Quran and Hadith

al-Bukahri

(b 194, d 256) his father was a scholar of hadith, had photographic memory. Spent six years in Hijaz learning Hadith from the scholars there. Wrote many books on topics in the Hadith. 22 books are attributed to him. Some published, and some lost or still in manuscripts. 2602 Hadiths were selected from 600,000. He selected the most authentic. Spent 16 years working on his book, Al-Jami' al Musnad al Sahih al Mukhtasar

Muslim al- Nisapuri

(b 210 d 261) traveled to many centers of learning, had many teachers and many students. Muslim studied Al Bukhari, and then made his own compilation. Wrote many book on different topics of the Hadith. Sahih Muslim mentions several authorities reporting the same subjects and the same Hadith. Method was less strict than bukhari, but the book is better organized. 3033 hadith

Birth of Prophet Muhammad

571

Prophetic Experience

610

Hijrah

622

Death

632

Caliphate of Abu Bakr

632-634

Caliphate of Umar

634-644

Caliphate of Uthman

644-656

Caliphate of 'Ali

656-661

Death of al-Bukhari

870

Death of Muslim al-Nisapuri

875

Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr: Caliph in 632, and after two years died. He instructed Zaid Bin Thabit (who was Muhammad's secretary) to put together the Quran in one volume. Umar (second caliph) kept it as the official copy

Jibreel

Angel Gabriel

How did the Qur'an come into being?

Angel Gabriel came down, and revealed the Qur'an's teachings to muhammad over a spread of time between Mecca and Medina

Banu Hashim

Banu Hashim is one of the clans of the Quraysh tribe, of the Adnani confederation. It derives its name from Hashim, the great-grandfather of Muhammad, and along with the Banu Abd Shams, Banu Al-Muttalib, and Banu Nawfal clans comprises the Banu Abd al-Manaf section of the Quraysh.

Surah

Chapter or unit. 114 in all. name is not subject of surah- more for identification purposes. 85 Makkan (short so 1/3), 29 Madinia (Long so 2/3). the whole Qur'an is not categorized by subject. Different subjects come in the same subject

Khadijah

First wife of Prophet Muhammad- first person to ever convert to Islam

What is the difference between Isnad and Matn of Hadith

Isnad: chain of reporters, Matn: text of the prophet

What are the Muslim Beliefs about the Qur'an

It is the words of God- cannot be altered or changed, but it can be interpreted in different ways (hence the different sects). The ultimate tool for Muslims, and holy book.

Difference between Makki and Madani Surahs

Makki: Revealed in Mecca, and Madani: revealed in Medina

Madinah

Medina is crucially significant to the history of Islam, as it was Muhammad's destination after his Hijrah from Mecca. Medina was the power base of Islam in its first century, where the early Muslim community developed, first under Muhammad's leadership, and then under the four Rashidun caliphs

What is Hadith Criticism? When and how was it developed and what role did it play in the authentication of Hadith?

Naqad- criticism. Abu bakr was the pioneer in criticism. The spread of Islam was occurring, as well as the spread of the hadith and the sunna which made it possible to have mistakes, which led to criticism. The criticism began during the life of the Prophet. Judging the narrators, and judging the authenticity of the hadith- all narrators must be checked for their reliability.

How the Surahs of the Qur'an were arranged?

Not chronological but it was done by the prophet. Various opnions concerning the order: according to length of the surah, rhymes, themes (seven groups of surahs each begins with one or more makkan surahs and ends with one or more madinian surahs)

Makkan Surrah

Sarah's from the Qur'an that were revealed in Mecca

What is the difference between Hadith and Sunnah?

Sunnah: literally a way, a habit, a tradition. Techinically, they are statements, deeds, and approvals of the prophet Muhammad. Three types of sunnah: statements, deeds, approvals. Hadith: literally a speech, report, account, narrative, news. Technically it is the report or record of the words, deeds and approvals of prophet Muhammad. Hadith: the narrative of the Sunnah

Madinian Surah

Surah's from the Qur'an that were revealed in Medina

Tanzil

Tanzil and Inzal, or "to send down", refers to the act of descent of the pre-existing Qur'an through different Realms. The process by which Divine message come to the heart of Muhammad is tanzil or nuzul (to come down). As the Qur'an says, "With the truth we(God) have sent it down and with the truth it has come down."

What is Tafsir and what are the proper methods of Tafsir?

Tarsier means interpretation. The Prophet did not make a systematic interpretation of every surah or verse of the quran, but he used explain the quran: implementing commands, explaining verses that were not clear, specifying connotations, restricting the meanings of words (such as cutting the hand of the thief), generalizing certain meanings (shortening praters in battle, all journey), adding extra commands, informing that the verse was abrogated. History of interpretation: four caliphs & more- they witnessed the revelation, and those who knew the context. Types: legal rulings, scientific, linguistic, mystical, modern

Uthmani Version

The Qur'an from the Caliphate of Uthman, the final version, and the most true version. He collected all Qur'ans, and burnt them. And gave out the copy with no mistakes or errors. Everyone today has an Uthmani copy.

Hijrah

The hajj from Medina to Mecca- the pilrgimage that

Unconnected Letters (Huruf Muqatta'at)

The letters without meaning that are at the tops of some of the Surahs.

Ka'bah

The most sacred place in the world for Muslims today

Hadith Nabawi

The regular Hadith or what is generally known as a Hadith Nabawi is a Hadith where one of the Companions reports the Prophet's statements, his deeds, or things that happened in his presence and he approved of them (said and approved of)

Sirah

The story of Prophet Muhammad's life

How do Muslims view the translations of the Qur'an?

They do not view it as the true Qur'an. The true Qur'an was in God's words- arabic.

What is the role of Hadith in Islamic life?

This is what the prophet himself said and did in his lifetime. It is the role model for Muslims today.

Umar

Umar , caliph 634-644. The Islamic state expanded- Yemen, Egypt, Iraq, Syria, etc. New people came into Islam. Some were arabs and some were not.

Uthman

Uthman caliph 644-656. Some people reported that in remote areas, there has been conflict on the words of the quran. Zaid was asked to make more copies with many scribes. He then sent these copies to all the different provinces. This was the FINAL and standard copy. Asked to collect the other copies from the people, to be sent to Medina. They were then burnt. Mus'haf Uthman. 3 of those copies survived. 1 is in Istanbul, 1 is in tashkant, and 1 is in London.

Makkah

Where the prophet was born and lived for the first 52 years of his life. The Quran was first revealed here.

What is the difference between Prophetic Hadith and Sacred Hadith (Qudsi)?

While the common factor between Hadith Qudsi and the Qur'an is that both contain words from Allah that have been revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, the following points are the main points of difference between them: In the Qur'an the precise wording is from Allah while the wording in the Hadith Qudsi is given by Prophet Muhammad.The Qur'an has been brought to Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) only by the angel Gabriel, while the meaning of the Hadith Qudsi may have been inspired to him directly from Almighty Allah. The Qur'an is inimitable and unique unlike the Hadith Qudsi which may ne authenticated or not. The Qur'an has been passed down by numerous persons, (tawatur), but the Hadith and Hadith Qudsi often by a few or even one individual.

Mushaf

book in a volume, will not be found in the Quran (different names for the quran)

Kitab

book or scripture

Badr

fought on Saturday, 13 March 624 CE in the Hejaz region of western Arabia, was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. Most contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, recorded in written form some time after the battle.

Tafsir

interpretation- to explain and expound to interpret. Need for interpretation: sometimes one word is used for multiple meanings, one subject may be explained in multiple ways, various readings, quran does not always mention the occasions of revelation, abrogated verses, general and particular phrases, and the quran is in the most eloquent Arabic so the knowledge of Arabic is necessary. History of interpretation: four caliphs & more- they witnessed the revelation, and those who knew the context (analytical, synoptic, allegorical, legal execs) (thematic, intertextual)_

Hira

is a cave about 3 kilometres (2 mi) from Mecca, on the mountain named Jabal al-Nour in the Hejaz region of present day Saudi Arabia. It is notable for being the location where Muslims believe Muhammad received his first revelations from God

Jahiliyah

is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance'' or "the state of ignorance of the guidance from God'' or "Days of Ignorance'' referring to the condition in which Arabs found themselves in pre-Islamic Arabia, ie prior to the revelation of the Quran to Muhammad.

Sahih

is one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major ahadith) of the hadith in Sunni Islam. It is the second most authentic hadith collection after Sahih al-Bukhari, and is highly acclaimed by Sunni Muslims as well as Zaidi Shia Muslims. It was collected by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, also known as Imam Muslim. Sahih translates as authentic or correct

Wahy

is the Arabic word for revelation. In Islamic belief, revelations are God's Word delivered by His chosen individuals - known as Messengers prophets - to the mankind. In Islam, the Quran is considered a wahi given to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The word awha occurs in a number of shades of meaning in the Quran, each of them indicating the main underlying idea of directing or guiding someone

Sunnah

literally a way, a habit, a tradition. Techinically, they are statements, deeds, and approvals of the prophet Muhammad. Three types of sunnah: statements, deeds, approvals.

Zaid bin Thabit

personal scribe of Muhammad

Quraish

powerful merchant tribe that controlled Mecca and its Ka'aba and that according to tradition descended from Ishmael.

Iqra'

read, first words spoken by the angel gabriel

Bid'ah

refers to any innovations in religious matters. Linguistically the term means "innovation, novelty, heretical doctrine, heresy

Isnad

reporters, chain

Ayah

signs (literal meaning) or verses, 6236

Hifz

someone who has memorized the Quran

Matn

text, what the prophet said

Hadith Qudsi

the sayings of the prophet in which he directly refers to allah as, "allah says..". Is a statement where Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) reports a statement and he refers it directly to Allah. There are more than one hundred Ahadith Qudsiyah. They are very beautiful and deal mostly with spiritual and ethical subjects. (prophets interpretation of gods word)

Tarjamah

translation

How was the Qur'an compiled during the life of Prophet Muhammad, and how was it later preserved by the later generations of Muslims?

verbal reports were common among his companions {Sahabi: companion, anyone who met the prophet in his lifetime, like disciples. 2nd generations, called Tabi'i: those who follow the sahabi, or saw them.} The prophet did not allow his companions to write anything but the quran to not mix human with divine words then as time went on, after they had memorized the quran, they were allowed to write down his thoughts, words, and actions. the need for hadith: most of the time decisions were made on the basis of the quran, and what the prophet said or did. 2nd Century: Umar compiled hadith with zuhri to make a large collection, as well as asked others to create hadith. first systematic collection of hadith (by subject): malik ibn anas in 179/795: the trodden path, al-muwatta. Way of life

Hudaibiyah

was an important event that took place during the formation of Islam. It was a pivotal treaty between Muhammad, representing the state of Medina, and the Quraish tribe of Mecca in March 628 (corresponding to Dhu al-Qi'dah, 6 AH). It helped to decrease tension between the two cities, affirmed a 10-year peace, and authorized Muhammad's followers to return the following year in a peaceful pilgrimage, The First Pilgrimage.

Battle of Yamamya

was fought in December 632 as part as the Ridda Wars ("Apostate Wars") on the plain of Aqraba in the region of Al-Yamama (in present-day Saudi Arabia) between the forces of Muslim Caliph Abu Bakr and Musaylimah, a self-proclaimed prophet.