

a. accepting or donating H+ atoms

A two-carbon compound formed when pantothenic acid combines with acetate is called a. acetyl CoA. b. pyruvate. c. lactate. d. oxaloacetate.

a. acetyl CoA

Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the intestinal cells directly into the ________. a. bloodstream b. liver c. kidneys d. appendix

a. bloodstream

The hormone ________ stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder. a. cholecystokinin b. bicarbonate c. pancreatic lipase d. insulin

a. cholecystokinin

Stage 3 of alcoholic liver disease, in which liver cells die and are replaced by scar tissue, is called ________. a. cirrhosis b. hepatitis c. hyperlipidemia d. fatty liver

a. cirrhosis

The enzyme(s) that participate(s) in the final step of digesting polypeptides into amino acids is/are a. dipeptidases and tripeptidases. b. trypsin. c. cholecystokinin and trypsin. d. pepsin.

a. dipeptidases and tripeptidases

HDLs are increased by ________. a. exercise b. diets rich in saturated fatty acids c. weight gain d. smoking

a. exercise

Ethanol is made through a process called ________, by which yeast converts sugars in grains or fruits into ethanol and carbon dioxide. a. fermentation b. condensation c. hydroxylation d. gluconeogenesis

a. fermentation

The ketogenic amino acids include a. leucine and lysine. b. valine and asparagine. c. alanine and histidine. d. methionine and alanine

a. leucine and lysine

Glycolysis begins with one six-carbon glucose molecule and ends with two three-carbon molecules, known as ________. a. pyruvate b. oxaloacetate c. acetyl CoA d. glycerol

a. pyruvate

Lipids are digested in the ________. a. small intestine b. large intestine c. colon d. stomach

a. small intestine

The process of copying the DNA sequence from the gene to messenger RNA is called ________. a. transcription b. translation c. elongation d. denaturation

a. transcription

The three categories of lipids are ________. a. triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids b. short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain c. saturated, unsaturated, and triglycerides d. fat-soluble, water-soluble, and insoluble

a. triglycerides, sterols

The role of the VLDLs is to transport ________ and ________ away from the liver to the cells. a. triglycerides; cholesterol b. cholesterol; protein c. protein; triglycerides d. sterols; monoglycerides

a. triglycerides; cholesterol

Denaturation of proteins does NOT occur in the presence of ________. a. water b. bases c. acids d. mechanical agitation

a. water

Scientists report that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol, especially ________, appears to reduce the incidence of heart disease. a. wine b. beer c. vodka d. whiskey

a. wine

Pyruvate is reduced to ________ if oxygen is not readily available. a. acetyl CoA b. lactate c. ketones d. glucose

b. lactate

Protein differs from lipids and carbohydrates because it has a. carbon and hydrogen. b. nitrogen and sulfur. c. nitrogen and oxygen. d. oxygen and carbon.

b. nitrogen and sulfur

Sarah is 15 years old and just finished a growth spurt in which she grew 4 inches. Sarah was in ________. a. nitrogen equilibrium b. positive nitrogen balance c. negative nitrogen balance d. nitrogen stasis

b. positive nitrogen balance

Protein is synthesized in the ________. a. nucleus b. ribosome c. cytoplasm d. mitochondria

b. ribosome

Alcohol is transported across the stomach and intestinal cells by a. active transport. b. simple diffusion. c. passive diffusion. d. active diffusion.

b. simple diffusion

Amino acids are absorbed in the ________ and metabolized in the ________. a. stomach; small intestine b. small intestine; liver c. stomach; liver d. large intestine; kidney

b. small intestine

Protein can act as a catalyst, which means it will a. slow down chemical reactions. b. speed up chemical reactions. c. create enzymes. d. create nonprotein compounds

b. speed up chemical reactions.

Metabolism is defined as a. the chemical reactions that occur in the liver. b. the sum of all chemical reactions in the body's cells. c. the chemical reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen. d. the chemical reactions that take place in the cytosol of the cells.

b. the sum of all chemical reactions in the body's cells.

After the proteins are broken down and have entered the TCA cycle, the molecules undergo ________ before entering the electron transport chain. a. deamination b. transamination c. carboxylation d. hydroxylation

b. transamination

How many total amino acids are available for protein formation? a. 9 b. 11 c. 20 d. 25

c. 20

Which of the following is NOT defined as one "drink" of alcohol? a. 5 oz of wine b. 12 oz of beer c. 8 oz of wine d. 1.5 oz of liquor

c. 8 oz of wine

One gram of fat produces ________ kcals. a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 15

c. 9

The energy-yielding nutrients converge at which point in the metabolic pathway? a. Pyruvate b. Electron transport chain c. Acetyl CoA d. Krebs cycle

c. Acetyl CoA

_______ is the protein that assists with monitoring and regulating fluid balance in the body. a. Glutamine b. Pepsin c. Albumin d. Hemoglobin

c. Albumin

________ determines the function of each lipoprotein. a. Phospholipid placement b. Type of fat stored inside c. Density d. Size

c. Density

Which of the following is NOT produced during glycolysis? a. 2 molecules of ATP b. 2 hydrogen ions c. 2 water molecules d. 2 oxygen molecules

d. 2 oxygen molecules

Alcohol consumption contributes to the risk of developing cancers of the ________. a. mouth b. esophagus c. breast d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) will dipslay which of the following? a. Physical abnormalities b. Mental abnormalities c. Behavioral abnormalities d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which nutrient(s) below is/are converted into fat when intake exceeds basic energy needs? a. Carbohydrates b. Amino acids c. Fat d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is TRUE concerning binge drinking? a. The incidence of binge drinkers is hightest in individuals 21 to 35 years. b. Binge drinkers generally do not experience blackouts. c. Women are considered binge drinkers when they consume more than five drinks in about two hours. d. Binge drinking is associated with hyptertension, suicide, and child abuse.

d. Binge drinking is associated with hyptertension, suicide, and child abuse.

What happens to alcohol after it is metabolized? a. It is used as a source of energy. b. It is converted into fatty acids. c. It is converted into glucose. d. Both a. and b.

d. Both a. and b.

Sarah has elevated LDLs and low HDLs. What foods should she add to her diet to improve her HDL-to-LDL ratio? a. Foods rich in trans fats b. Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids c. Foods rich in plant sterols d. Both b. and c. are correct

d. Both b. and c. are correct.

Protein provides ________ kilocalories per gram. a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11

a. 4

Stacy is a 17-year-old female and weighs 120 pounds. How much protein should Stacy consume on a daily basis? a. 44 grams b. 55 grams c. 96 grams d. 102 grams

a. 44 grams

Which individual would have the fastest absorption rate of alcohol? a. A 20-year-old female b. A 20-year-old male c. A 60-year-old female d. An obese male in his late teens

a. A 20-year-old female

What enzyme is secreted by gastric cells that begins the oxidation of alcohol? a. Alcohol dehydrogenase b. Alcohol oxidase c. Alcohol lipase d. Alcohol protease

a. Alcohol dehydrogenase

After a meal is eaten, which metabolic reaction is preferred? a. Anabolic b. Catabolic c. Both are preferred d. None of the above

a. Anabolic

________ is the most abundant protein in the body. a. Collagen b. Glutamine c. Actin d. Hemoglobin

a. Collagen

Amino acids enter at different stages of the metabolic pathway to form energy. Which stage is NOT an entry point? a. Electron transport chain b. Pyruvate c. TCA cycle d. Acetyl CoA

a. Electron transport chain

Triglycerides are broken down into what two molecules? a. Fatty acids and glycerol b. VLDL and LDL c. Glycerol and VLDL d. Fatty acids and LDL

a. Fatty acids and glycerol

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Foods high in cholesterol but low in saturated fatty acids have a lower effect on LDL cholesterol than foods high in saturated fats. b. All cholesterol-containing foods raise the risk for heart disease. c. Substituting margarine (rich in trans fats) for butter can reduce risk for heart disease. d. Avocados and nuts increase risk for heart disease.

a. Foods high in cholesterol but low in saturated fatty acids have a lower effect on LDL cholesterol than foods high in saturated fats.

During the formation of atherosclerosis, what occurs immediately after the artery is injured? a. Immune cells are attracted to the site, prompting the inflammatory response. b. Immune cells convert LDLs into foam cells. c. Blood flows unobstructed. d. Plaques that had formed are dislodged and move throughout the blood stream.

a. Immune cells are attracted to the site, prompting the inflammatory response.

Which of the following amino acids are essential? a. Leucine, valine, histidine b. Glutamine, glycine, proline c. Cysteine, alanine, serine d. Tyrosine, aspartic acid, asparagine

a. Leucine, valine, histidine

________ break down triglycerides into a monoglyceride and two fatty acids. a. Lipases b. Amylases c. Emulsifiers d. Hormones

a. Lipases

Inborn errors of metabolism are genetic conditions in which an individual lacks an enzyme that controls a specific metabolic pathway, resulting in the buildup of toxins. Which of the following genetic disorders results in the inability to metabolize branched-chain amino acids? a. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) b. Phenylketonuria (PKU) c. Galactosemia d. Glycogen storage disease

a. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

Flavoproteins are protein complexes that move electrons down the electron transport chain; they contain which B vitamin? a. Riboflavin b. Thiamin c. Pantothenic acid d. Niacin

a. Riboflavin

Where is the most alcohol absorbed? a. Small intestine b. Large intestine c. Mouth d. Pancreas

a. Small intestine

Which of the following is a controllable risk factor for heart disease? a. Smoking and sedentary lifestyle b. Age and gender c. Family history of heart disease d. Type 1 diabetes

a. Smoking and sedentary lifestyle

Which of the following is NOT a reason people drink alcohol? a. To obtain essential nutrients b. As a social activity c. To relax or celebrate d. Because they are influenced by advertisements

a. To obtain essential nutrients

Alcoholism is the number-one cause of ________, a condition that includes mental confusion and uncontrolled muscle movement. It is caused by a thiamin deficiency. a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome b. cirrhosis c. alcoholic hepatitis d. fetal alcohol syndrome

a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Approximately what percentage of alcohol is absorbed by the stomach? a. 10 percent b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. None

b. 20 percent

The AMDR for total fat in the diet is ________ of total kcals. a. 10-35% b. 20-35% c. 40-65% d. < 20%

b. 20-35%

Once alcohol is metabolized, how many kcals does it produce? a. 4 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11

b. 7

Which statement is TRUE regarding the effect of food on alcohol absorption? a. Fat speeds up absorption. b. Carbohydrates slow down absorption. c. Food has no significant effect on alcohol absorption. d. Alcohol is only absorbed on an empty stomach.

b. Carbohydrates slow down absorption.

Which part of the brain is first affected by drinking excessive amounts of alcohol? a. Hippocampus b. Cerebral cortex c. Brain stem d. Cerebellum

b. Cerebral cortex

What hormones trigger lipolysis? a. Insulin and glucagon b. Glucagon and epinephrine c. Epinephrine and norepinephrine d. Norepinephrine and insulin

b. Glucagon and epinephrine

A child who presents with extreme protein and kcal deficiency and shows overall wasting but no edema has what form of malnutrition? a. Kwashiorkor b. Marasmus c. Marasmic Kwashiorkor d. Alkalosis

b. Marasmus

Which statement about saturated fatty acids is TRUE? a. Saturated fats have two or more double bonds. b. Saturated fats have no double bonds. c. Saturated fats are liquid at room temperature. d. Saturated fats have a low melting point.

b. Saturated fats have no double bonds.

Which of the following foods is rich in saturated fatty acids? a. Nuts b. Steak c. Canola oil d. Flaxseed

b. Steak

What are the final by-products of the electron transport chain? a. Water and oxygen b. Water and ATP c. ATP and H ions d. OH ions and water

b. Water and ATP

Sickle-cell anemia occurs due to a. an incomplete transcription of the DNA sequence to the mRNA. b. a displacement of glutamine with valine. c. an incomplete polypeptide formation during elongation. d. a diet inadequate in essential amino acids.

b. a displacement of glutamine with valine.

Specialized proteins that eliminate harmful invaders are called ________. a. hormones b. antibodies c. enzymes d. globulins

b. antibodies

Elevated LDLs in the blood increase risk for ________. a. diabetes b. cardiovascular disease c. weight gain d. high blood pressur

b. cardiovascular disease

In order for protein to be converted into glucose it must first be ________ to release the carbon skeleton to undergo gluconeogenesis. a. decarboxylated b. deaminated c. hydrolyzed d. transaminated

b. deaminated

The phase of protein synthesis where amino acids are added to the existing polypeptide chain is called ________. a. translation b. elongation c. transcription d. lengthening

b. elongation

In the presence of adequate oxygen, pyruvate formed from glycolysis will a. form lactate. b. enter the TCA cycle. c. enter the electron transport chain. d. form glucose

b. enter the TCA cycle

Alcohol is also known as a. propanol. b. ethanol. c. methanol.

b. ethanol.

Consuming an alcoholic drink before going to bed will help a person sleep better. a. True b. False

b. false

Excessive alcohol consumption leads to nutrient deficiencies. One of the most notable deficiencies is a. sodium. b. folate. c. vitamin D. d. selenium.

b. folate.

When carbohydrate intake is very low, the body uses amino acids to make glucose via the process of ________. a. glycogenolysis b. gluconeogenesis c. proteinolysis d. glycolysis

b. gluconeogenesis

C-reactive protein (CRP) produces the ________ response and helps predict ________ onset. a. inflammation; stroke b. inflammation; heart attack c. anticoagulant; stroke d. anticoagulant; heart attack

b. inflammation; heart attack

Fatty acids are considered ________ and glycerol is considered ________. a. glucogenic; ketoogenic b. ketogenic; glucogenic c. anaerobic; aerobic d. aerobic; anaerobic

b. ketogenic; glucogenic

Which of the following is NOT one of the four classic symptoms of alcoholism? a. Craving alcohol b. Elevated tolerance to alcohol c. Drinking four or more drinks in a short period of time d. The inability to control alcohol intake

c. Drinking four or more drinks in a short period of time

Which of the following illustrates the correct order of energy metabolism? a. Acetyl CoA ⟶Glycolysis ⟶TCA cycle ⟶Electron transport chain b. Electron transport chain ⟶Acetyl CoA ⟶ Glycolysis ⟶TCA cycle c. Glycolysis ⟶Acetyl CoA ⟶TCA cycle ⟶ Electron transport chain d. Acetyl CoA ⟶Glycolysis ⟶Electron transport chain ⟶TCA cycle

c. Glycolysis ⟶Acetyl CoA ⟶TCA cycle ⟶ Electron transport chain

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body? a. Insulation b. Provide a source of energy c. Increase intestinal motility d. Transport fat-soluble vitamins

c. Increase intestinal motility

What organ metabolizes the majority of alcohol? a. Pancreas b. Gallbladder c. Liver d. Stomach

c. Liver

Which of the following examples are rich in omega-3 fatty acids? a. Carrots, squash, green beans b. Almonds, wheat germ, avocado c. Salmon, walnuts, flaxseed d. Eggs, chicken wings, liver

c. Salmon, walnuts

Omega-3 fatty acids ________. a. have the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the omega end b. are also known as linoleic acid c. are essential fatty acids d. are solid at room temperature

c. are essential fatty acids

Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to buildup of debris along the artery walls is known as ________. a. a heart attack b. a stroke c. atherosclerosis d. toxic shock

c. atherosclerosis

The pathway that converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA is ________. a. glycolysis b. ketogenesis c. beta-oxidation d. glycogenolysis

c. beta-oxidation

Glucose is metabolized under anaerobic conditions in the ________ of the cell. a. mitochondria b. ribosome c. cytosol d. liver

c. cytosol

Complete proteins are found in ________. a. grains and meat b. soy products and vegetables c. dairy, meat, and fish d. grains, fruits, and vegetables

c. dairy, meat, and fish

The evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation is known as a. fermentation. b. hydroxylation. c. distillation.

c. distillation.

The hormone ________ stimulates the release of stored energy. a. insulin b. ghrelin c. glucagon d. secretin

c. glucagon

The hormone that breaks down stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol is a. lipoprotein lipase. b. pancreatic lipase. c. hormone-sensitive lipase. d. glycerol-sensitive lipase.

c. hormone-sensitive lipase.

The primary role of HDL is to pick up cholesterol from the body cells and return it to the _______ to be used to make bile. a. kidney b. heart c. liver d. pancreas

c. liver

The stomach enzyme that begins the digestion of dietary protein is ________. a. pepsinogen b. bicarbonate c. pepsin d. amylase

c. pepsin

The molecule, hemoglobin, is an example of a protein with a ________ structure. a. secondary b. primary c. quaternary d. tertiary

c. quaternary

What is the best advice to relieve the symptoms of a hangover? a. Give the individual more alcohol. b. Give the individual caffeine. c. Take the individual on a walk. d. Have the individual stop drinking, drink water, and wait until the symptoms pass

d. Have the individual stop drinking, drink water, and wait until the symptoms pass

When an individual has consumed too much alcohol, at what point does a hangover begin? a. As soon as the person takes the first drink b. 12 hours after the last drink c. 24 hours after the last drink d. Within hours after the last drink

d. Within hours after the last drink

Foods rich in polyunsaturated fats are protected from oxidation by ________. a. adding antioxidants b. reducing exposure to oxygen c. hydrogenation d. all of the above

d. all of the above

During prolonged fasting or starvation, the body's fuel needs are met by a. the breakdown of glycogen. b. ketone bodies. c. amino acids from the breakdown of muscle tissue. d. b. and c.

d. b. and c.

The process of removing the amine group from amino acids to form ammonia is called ________. a. transamination b. translation c. elongation d. deamination

d. deamination

The period from the time food is eaten to 4 hours after it is eaten is known as a. the postabsorptive state. b. fasting. c. starvation. d. the absorptive state.

d. the absorptive state.

What populations are at risk of decreased protein intake? a. Adolescent males b. Elderly people c. Vegetarians d. Adolescent males and elderly people e. Elderly people and vegetarians

e. Elderly people and vegetarians