Quizzes 5,6,7,8,9
Ch 9. 7.-Going into a group meeting at work, you are concerned that you will end up conforming to the rest of the group on decisions, even when you disagree. Which of the following factors could influence whether you conform? feeling uncertain about the topic at hand recognizing that other group members have more status than you do having to share your opinion with group members All of the answer options are correct. None of the answer options are correct.
All of the answer options are correct.
Ch.5 2.- Rhonda tells you that she hates her new apartment. If you wanted to use the covariation principle to understand why she told you this, which question would you ask to assess the consistency covariation dimension? Do her roommates also hate the apartment? Did Rhonda like her previous apartment? Would Rhonda prefer to own her own home rather than rent? Does Rhonda always report hating her apartment, or is she just saying so today?
Does Rhonda always report hating her apartment, or is she just saying so today?
Ch.8 4.-Who is most likely to be influenced by peripheral cues when processing a televised message from an anti-littering campaign? Sam, who is passionate about environmental issues Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate Linda, whose best friend works for the anti-littering campaign Josh, who is paying careful attention to the message
Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate
Ch.6 2.-Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT correct? Emotions are associated with physiological changes. Emotions last for hours or even days. Emotions are reactions to specific people or events. Emotions often help individuals achieve goals.
Emotions last for hours or even days.
Ch.7 2.-Jamal loves strawberry ice cream, whereas Maria does not feel strongly about strawberry ice cream. Which of them would have longer response latencies (i.e., would respond more slowly) to a question about his or her attitude toward strawberry ice cream? Jamal would have a longer response latency than Maria. Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal. They would each have a similar response latency, because everyone likes ice cream. It would be impossible to measure the response latency for an attitude such as this.
Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal.
Ch 9. 14.-In the original Milgram experiment (1965), the experimenter asked participants to shock someone else whenever that person made a mistake on a learning task. The results of this experiment revealed that: Participants learned better when they were punished. Participants did not experience distress when other people were in pain. Nearly all participants called the experimenter's attention to the learner's suffering, and many participants stated explicitly that they refused to continue. Most participants were unwilling to advance science if it meant hurting someone else.
Nearly all participants called the experimenter's attention to the learner's suffering, and many participants stated explicitly that they refused to continue.
Ch 9. 19.-Danner and colleagues (2001) analyzed personal narratives written by a sample of nuns at the time when they entered the convent around age 20. The researchers then evaluated how the nuns were doing many years later. What was a key finding of this study? Living in a convent made nuns happier over time. Living in a convent made nuns less happy over time. Nuns who reported more happiness in their personal narratives at age 20 lived longer lives. Nuns who reported more sympathy for others in their personal narratives at age 20 were more likely to be depressed in their later lives. Nuns who reported more fear in their personal narratives at age 20 were more likely to leave the church altogether.
Nuns who reported more happiness in their personal narratives at age 20 lived longer lives.
Ch 9. 15.-What percent of the participants in Milgram's original experiment delivered the maximum level of shock of 450 volts? Approximately .02% 22% 42% 62% 82% 102%
62%
Ch.7 6.-Research by Wilson and colleagues (1984) asked students about their current romantic relationships. Participants in Group 1 were asked for an overall evaluation of their relationships, whereas participants in Group 2 were also asked to explain why they felt the way they did. Nearly nine months later, the researchers contacted the participants again and asked them about the current status of their relationships. Which of the following statements most accurately captures the study's results? The attitudes of Group 1 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 2 participants. The attitudes of Group 2 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 1 participants. The attitudes of Group 1 participants were much more positive than those of Group 2 participants. The attitudes of Group 2 participants were much more positive than those of Group 1 participants. Group 2 participants were more likely to have broken up by the end of the study than were participants in Group 1.
The attitudes of Group 1 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 2 participants.
Ch.8 7.-Why do advertisers often hire attractive people to endorse their products? They have more experience persuading people in their daily lives. They are less susceptible to others' attempts to persuade them. They are seen as less credible than unattractive people. They can increase the persuasiveness of a message through the peripheral route because we are more likely to like and trust them.
They can increase the persuasiveness of a message through the peripheral route because we are more likely to like and trust them.
Ch.7 1.-Which of the following components of an attitude consists of the degree to which the person likes or dislikes the attitude object? affective behavioral cognitive all of the above none of the above
affective
Ch.7 9.-In a classic experiment, Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) gave participants either $1 or $20 for telling others that an experiment was fun and interesting. In actuality, the experiment was tedious and boring, requiring participants to turn pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time for most of an hour. Consistent with dissonance theory, this study found that: neither $1 nor $20 could induce participants to tell other people that the experiment was interesting. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $20 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment. participants in the $1 condition were less likely to follow the experimenter's instructions. losses loom larger than gains
after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment.
Ch.5 9.-According to the textbook, which of the following are potential causes of the fundamental attribution error? people more readily capture our attention than aspects of the environment. it is more effortful to make a situational attribution. dispositional inferences contribute to our belief in a just world. all of the above none of the above
all of the above
Ch.6 7.-Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions? the evolutionary approach, but not the cultural approach the cultural approach, but not the evolutionary approach neither the cultural nor the evolutionary approach both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches
both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches
Ch 9. 6.-Janet has a minority opinion about dorm curfew and is afraid she will feel pressured to conform to the majority opinion at an upcoming dorm meeting. To resist conformity pressure, Janet should express strong negative emotions during the meeting. bring an ally to the meeting. bring cookies to the meeting. adopt an interdependent mind-set right before the meeting.
bring an ally to the meeting.
Ch 9. 11.-A social norm that reflects how things are typically done is considered ____________________, whereas a social norm that reflects what behaviors are approved is considered ____________________. descriptive; prescriptive prescriptive; descriptive normative; informational informational; normative
descriptive; prescriptive
Ch.5 7.-The ________ holds that people have a tendency to believe that another person's behavior is due to his or her disposition rather than the situation in which that person finds him- or herself. fundamental attribution error self-serving bias covariation principle observer fallacy Galileo's mistake
fundamental attribution error
Ch 9. 13.-According to the negative state relief hypothesis, positive moods increase compliance. negative moods decrease compliance. granting someone's request decreases negative mood states (i.e., makes them feel less bad). granting someone's request increases negative mood states (i.e., makes them feel worse).
granting someone's request decreases negative mood states (i.e., makes them feel less bad).
Ch.8 6.-Imagine that you have to convince an audience to adopt your opinion on health care reform, but the specific arguments that your team has selected for your presentation are weak. According to research on attitude change, what should you do to increase your chances of being persuasive despite your weak arguments? make eye contact with as many audience members as possible state your arguments with confidence make sure that people are paying close attention to what you are saying emphasize how health care reform is highly relevant to everyone in the audience
state your arguments with confidence
Ch 9. 2.-Normative social influence often has a greater impact on _______________________ than on_______________________. public compliance; private acceptance private acceptance; public compliance private acceptance; internalization internalization; private acceptance
public compliance; private acceptance
Ch 9. 10.- According to the social comparison interpretation of group polarization, when exposed to other group members' attitudes, people's attitudes tend to become more extreme in the _____________________________ because they want to _____________________________. opposite direction of the group's attitudes; play devil's advocate opposite direction of the group's attitudes; distinguish themselves from others same direction the group is already leaning; distinguish themselves from others same direction the group is already leaning; play devil's advocate
same direction the group is already leaning; distinguish themselves from others
Ch.8 3.-Nancy is gathering information about different cars in order to decide which car she wants to buy. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, Nancy will be more likely to process this information through the central route if she is in a good mood while researching information about cars. she does not know much about cars. she does not care about cars. she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information.
she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information.
Ch.6 1.- Emotions are different from moods in that emotions are more diffuse than moods. shorter in duration than moods. less functional than moods. less specific than moods.
shorter in duration than moods.
Ch.5 8.-The actor-observer difference in causal attribution refers to the tendency for people to make _______________ attributions for their own behavior, while making _______________ attributions for others' behavior. deductive; inductive distinctive; common global; specific situational; dispositional dispositional; situational
situational; dispositional
Ch.5 1.-Which of the following priciples of attribution theory predict that our confidence that a particular cause is responsible for a given outcome is reduced if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it? the covariation principle the principle of refutation the discounting principle the augmentation principle the principle of emotional amplification
the discounting principle
Ch.6 8.-Research by Jessica Tracy and colleagues examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted versus blind. Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of this research? Athletes who were blind did not show the nonverbal expressions of pride. Athletes at the Olympic level did not display prideful nonverbal expressions. Blind athletes from the United States displayed nonverbal expressions of pride, but blind athletes from other countries did not. Both sighted and blind athletes displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning, consistent with the idea that expressions of pride have an evolutionary basis
Both sighted and blind athletes displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning, consistent with the idea that expressions of pride have an evolutionary basis
Ch.5 6.-Which of the following statements about attribution is INACCURATE? The more an individual's reaction is specific to one occasion, the harder it is to make a definite attribution to either the person or the situation. All other things being equal, the more an individual's reaction is shared by others, the less it says about the individual and the more it says about the situation. The more someone's reaction is confined to a particular situation, the less this reaction says about that individual and the more it says about the specific situation. If an individual's reaction occurs just once, it is easier to determine whether the behavior should be attributed to the situation or to the person.
If an individual's reaction occurs just once, it is easier to determine whether the behavior should be attributed to the situation or to the person.
Ch.7 3.-According to the textbook, what measurement tools should be used when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report? Likert scales Implicit measures Questionnaires Surveys Interviews
Implicit measures
Ch.6 10.-Why was it so important for Paul Ekman and his colleagues to conduct research on the universality of facial expressions of emotion with the Fore tribe, an isolated society in the hills of Papua New Guinea? It helped rule out the alternative explanation that people's facial expressions of emotion are based in genes. It was necessary in order to know that cultural specificity in the ways emotions are experienced and expressed occurs even in isolated societies. It helped rule out the alternative explanation that people learned facial expressions of emotion through exposure to Western culture. It allowed them to show that blind individuals in different cultures are able to generate and understand the same facial expressions of emotion.
It helped rule out the alternative explanation that people learned facial expressions of emotion through exposure to Western culture.
Ch.8 5.-An advertising executive, wants to use subliminal advertising to encourage people to buy his product. What effect will the use of subliminal advertising likely have on product sales? Sales will double. Sales will not be affected. Sales will drop by a third. Sales will triple.
Sales will not be affected.
Ch.8 2.-In a test of the Elaboration Likelihood Model, Petty and colleagues (1981) asked students to read either eight weak arguments or eight strong arguments in support of implementing a comprehensive exam at their university. Some students were told that the exam would be initiated the following year, and others were told it would be initiated in ten years, well after their graduation. Finally, the researchers varied the expertise of the source of the arguments; that is, participants were told the arguments were generated either by a local high school class or by a prestigious "Commission on Higher Education." The researchers measured students' attitudes toward the exam. What was the main result of this study? When students believed the exam would be implemented in ten years, the expertise of the source influenced their attitudes but the quality of the arguments did not. When students believed the exam would be implemented the following year, the expertise of the source influenced their attitudes but the quality of the arguments did not. When students believed the exam would be implemented in ten years, the quality of the arguments influenced their attitudes but the expertise of the source did not. When students believed the exam would be implemented the following year, both the expertise of the source and the quality of the arguments influenced their attitudes equally.
When students believed the exam would be implemented in ten years, the expertise of the source influenced their attitudes but the quality of the arguments did not.
Ch 9. 1.-The main difference between compliance and obedience is that obedience occurs in response to a more powerful person or group. a request. a personal belief. imagined pressure from others. Andre the Giant.
a more powerful person or group.
Ch.7 8.-Which of the following studies is most consistent with Festinger's (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance? a study showing that voters express more support for their candidate right before voting than they do right after voting a study showing that people value academic achievement more strongly after reading education-related words than after reading sports-related words a study showing that people express more confidence in a bet right after making it than they do right before making it a study showing that introspection leads to less attitude-behavior consistency than does an absence of introspection all of the above are equally consistent with dissonance theory
a study showing that people express more confidence in a bet right after making it than they do right before making it
Ch.6 4.-Research by Ekman (1992) on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. frustration, aggression, disgust, happiness, and joy. anger, fear, sadness, love, and joy. disgust, fear, happiness, frustration, sadness, and love.
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
Ch 9. 17.-The foot-in-the-door studies and the Milgram studies are similar in that they both asked people to comply with a small, relatively unobjectionable action at first. needed to use authority figures to induce compliance. involved a reduction in stress. asked people to comply with large, objectionable actions right off the bat. all of the above
asked people to comply with a small, relatively unobjectionable action at first.
Ch.7 7.-Attitudes do a good job predicting behavior when there is a big discrepancy between the affective and cognitive components of the attitude. attitudes are measured with Likert scales. attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity. introspecting about an attitude that is hard to pin down.
attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity.
Ch.5 5.-Lissett and Janet both responded to a newspaper ad for "friendly and outgoing" sales associates. While interviewing with the store manager, Lissett comes across as extraverted while Janet comes across as shy. After the interviews, the manager thinks about the two applicants. According to the _______________ principle, the manager should feel more confident that _____________ behavior is a clear reflection of her true self. augmentation; Lissett's augmentation; Janet's covariation; Janet's covariation; Lissett's
augmentation; Janet's
Ch.8 1.-According to the textbook, which route to persuasion is most likely to lead to long-lasting attitude change? peripheral surface direct central subliminal
central
Ch.5 3.- Jamal watches how his new boyfriend reacts to a performer at a comedy club. Is he easily amused or is the comedian really that funny? If Jamal compares his boyfriend's response to the comedian to the responses from other people in the audience, he is focusing on ________ information. consistency distinctiveness consensus counterfactual augmenting
consensus
Ch.5 4.-Gloria looks back on her marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies counterfactual thinking. the actor-observer effect. the self-serving attributional bias. the fundamental attribution error.
counterfactual thinking.
Ch.6 6.-Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion argues that emotions are strongly influenced by values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices? physiological approach evolutionary approach universality approach cultural approach
cultural approach
Ch.6 9.-Darwin's principle of serviceable habits suggests that facial expressions of emotion arose randomly as a result of genetic mutations. reliably solve challenges in contemporary society. derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors. are present only in humans because only humans experience emotions.
derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors.
Ch.6 5.-Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion argues that emotions mobilize adaptive responses to survival threats? physiological approach evolutionary approach interdependent approach cultural approach
evolutionary approach
Ch 9. 9.-Which of the following statements captures the persuasive arguments account of why group polarization occurs? Discussing an issue in a group gives each person a chance to state his or her opinion out loud, which increases his or her commitment to that opinion. exposes group members to arguments that contradict their original positions, creating cognitive dissonance exposes group members to even more arguments in favor of the position that the average group member was already inclined to take. increases group members' motivation to reach a consensus.
exposes group members to even more arguments in favor of the position that the average group member was already inclined to take.
Ch 9. 8.-According to research on group polarization, people who make decisions in groups tend to make decisions that are more _______________ than people who make decisions on their own. extreme divided conservative risky accurate
extreme
Ch.7 10.-In reconciling cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories, researchers find that dissonance reduction processes tend to occur when behavior is at odds with ________________________, while self-perception processes are more likely to occur when behavior is inconsistent with ________________________. vague attitudes that are less important; important and clearly held attitudes important and clearly held attitudes; vague attitudes that are less important the emotional component of our attitudes; the cognitive component of our attitudes the cognitive component of our attitudes; the emotional component of our attitudes
important and clearly held attitudes; vague attitudes that are less important
Ch.8 10.-People's attention tends to be drawn to simple arguments. complex arguments. information that supports their original attitudes. information that refutes their original attitudes.
information that supports their original attitudes.
Ch 9. 3.-People who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through normative social influence. informational social influence. public compliance. guilt and shame.
informational social influence.
Ch.6 3.-In contrast to recent scientific findings, philosophers and other thinkers have historically seen emotions as functional and effective. the product of natural selection. irrational and destructive. a way to coordinate social behavior.
irrational and destructive.
Ch.8 8.-According to Shanto Iyengar's concept of agenda control, the media directly influence people's moment-by-moment behavior. media shape what people think about, care about, and believe to be true. government controls people's purchasing patterns. government manipulates people's social beliefs. all of the above
media shape what people think about, care about, and believe to be true.
Ch.7 4.-According to what you learned in this chapter, _______________ attitudes tend to be stronger than _______________ attitudes. new; old old; new negative; positive positive; negative
negative; positive
Ch 9. 5.-Recall that Sherif (1936) showed participants a point of light in a completely darkened room and asked them to judge the light's movement. The results from this study suggest that people rarely experience conflict when their own judgments differ from those of other people. adopt more extreme judgments with the passage of time. often change their own judgments in accordance with others' judgments. often ignore others' judgments, even when these judgments are obviously accurate.
often change their own judgments in accordance with others' judgments.
Ch 9. 18.-Research on affective forecasting (from Chapter 6, on emotions and happiness) suggests that people tend to overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events. underestimate the emotional impact of negative life events. be accurate at predicting the emotional impact of negative life events. be overly optimistic about their abilities to cope with negative life events.
overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
Ch.5 10.-The view that personality is malleable and that abilities can be changed by environmental factors is most characteristic of people who live in the United States. all people, regardless of culture. people from interdependent cultures. people from independent cultures.
people from interdependent cultures.
Ch 9. 12.-After successfully requesting that his neighbor loan him his jumper cables to start his car, Jeremy then persuades his neighbor to drive him the ten miles to where his car is stalled. This kind of "foot-in-the-door" technique usually works because people feel obligated to reciprocate a favor. want to be liked. perform certain actions because they are consistent with their self-images. engage in mindless obedience.
perform certain actions because they are consistent with their self-images.
Ch.7 5.-In the 1930s, a time when anti-Asian sentiments were common, LaPiere (1934) toured the United States with a young Chinese couple. Together they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes. LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly) these people actually treated the Chinese couple. The text used this study to introduce which important point? the effect of attitudes on behavior is weaker than people think. the effect of norms on attitudes is stronger than people think. the effect of attitudes on behavior is stronger than people think. the effect of norms on attitudes is weaker than people think.
the effect of attitudes on behavior is weaker than people think.
Ch 9. 20.-William and Theodore want to take their children on a backpacking trip. Research suggests that if they want to increase the probability that their children will look back on the trip and think it was great fun, William and Theodore should try to make sure that the trip is as long as possible. peak moments during the trip are emotional. the entire trip is consistently fun. the end of the trip is extremely fun.
the end of the trip is extremely fun.
Ch 9. 4.-Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that people mimic such behaviors as face rubbing and foot shaking, and that this mimicry is particularly likely to occur when the person or people being mimicked are well liked. the person doing the mimicking has a high need to affiliate with others. people have lower levels of self-awareness. the person or people being mimicked are well liked and the person doing the mimicking has a high need to affiliate with others.
the person or people being mimicked are well liked and the person doing the mimicking has a high need to affiliate with others.
Ch 9. 16.-Hideous crimes against humanity include the Holocaust in Nazi Germany, the "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia, and the tribal massacres in Rwanda. According to the textbook, there are two different ways of explaining such crimes. One of these explanations, the normalist thesis, holds that only highly sadistic, desperate, or ethnocentric people harm others. under certain circumstances, almost anyone has the capacity to harm others. evolutionary pressures favored traits that involved a greater willingness to harm others. the media (television, movies, video games) have made violence commonplace.
under certain circumstances, almost anyone has the capacity to harm others.
Ch.8 9.-Research on the hostile media phenomenon has shown that the media are biased against politicians. politicians are more likely than other people to perceive the media as biased against them. we all tend to believe that the media are biased against our particular causes. we remember negative news stories better than positive news stories.
we all tend to believe that the media are biased against our particular causes.
