Quizzes for exam #1

Click on the image below that best represents a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution.

(Far right; deflated red blood cell)

Match these definitions of cancer terms.

A malignant, spreading tumor: -Cancer Swellings that involve neoplastic tissue: -Tumor Abnormal rapid cellular proliferation and tissue growth: -Neoplasm The study of tumors and the problems they cause: -Oncology Not inclined to spread and not likely to become worse: -Benign neoplasm Able to spread and become worse: -Malignant neoplasm The process by which cancer spreads to distant sites: -Metastasis

Indicate whether each statement is true or false:

A solution consists of one or more substances, called solvents, dissolved in a liquid or gas, which is called the solute. -False Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of higher solvent concentration to an area of lower solvent concentration. -False Diffusion is a property resulting from the constant, random motion of all atoms, molecules, or ions in a solution. -True At equilibrium, the net movement of solutes stops, although random molecular motion continues, and the movement of solutes in any one direction is balanced by equal movement in the opposite direction. -True

Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?

A toilet tank refills itself after a flush.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false.

The pH scale is a measure of oxygen concentration in a solution. -False The pH scale indicates the concentration of H+ in a solution. -True The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. -True Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. -True Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are acidic. -False Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic (alkaline). True

Indicate whether each example and description would cause a reaction to take in energy or release it.

The reactants have more potential energy than the products. -Release Energy The products have more potential energy than the reactants. -Take in Energy ATP reacts with H20 to produce a product with less potential energy. -Release energy ADP reacts with Pi, resulting in a product with more potential energy. -Take in energy

Use the words to fill-in the sentences describing anatomical position.

The reference position for anatomical description is known as _______________. -anatomical position. An individual would be ____________________ with the arms ____________________. -Standing upright. -At the sides The palms should be facing _________ with the fingers pointing ________. -Forward. -Down The feet should be _______________________ and flat on the floor. -Parallel to each other The eyes should be directed ___________. -Forward

Match the description with the appropriate cellular event.

What will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a 5% salt solution? -Crenation What will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is placed in a .05% salt solution? -Swelling/lysis What will happen to a cell with an inner solute concentration of 1% when it is place in a 1% salt solution? -Neither

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding ionic bonds.

When an atom gains or loses electrons, an ion is formed. True Cations and anions share electrons to form an ionic bond. False Cations and anions connect to each other because of the force of attraction between opposite charges. True When an atom loses an electron, it becomes a cation. True When an atom loses an electron, it becomes an anion. False

The term "dorsal" means

toward the back of the body.

Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the __________ plane.

transverse

Match the organ system with its components.

-Integumentary system: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands -Skeletal system: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints -Muscular system: Muscles, tendons -Lymphatic system: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes -Respiratory system: Lungs and respiratory passages -Digestive system Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines -Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors -Endocrine system: Glands that secrete hormones -Cardiovascular system: Heart, blood vessels, blood -Urinary system: Kidneys, urinary bladder -Female reproductive system: Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands -Male reproductive system: Testes, associated ducts, penis

Match the characteristic of life with its description.

-Organization: The interrelationship among parts of an organism that interact to perform a function -Metabolism: All of the chemical reactions that are taking place within an organism -Responsiveness: The ability to sense changes and adjust to those changes -Growth: Increase in the overall number of cells -Development: Changes an organism undergoes through time -Reproduction: Formation of new cells or new organisms

Match the plane of the body with its description:

-Sagittal plane: Runs vertically; separates the body into right and left portions -Transverse plane: Runs parallel to the ground; divides the body into inferior and superior portions -Frontal plane: Runs vertically; divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Match the parts of the body with the associated region:

-Thoracic region: Chest -Abdominal region: Region between the chest and hips -Pelvic region: Pelvis

Match the serous membrane with its location and function.

-Visceral serous membranes: Surround an organ; provide a smooth surface -Parietal serous membranes: Outer serous membrane layer; lines walls of cavities -Pleural cavity: Between the visceral and parietal pleura; contains fluid -Parietal peritoneum: Lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity -Visceral pericardium: Covers the outside of the heart -Visceral pleura: Surrounds the lungs

The primary determinant for skin color is the _______________, not the ________________________.

1. Amount of melanin. 2. number of melanocytes

Label the quadrants of the abdomen.

1. Right Upper quadrant. 2. Left Upper Quadrant 3. Right Lower Quadrant. 4. Left Lower Quadrant

True or False: Each statement is either a function of the plasma membrane or a part of its general structure.

1. The outermost component of a cell is the plasma membrane.True 2. The substances outside of the plasma membrane are intracellular.False 3. The plasma membrane encloses and supports the cell contents.True 4. The plasma membrane determines what moves into and out of cells.True 5. The plasma membrane can be used to attach cells to other cells.True 6. The intracellular contents of the cell are similar to the extracellular contents.False

Organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex. (1) Cell (2) Tissue (3) Chemical (4) Organ system (5) Organ

3, 1, 2, 5, 4

An accident victim has burns covering his entire right upper limb. What is the approximate percentage of body surface area that has been affected?

9%

Which of the following is the correct definition of the term "electrolyte"?

A chemical that dissociates in water, producing a solution that can conduct electricity

Put the following events of tissue repair in the correct order.

A clot forms. Answer: 2 A scab appears, and epithelium grows into the wound. Answer: 3 Scab is sloughed off, and granulation tissue is replaced by new connective tissue. Answer: 5 Fibroblasts have formed granulation tissue. Answer: 4 A fresh wound cuts through the epithelium and underlying connective tissue. Answer: 1

Which of the following contains closely packed cells, forms a protective cushion around organs, insulates the body, and stores energy?

Adipose connective tissue

Match the description with the appropriate membrane protein.

Allow cells to identify other cells or other molecules. -Marker molecules Anchor cells to other cells or extracellular molecules. -Attachment proteins Form passageways through the plasma membrane. -Channel proteins Move ions or molecules across the membrane. -Carrier proteins Move specific molecules across the membrane; require ATP. -ATP-powered pumps Binding sites for chemical signals in the extracellular fluid. -Receptor proteins Catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside cells. -Enzymes

Match the function or location to the correct connective tissue.

Allows the growth of long bones: Hyaline cartilage Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis: Fibrocartilage External ear, epiglottis, and auditory tubes: Elastic cartilage Outer portion of all bones: Compact bone Inside skull bones, vertebrae, and sternum: Spongy bone Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances: Blood Produces new blood cells and stores lipids: Bone marrow Capable of strength with stretching and recoil in several directions: Dense irregular elastic connective tissue Tensile strength capable of withstanding stretch in all directions: Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue Vocal folds and ligaments between vertebrae: Dense regular elastic connective tissue Tendons and ligaments: Dense regular collagenous connective tissue Provides superstructure for lymphatic tissues: Reticular tissue Energy storage: Adipose tissue Epithelial basement membrane sits on this: Areolar connective tissue Precursor to adult connective tissues: Mesenchyme Umbilical cord of the newborn: Mucous connective tissue

Place each of the labels into the proper category in order to indicate whether they relate to anatomy or physiology.

Anatomy -The bronchi and alveoli are part of the lower respiratory tract -Several layers of squamous cells comprise the epidermis of the skin -The wall of the uterus has 3 layers -The brainstem is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla -The internal carotid artery carries blood to the brain -Tendons are the structures that attach muscles to bone Physiology -Insulin and glucagon help maintain normal blood sugar levels -Kidney's secrete H+ ions to raise a persons pH During exercise, an increase in sympathetic activity increases cardiac output

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding subcutaneous tissue.

Approximately half of the body's stored lipids are in the subcutaneous tissue. True Subcutaneous tissue is between the dermis and the epidermis. False Subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue. True Subcutaneous tissue consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. True

Match the structure, location, or function with the appropriate type of muscle tissue.

Attached to bone: -Skeletal muscle Uninucleate striated branched cells: -Cardiac muscle Uninucleate cells have tapered ends: -Smooth muscle Moves food through digestive tract: -Smooth muscle Moves the body: -Skeletal muscle Hollow organs and blood vessels: -Smooth muscle Long multinucleated fibers: -Skeletal muscle Pumps blood: -Cardiac muscle

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

Cells maintain a charge difference across their plasma membranes. This charge difference is used in processes such as signaling by the nervous system, and for stimulating coordinated contraction in muscle cells. Select which of the following statements is correct about the plasma membrane.

Both "The region just outside of the plasma membrane contains a greater number of positively charged ions and molecule than found in the corresponding region inside the membrane" and "The extracellular fluid contains more positively charged ions than the intracellular fluid" are correct.

Match the levels of studying physiology with the descriptions.

Cell physiology: Examines the processes occurring in cells Systemic physiology: Studies the functions of organ systems Neurophysiology: Focuses on the nervous system Cardiovascular physiology: Focuses on the heart and blood vessels

Check all that occur at the cellular level as a result of aging.

Cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. The process of cell division becomes faulty, resulting in a greater risk for cancer.

Answer the following True / False tissue questions.

Cells of a similar structure working together are called tissues.True Removal of tissue samples is known as a biopsy.True The study of tissue samples is known as histology. True Organ anatomy and physiology are often altered due to the effects of trauma or diseases of tissues.True Tissues contain only one type of cell.False The fluid inside cells of tissues is called extracellular fluid.False The study of surgically removed samples is known as biopsy. False Organ anatomy and physiology are often altered due to the effects of development and growth of tissues.True Histologists identify and classify biopsy samples according to the structure of the cells, the composition of the extracellular matrix, and the functions of the cells.True

Match the following levels of organization with examples from each.

Chemical level -Collagen molecules create ropelike fibers. Cell level - Molecules combine to form the ribosomes. Tissue level - Multiple muscle cells combine in function to form the bicep brachii. Organ level - Different tissue types function together to create the large intestine. Organ system level - The upper and lower respiratory organs function together to create the respiratory system. Organismal level - The multiple organelles of a bacterium work together to create an organism.

Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation.

Chemical mediators of inflammation are released or activated in injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels. Answer: 2 White blood cells leave the dilated blood vessels and move to the site of bacterial infection. Answer: 5 White blood cells begin to phagocytize bacteria and other debris. Answer: 6 Chemical mediators cause capillaries to dilate and the skin to become red. Answer: 3 Tissue damage occurs and bacteria are introduced. Answer: 1 Fluid leaves the capillaries, producing swelling. Answer: 4

Which molecule determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane?

Cholesterol

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding covalent bonds.

Covalent bonds are formed when two or more atoms share protons. False A non-polar covalent bond means that electrons are shared equally between two atoms. True A polar covalent bond means that one nucleus is attracting the electrons more than the other. True A double covalent bond is the result of two atoms sharing two electrons. False A single covalent bond means that two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons. True

Put the organs into the correct category based on the cavity they are located within.

Cranial Cavity: Brain Vertebral Cavity: Spinal Cord Thoracic cavity: Heart, Lungs Abdominal Cavity: Liver, Small intestine, spleen Pelvic cavity: Urinary bladder, pelvis

Match the disciplines of anatomy with the descriptions.

Developmental anatomy - Study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood Embryology - Studies changes from conception to the eighth week of development Cytology - Examines the structural features of cells Histology - Examines tissues, which are composed of cells, and the materials that surround them Gross anatomy - The study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

Which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposites?

Distal and proximal

Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.

Epidermis

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence.

Epithelial tissue, or ____________, covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body. -Epithelium Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of cells, with very little ____________________ between them. -Extracellular matrix Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms _____ that are derived developmentally from body surfaces. -Glands The body surfaces include the _________ surface and the lining of digestive and respiratory tracts and many body cavities. -Exterior Most epithelial tissues have one free, or _______, surface not attached to other cells. -Apical The basal surface of most epithelial tissues is attached to a ____________ membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells. -Basement Epithelial cells retain the ability to undergo _______ and therefore are able to replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells. -Mitosis

Reduction is the removal of hydrogen (electrons) from a molecule or atom.

False

Blood sugar refers to what molecule circulating in blood?

Glucose

In the reversible reaction, CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-, a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?

H+ will increase.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false.

If the edges of a wound are close together, the wound heals by a process called secondary union.False In primary union, the wound fills with blood, and a clot forms that contains fibrin that binds the edges of the wound together.True A clot that is replaced with a granular appearing connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries is a scab.False Pus is an accumulation of neutrophils that die in the process of phagocytosis and fluid.True

Complete the sentence with the proper term

In order to completely understand the human body, both its anatomy and ____________ must be studied together. -Physiology This is because structure and function are _________ to one another. -Related The examination of the processes of life that occur within a cell would be an example of ___________ physiology. -Cell The science of ____________ physiology examines the function of entire organ systems. -Systemic Therefore, the study of the anatomy and function of cells in the nervous system would be an example of ________ physiology. -Neuro

Which of the following statements regarding homeostasis is false?

In order to maintain homeostasis, a person's body temperature must remain precisely at its set point.

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence.

In the first step of negative feedback, the _________ monitors the value of a variable. -Receptor Information about the variable is sent to the _______ __________, which compares the value of the variable to the set point. -Control Center If a response is necessary, a/an __________ responds, causing an action that maintains homeostasis. -Effector Homeostasis involves maintaining body functions near a/an ________ ________, which is the ideal normal value for that component. -Set Point

Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?

Increase in the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells causes an increase in immune responsiveness.

Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.

Increased melanin synthesis

Which of the following is not a characteristic of age-related changes at the tissue level?

Injuries heal rapidly and more completely.

Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.

When a person trains for running long distances, which of the following organelles is likely to increase in number to help provide increased amounts of energy available to skeletal muscle?

Mitochondria

Knowledge of the structure of body parts helps us to understand their function. Which of the following is an accurate example of that principle?

Moveable joints allow us to bend our fingers to perform many different actions.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding oxygen and carbon dioxide.

O2 is an organic molecule. -False Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an organic molecule. -False Once carbon dioxide is produced, it is eliminated through the lungs as part of respiration. -True Oxygen is essential for almost all living organisms. -True

Match the epithelial tissue with the appropriate description.

One layer of flat, or scalelike cells that rest on a basement membrane: -Simple squamous Many layers of cells where the cells near the basement membrane are cube shaped, but at the free surface are flat: -Stratified squamous One layer of cells that are as wide as they are tall that rest on a basement membrane: -Simple cuboidal Many layers of cells where most cells are as wide as they are tall: -Stratified cuboidal Special type of simple epithelium where it appears to be stratified but is not: -Pseudostratified columnar One layer of cells that are taller than they are wide where almost all cells touch the basement membrane and extend to the free surface: -Simple columnar

A muscle cell contains a single nucleus and does not contain any striations. Which of the following is a location where that cell will be found?

Part of the stomach wall

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

Peptide bonds

Which of the following is not a germ layer of the embryo?

Periderm

A bullet enters the left lung and collapses it. Which cavity has been entered?

Pleural

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?

Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

Determine which connective tissue type each image below represents. Then click and drag the labels matching them with the correct tissue type.

Put into google and look at images. It will be there

Differentiate between types of heat loss that might occur to maintain body temperature. 1. Body heat is used to convert water in sweat to gaseous water. 2. Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another. 3. Heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings. 4. Heat is carried away by movement of air over a surface.

Radiation. Answer: 3 Conduction. Answer: 2 Convection. Answer: 4 Evaporation. Answer: 1

Place the proper term to correctly complete the sentences.

Sectioning an organ along its long axis creates a _____________ section. -Longitudinal An organ cut at right angles to its longitudinal axis has been cut by a ____________ section. -Transverse Organs are cut along the __________ section when cut at angles other than right angles to their long axis. -Oblique

__________ membranes protect the internal organs from friction and hold them in place.

Serous

The small intestine is designed to absorb most of our nutrients and secrete enzymes. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple columnar epithelium

The kidney tubules are key to the secretion and absorption of materials that make up the filtrate and ultimately urine. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

The blood capillaries and glomerular capsule are both made of an epithelial tissue specifically suited for diffusion and filtration. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple squamous epithelium

The most distal end of the large intestine is the anal canal. This final passageway is not absorptive and must resist the abrasive nature of feces. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Stratified squamous epithelium

The mouth and esophagus comes in contact with often rough and abrasive substances. It is for mechanical and some chemical digestion but not necessarily absorption. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Match each term with its corresponding description.

Synthesis: A new product is chemically created from two or more reactants. Decomposition: A larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more products. Reversible: The reaction can proceed from product to reactants or reactants to product. Equilibrium: The amount of products relative to the amount of reactants remains constant.

When you dive into a cold swimming pool, explain what happens in order to maintain homeostasis.

The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false.

The epidermis and dermis have touch receptors. True The hair shaft is well innervated with nerve receptors. False The base of the hair follicle can detect hair movement. True The dermis and deeper tissues contain pain, heat, cold, touch, and pressure receptors. True

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

Match the body parts to the associated directional term.

The head is ______ to the thorax. -superior The wrist is ______ to the elbow. -distal The scapula is _______ to the breastbone. -posterior The nose is ________ to the eyes. -medial

Indicate which statement is not an accurate representation of the relationship between structure and function.

The spine of the scapula is a bony ridge on the posterior scapular surface.

Indicate the statements that correctly describe partial thickness burns.

They are subdivided into first- and second-degree burns. They may involve only the epidermis.

Indicate the statements that apply to the arrector pili.

They consist of smooth muscle cells. They are associated with hair follicles. They extend from the dermal root sheath to the papillary layer of the dermis.

A chef is burned on the arm when a kettle of spaghetti sauce explodes. The doctor, using a forceps, pulls on a hair within the area that is burned. The hair easily pulls out. What degree of burn did the patient have?

Third-degree burn

_____________ RNA has the function of bringing amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Transfer

The urethra and bladder are designed to accommodate fluctuations in volume of liquid in organs and tubes. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Transitional epithelium

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system.

Vitamin D production. True Protection. True Provide structural support to underlying bones. False Excretion. True Temperature regulation. True Metabolize keratin. False Sensation. True

Match the description with either a dehydration reaction or a hydrolysis reaction.

Water is used to split a compound into two parts: Hydrolysis Water is a product in this reaction: Dehydration Synthesis reaction: Dehydration Decomposition reaction: Hydrolysis

Some drugs for treating acne include peroxides that increases 'peeling' or shedding of skin. This drug's side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching, and possible loss of hair in areas in contact. Considering this information, do peroxides have an effect on the sebum production?

Yes, the effect is on the dermis, and the sebaceous glands are located there.

Renzo, the dancer in the photo, is perfectly balanced, yet a slight movement in any direction would cause him to adjust his position. The human body adjusts its balance among all its parts through a process called homeostasis. Let's imagine that Renzo is suffering from a blood sugar disorder. Earlier, just before this photo was taken, he'd eaten an energy bar. As an energy bar is digested, blood sugar rises. Normally, tiny collections of cells embedded in the pancreas respond to the rise in blood sugar by secreting the chemical insulin. Insulin increases the movement of sugar from the blood into his cells. However, Renzo did not feel satisfied from his energy bar. He felt dizzy and was still hungry, all symptoms he worried could be due to a family history of diabetes. Fortunately, the on-site trainer tested his blood sugar and noted that it was much higher than normal. After a visit to his regular physician, Renzo was outfitted with an insulin pump, and his blood sugar levels are more consistent. After reading about homeostasis in this chapter, fill in the blanks below regarding Renzo's blood sugar levels before and after his visit to the doctor.

a) The disruption to Renzo's homeostasis was caused by his blood sugar which remained ______________ following a meal. -Too High b) Typically, blood sugar levels return to normal after eating due to the activity of insulin which is created by cells in the __________ . -Pancreas c) However, Renzo's body produced insufficient insulin which result in a(n) _____________ uptake of sugar from his blood. -Decreased d) Since Renzo's family history contains incidents of diabetes, it is reasonable to assume he suffers from this condition as well. -True

The process by which there is programmed cellular death is __________.

apoptosis

The process of controlled cell death is referred to as __________.

apoptosis

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease.

Chemicals that prevent large changes in pH values when either acids or bases are added are called __________.

buffers

The four most abundant elements in the human body are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

The division of the cytoplasm is called __________.

cytokinesis

As a ball rolls down a steep hill, its potential energy is _________, while its kinetic energy is __________.

decreasing; increasing

If the hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of a protein's secondary structure are broken, it is called __________.

denaturation.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the __________.

diaphragm

On coming inside from the cold, a child notices that her cheeks are red. This results from

dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, ______ is/are transferred between molecules.

electrons

Hydrogen bonds are important for all of the following, except

helping atoms give up or receive electrons.

Facilitated diffusion occurs

in either direction, depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule.

Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in _______ heat loss from the skin.

increased; decreased

Membrane proteins that penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer and can possibly extend from one surface to the other are called __________ proteins, whereas other proteins that are attached to either the inner or the outer surface of the lipid bilayer are called __________ proteins.

integral; peripheral

Any chemical signal molecule used by cells to communicate with each other, is called a(n)

ligand.

Embryonic connective tissue is called __________ and forms in the embryo during the third and fourth weeks of development. By 8 weeks, it has become specialized and the major source of remaining embryonic connective tissue in the newborn is in the umbilical cord, where it is called __________ connective tissue.

mesenchyme; mucous

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate

muscles and glands in the dermis.

The building blocks of nucleic acids are ___________, which consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

nucleotides

Specialized, functional structures found within cells are called ______. There are a number of these in each cell, and they are generally visible under the electron microscope.

organelles

In the anatomical position, the

palms of the hands face anteriorly.

White blood cells engulf foreign particles by means of __________.

phagocytosis

A blood clot stimulating even more blood clotting is an example of __________.

positive feedback

Enzymes are __________.

proteins

Translation is the synthesis of __________.

proteins from mRNA

Jessica grabbed a hot marshmallow from a camp fire, and her fingers were painful and blistered. Based on her symptoms, she acquired a ________ burn.

second-degree

The __________ endoplasmic reticulum manufactures lipids and carbohydrates whereas the __________ endoplasmic reticulum supports the synthesis of proteins that will eventually be sent to the Golgi apparatus.

smooth; rough

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

If a chemotherapy drug inhibits mitosis, the cells from ________ will be most directly affected.

stratum basale

The membrane potential is due to

the difference in numbers of electric charges between the intracellular and extracellular sides of the plasma membrane.

Homeostasis is defined as

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

Mitosis forms

two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the mother cell.