Race and Ethnic Relations: Final Exam
Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and settlement.
Transnationals
Absolute deprivation refers to the experience of living in circumstances below an identified standard of minimum subsistence. True/False?
True
Refugees are people who live outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution. True/False?
True
A stereotype of a Latina who uses devious and cunning stratagems to get what she wants.
Vamp
Differences in hourly earnings (wages) among racial groups.
Wage gap
A person who appears to be white yet identifies with a non-white group.
White person of color
Rights or immunities granted as a particular benefit or favor for being White.
White privilege
The advantages inherent in being categorized as white.
White privilege
The process by which a person and his or her offspring become whiter as a result of social status and.or intermarriage.
Whitening
Mixed status refers to families: a)who travel back and forth between their country of origin and the U.S., maintaining citizenship in both nations. b)in which one or more members are citizens and one or more members are not. c)with members of different races. d)where some are employed and others are receiving welfare benefits. e)with step-siblings
B) In which one or more members are not.
Citizenship on a person after birth is called: a)birthright citizenship. b)naturalization. d)refugee status. e)green card.
B) Naturalization
The barrier that blocs the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership.
Glass ceiling
The male advantages experienced in occupations dominated by women.
Glass escalator
Criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic or national origin group, or sexual orientation group.
Hate crime
Educational attainment, skills, and job experience.
Human capital
Raced, gendered and classed depictions in the media that shape people's ideas of what African Americans are and are not are called: a)color-blind racism. b)controlling images. c)enlightened racism. d)prejudice. e)mammy and jezebel.
B) Controlling images.
The Holocaust is an example of: a)migration. b)genocide c)assimilation. d)annexation. e)segregation.
B) Genocide
Reverse discrimination refers to when minorities discriminate against members of majority groups. True/False?
False
Within systems of patriarchy women have more power than men. True/False?
False
An ideology in which race is not explicitly acknowledged, but individual prejudices, acts of racial discrimination, and structures of inequality work to benefit whites.
Color-blind ideology
A racial ideology that explains contemporary racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics, such as market dynamics, naturally occurring phenomena, and non-whites' supposed culture limitations.
Color-blind racism
Use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo.
Color-blind racism
The idea that we should ignore skin color.
Color-blind universalism
The idea that, within races, lighter is better.
Colorism
Representations of Latinos as drug dealers, gangbangers and petty criminals, which serve to lend support to the disproportionate imprisonment of Latinos, illustrate the concept of: a)colorism. b)controlling images. c)skin color stratification. d)hypodescent. e)patriarchy.
B) Controlling images.
According to Feagin, stereotyping and prejudice are indications of simple individual pathology, and not part of an expansive racial framing rooted in the everyday defense of white power and privilege. True/False?
False
According to the contact hypothesis, prejudice can be reduced by encouraging interaction between any individuals of different racial or ethnic group membership. True/False?
False
Feagin suggests that the end of slavery brought an end to the large-scale oppression of African Americans. True/False?
False
Institutional discrimination is illegal. True/False?
False
The ratio of a person's mental age (as computed by an IQ test) to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100.
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
A simultaneous look at race and gender oppression.
Intersectionality
Diverse racial or ethnic groups or both, forming the same time, such as the status of Jewish immigrants in the United States.
Melting pot
An idea, image, video, or phrase that spreads in a culture.
Meme
A society in which blacks, Asians, and Latinos have different social statuses according to their skin color.
Pigmentocracy
A sociological approach that assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups.
Conflict perspective
An interactionist perspective stating that intergroup contact between people of equal status in noncompetitive circumstances will reduce prejudice.
Contact hypothesis
Raced, gendered, and classed depictions in the media that shape people's ideas of what African Americans are and are not.
Controlling images
The third Bonilla-Silva's "frames of color-blind racism, relying on culturally based explanations such as the idea that blacks live in poor neighborhoods because they don't work hard enough to get out of the ghetto.
Cultural Racism (Bonilla-Silva)
Noneconomic forces such as family background and past investments in education that are reflected in knowledge about the arts and language.
Cultural capital
A way of thinking that attributes racial groups' lack of prosperity to their behavior and culture, rather than to structural factors.
Cultural racism
An adherent of nativism is most likely to: a)support the right of Native Americans. b)welcome the realization of refugee and immigration restrictions. c)advocate for restrictive refugee and immigration policies. d)advocate for restrictive refugee and immigration policies. e)b and c
D) Advocate for restrictive refugee and immigration policies.
Racial inequalities exist at which of the following stages of the criminal justice process? a)stops b)arrests and charges c)sentencing and release d)all of the above e)none of the above. The American criminal justice system is color-blind.
D) All of the above
The advocacy and practice of using race-neutral principle sin hiring admissions or their policies: a)perpetuates the racially unequal status quo. b)promotes the avoidance of discussions of thee significance of race in society. c)is referred to as color-blind racism d)all of the above e)promotes racial equality in society.
D) All of the above
A demanding mother who pushes her children to high levels of achievement following practices common in China and other parts of Asia.
Tiger mother
The forced displacement of Cherokee of Georgia, the Apalachiocal of Florida, the Peoria of Illinois, the Shawnee of Ohio, and a host of other tribes.
Trail of tears
A general term that describes any transfer of population.
Migration
The fourth "frame" of color-blind racism, suggesting that discrimination is no longer a central factor for affecting life chances for people of color.
Minimization of racism
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group.
Minority group
Families in which one or more members are citizens and one or more noncitizens.
Mixed status
A group that, despite past prejudice and discrimination, succeeds economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontations with Whites.
Model minority
The progeny of blacks and whites; a class of mixed-race people who are darker than whites but lighter than blacks.
Mulatto
A person whose parents identify with different racial groups.
Multiracial
Beliefs and polices favoring native-born citizens over immigrants.
Nativism
Conferring of citizenship on a person after birth.
Naturalism
The process whereby people become citizens of the country they live.
Naturalization
The second "frame " of color-blind racism, which permits people to explain racial phenomena as if they were natural.
Naturalization
Legislation granting citizenship to "free white persons" born in the United States.
Naturalization law of 1790
The ideology that open markets, liberalized trade, and privatization are the keys to economic success.
Neoliberalism
An ideology in which it is not acceptable to make overtly racist statements, yet racial inequality persists.
New racism
Current reflections of racial formations from prior historical periods.
New racism
Chain immigration refers to the pattern of immigrants sponsoring subsequent immigrants who then, upon arrival sponsor subsequent immigrants. True/False?
True
Color-blind racism allows one to appear to be tolerant while advocating policies that promote the persistence of racial and ethnic inequality. True/False?
True
Racial profiling is based on stereotypes. True/False?
True
Racist stereotypes, images, emotions and interpretations - all part of the dominant white racial frame - are central to the operation of systemic racism in contemporary United States. True/False?
True
The practice of treating people differently on the basis of their race.
Discrimination
Taking school seriously and accepting the authority of teachers and administrators.
Acting White
Positive efforts to recruit subordination group ember, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
Affirmative Action
People living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution.
Refugees
The conscious experience of negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.
Relative deprivation
The monies that immigrants return to their countries of origin.
Remittances
The physical separation of racial and ethnic groups reappearing after a period of relative integration.
Resegregation
Actions that cause better-qualified White men to be passed over for women and minority men.
Reverse discrimination
Way of expressing ideas to justify racial prejudices and discriminatory actions.
Rhetorical strategy
One of the main characters on the television show 'Amos 'n' Andy'; the caricature of an angry black woman.
Sapphire
A person or group blamed irrationally for another person's or group's problems or difficulties.
Scapegoating theory
The outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society.
Segmented assimilated
A policy of racial separation ensuring whites have access to the best opportunities and facilities.
Segregation
The physical separation of two groups, often imposed on a subordination group by the dominant group.
Segregation
The tendency to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes, a predisposition that can lead to validate false definitions.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other.
Sexism
A mechanism of labor market discrimination in which job applicants of different races receive different responses despite similar levels of experience.
Shifting standards
People who fear anything associated with China.
Sinophobes
The hypothesis that many African Americans live in areas where there as been a reduction in work for low-skilled workers.
Skills mismatch hypothesis
The privilege of being considered more beautiful as a result of having lighter skin.
Skin-color privilege
A system in which resources such as income and status are distributed unequally according to skin color.
Skin-color stratification
Laws enacted in the 1660s that clearly spelled out the differences between African slaves and European indentured servants.
Slave codes
Collective benefits of durable social networks and their patterns of reciprocal trust.
Social capital
The idea or way of viewing people based not on biological differences but on social perceptions.
Social construction
Tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group.
Social distance
Sociological explanation for how racial inequality is created and reproduced.
Sociological theory of racism
The systemic study of social behavior and human groups.
Sociology
Differences in annual earnings among racial groups.
Earnings gap
Coming into a new country as a permanent resident.
Immigration
A group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences.
Racial group
A social construction to describe a group of people who share physical and cultural traits as well as a common ancestry.
Race
Discrimination, hostility, or prejudice against Jews.
Anti-Semitism
Also known as jus soli, the concept that citizenship is determined by where one is born, not by the nationality, race, or citizenship of one's parents.
Birthright citizenship
People who are black, as well as other groups that receive similar treatment as black people, such as Hmong or dark-skinned Puerto Ricans.
Collective black
A foreign power's maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people for an extended period.
Colonialism
This act imposed even more mandatory minimum sentences. Most significantly, it set a five-year mandatory minimum sentence for offenses involving 100 grams of heroin, 500 grams of cocaine, or 5 grams of crack cocaine.
Anti-drug abuse act of 1986
This act included a five year mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack cocaine, with no evidence of intent to sell.
Anti-drug abuse act of 1988
Anti-Jewish prejudice or discrimination.
Anti-semitism
The policy of the South African government intended to maintain separation of Blacks, Coloureds, and Asians from the dominant Whites.
Apartheid
The practice of acquiring political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Colonialism
Legislation that created reservations for Native Americans and provided funs for tribes to relocate to these communal lands.
1851 Indian Appropriations Act
Legislation that forced Native Americans to give up their communal lands.
1887 Dawes Act
This act established mandatory minimum sentences and eliminated federal parole.
1984 crime control act
Which of the following are policies most likely supported by advocates of pluralism? a)bilingualism and chain migration. b)nativism and occupational segregation. c)birthright citizenship and nativism. d)naturalization and occupational segregation. e)restrictive immigration and limited national quotas.
A) Bilingualism and chain migration.
The idea within races, lighter complexion is better, is called: a)colorism. b)controlling images. c)skin color stratification. d)hypodescent. e)patriarchy.
A) Colorism
The minimum level of subsistence below which families or individuals should not be expected to exist.
Absolute deprivation
The first Bonilla-Silva's "frames" of color-blind racism. It involves using liberal ideas such as equality of opportunity or freedom of choice to explain or justify racial inequality.
Abstract liberalism
An emphasis on the customs of African cultures and how they pervaded the history, culture, and behavior of Blacks in the United states and around the world.
Afrocentric perspective
The process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage to form a new group
Amalgamation
The process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group.
Assimilation
Foreigners who have already entered the United States and now seek protection because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution.
Asylees
A psychological construct of a personality type likely to be prejudiced and to use others as scapegoats,
Authoritarian personality
The term used to refer to the portrayal of problems of racial an ethnic minorities as their own fault, rather than recognizing the problems as a consequence of the function of society is: a)labeling theory b)blaming the victim c)self-fulfilling prophecy d)segregation e)pluralism
B) Blaming the victim
Immigration to the U.S. of professionals from other countries is called: a)globalization. b)brain drain. c)remittances. d)job transfers. e)capitalism.
B) Brain drain
The barrier that talented Asian Americans face because of resentment and intolerance directed toward Asian Americans.
Bamboo ceiling
A concept explaining how sexism and racism interact to create a queue of women ranging from the lightest to the darkest, in which the lightest get the most resources.
Beauty queue
A program designed to ally students to learn academic concepts in their native language while they learn a second language.
Bilingual education
The use of two or more languages in places of work or education and the treatment of each language as legitimate.
Bilingualism
The mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group.
Biological race
The idea that whits are genetically superior to non-whites.
Biological racism
A character type of a Westernized Asian man who uses ancient Japanese or Chinese knowledge to help whites.
Biracial buddy
Portraying the problems of racial and ethnic minorities as their fault rather than recognizing society's responsibilities.
Blaming the victim
Technique to measure social distance toward different racial and ethnic groups.
Bogardus scale
Immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries.
Brain drain
Landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the court determined that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
A stereotype of an Asian woman who is a demure, devoted, and submissive wife.
Butterfly
Minorities: a)have similar anti-white attitudes because of their shared experience of oppression. b)as a consequence of their frustration about being treated unfairly, are likely to discriminate against the majority group members with whom they come into contact with. c)because they are socialized to the dominant norms and attitudes of society, adopt attitudes toward other minorities similar to those held by many White Americans. d)are free of prejudicial attitudes. e)a and b
C) Because they are socialized to the dominant norms and attitudes of society, adopt attitudes toward other minorities similar to those held by many White Americans.
The theory that prejudice advantages the majority by serving to justify the subordination of minorities is called: a)scapegoating theory. b)authoritarian personality theory. c)exploitation theory. d)normative approach. e)institutional discrimination.
C) Exploitation theory
The worldwide integration of government policies, movement of people ad exchange of gods and ideas is called: a)nationalism. b)populism. c)globalization. d)transnationals. e)modernization.
C) Globalizaiton
In Racist America, Feagin argus: a)the U.S. Constitution was designed to promote freedom and protect minorities from exploitation. b)racial history in the U.S. is best understood by utilizing individualistic concepts such as prejudice, stereotypic, intolerance and bigotry. c)white racism in the U.S. is institutionalized and systemic. d)all of the above e)b and c
C) White racism in the U.S. is institutionalized and systemic
A stereotype of a Latina as an available sexual object.
Cantina girl
A mechanism of labor market discrimination in which an applicant is not given an opportunity to interview for a job because of his or her race.
Categorial exclusion
Immigrants sponsor several other immigrants who, on their arrival, may sponsor still more.
Chain immigration
A series of mass protests between about 1950 and 1980 aiming to achieve racial equality in law and practice.
Civil rights movement
As defined by Max Weber, people who share similar levels of wealth.
Class
The white racial frame: a)has promoted and justified exploitation of non-European, non-white people for more than five hundred years. b)has been incorporated into American legal and educational institutions, including the constitution. c)is supported and reinforced by social darwinism. d)all of the above e)a and c
D) All of the abve
The process of decline in industrial activity in a region or economy.
Deindustrialization
The shift from a manufacturing to a service economy.
Deindustrialization
A dispersion of people from their original homeland.
Diaspora
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups and because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons.
Discrimination
A stereotype of an Asian woman was a sinister, crafty, and destructive seductress.
Dragon lady
An element of society that may disrupt a social system or decrease its stability.
Dysfunction
Colorism: a)is the idea that within races, lighter is better. b)is reflected in the fact that during the Harlem Renaissance, between W.W. I and the 1930's, and throughout much U.S. history, the black elite were disproportionately light-skinned. c)exists only among African-Americans. d)all of the above e)a and b
E) A and B
Which of the following is/are true about crime, incarceration and race in the U.S.? a)about eighty percent of drug arrests are for drug possession rather than sales. b)white youth are more likely than blacks to sell drugs. c)illegal drug use by whites and blacks occur at about the same rates. d)black men are incarcerated at about seven times the rate of white men in the U.S. e)all of the above
E) All of the above
Which of the following is/are true about the portrayal of racial and ethnic groups on television? a)representation of groups on television is similar to the proportion of the groups represent in the general population. b)the portrayal of middle and upper middle class Black families on television has successfully contributed to the undermining of stereotypes about poor Black single-parent families. c)the portrayal of stereotypic characters on television, and in other media, are socially irrelevant as consumers of media are aware that these are fictional portrayals. d)a and b e)none of the above
E) None of the above
A market economy embedded within interlocking systems of oppression and privilege.
Embedded market
Leaving a country to settle in another.
Emigration
An estimate of the probability that a person of working age is employed, factoring in those who are not looking for work.
Employment-population ratio
The idea that the United States is the land of opportunity and that African Americans could do better if they only tried harder.
Enlightened racism
Efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstances.
Environmental justice
People forced to leave their communities because of natural disasters, or the effects of climate change and global warming.
Environmental refugees
A concept linking the attractiveness and sensuality of a woman to her skin color.
Erotic capital
Forced deportation of people accompanied by systemic violence.
Ethnic cleansing
Clusters of small businesses that primarily serve people of the same ethnicity and work to facilitate the success of co-ethnics.
Ethnic enclave economy
A group apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
Ethnic group
The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism
Ethnic or racial slurs, including derisive nicknames.
Ethnophaulisms
A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
Exploitation
Affirmative action programs require that quotas be met to ensure that minorities have been fairly considered for employment opportunities or college admissions. True/False?
False
An enlightened racist is likely to support Affirmative Action programs because s/he recognizes the influence of institutional discrimination requires such programs to overcome the continuation of historical inequalities. True/False?
False
Feagin concludes that a significant decrease in overtly expressed segregationist or other blatantly racist attitudes is an indication that most whites are no longer substantially racist in some or much of their thinking about or imaging of black Americans and other Americans of color. True/False?
False
Nations with limited population, either immigration, or emigration, are most likely to experience phenomena of diaspora. True/False?
False
Surveys constantly report that whites and blacks perceive the degree of racial inequality and discrimination in contemporary America similarly. True/False?
False
Civil rights activists who rode busts in 1961 to test the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling that segregation in interstate bus and rail stations was unconstitutional.
Freedom riders
A sociological approach emphasizing how parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
Functionalist perspective
A minority and a majority group combining to form a new group.
Fusion
The deliberate, systemic killing of an entire people or nation.
Genocide
A measure of inequality, with 0 representing perfect equality and 100 representing perfect inequality.
Gini coefficient
A barrier to moving laterally in a business to positions that are more likely to lead to upward mobility.
Glass wall
A worldwide system in which white (or light) skin is privileged and people-especially women-strive to become lighter.
Global color hierarchy
Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade, movements of people, and the exchange of ideas.
Globalization
The state-sponsored systemic persecution an annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators.
Holocaust
People who are not considered whit be can be treated as if they were right.
Honorary white
The idea that having any amount of black ancestry makes you black.
Hypodescent
Legislation expanding the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and denying entry to the United States for anyone coming from the "Asiatic Barred Zone," which included India, Burma, the Malay States, Arabia, and Afghanistan.
Immigration Act of 1917
Salaries, wages, and other money received.
Income
When one person discriminates against another on the basis of race or ethnicity.
Individual racism
A denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups resulting from the normal operations of a society.
Institutional discrimination
Policies, laws, an institutions that reproduce racial inequalities.
Institutional racism
A name with biblical origins that has come to signify a stereotypically oversexed or hypersexual black woman.
Jezebel
A system of laws passed in the late 1800s denying non-whites equality.
Jim Crow Laws
Legislation that made passports and visas a requirement for entry to the United States and established national-origin quotas for European immigrants. The act was overtly racist in that it was designed to increase the Nordic Population in the United States and put a stop to the growth of other groups.
Johnson-Reed Act of 1924
A sociological approach introduced by Howard Becker that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants and others engaging in the same behavior are not.
Labeling theory
A stereotypical image of a black maid.
Mammy
The status of being between two cultures at the same time, such as the status of Jewish immigrants in the United States.
Marginality
A Latin American classification of people of European and indigenous ancestry.
Mestizo
The view that prejudice is influenced by societal norms and situations that encourage or discourage the tolerance of minorities.
Normative approach
The tendency for a racial, ethnic, or gender group to employed in a different occupations from each other.
Occupational segregation
The practice of moving jobs once held by Americans overseas, where cheaper labor can be found.
Outsourcing
The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups a s reflected in the terms Hispanic and Asian American.
Panethnicity
A Brazilian census category meaning "brown."
Pardo
Male dominance in a society.
Patriarchy
1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the court determined that state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities were constitutional, so long as they were "separate but equal."
Plessy v. Ferguson
Mutual respect for one another's culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their won culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination.
Pluralism
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people such as racial or ethnic minority.
Prejudice
The belief that people belong to distinct races and that these racial groups have innate hierarchical differences that can be measured and judged.
Prejudice
The vast network of prisons, jails, courts, police officers, and other elements that purport to reduce the amount of criminal activity in our society.
Prison-industrial complex (PIC)
The pattern pattern discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods.
Redlining
A mechanism of labor market discrimination in which similarly qualified applicants of different races are told they should apply for job openings at different levels.
Race-based job channeling
An economy in which a business's success is both shaped and limited by the racial group membership of the business owner.
Racial enclave economy
A sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed.
Racial formation
As defined by Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994), "the sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, and transformed and destroyed
Racial formation
A set of principles that (1) divides people into racial groups and (2) serves the interests of one group.
Racial ideology
Daily, commonplace insults and racial slights that cumulatively affect the psychological well-being of people of color.
Racial microaggression
Any arbitrary police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person's behavior.
Racial profiling
The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspicion.
Racial profiling
As defined by Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994), a way of giving meaning to racial categories through cultural representations and social structures.
Racial project
The process by which a group begins to be treated as a race.
Racialization
The process through which immigrants adopt the racial identities of their host country.
Racialized assimilation
A doctrine that one race is superior.
Racism
The belief that races are populations of people whose physical differences are linked to significant cultural and social differences and that these innate hierarchical differences can be measured and judged.
Racism
The practice of subordinating races believed to be inferior.
Racism
The economic policies of former U.S. president Ronald Reagan, involving heavy cuts to a wide variety of social programs across the country.
Reaganomics
A difference in the price of labor for two or more groups of laborers.
Split labor market
Unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account.
Stereotypes
A structured ranking of entire groups people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society.
Stratification
Inter-institutional interactions across time and space that reproduce racial inequality.
Structural racism
A stereotype of a Latina who suffers physical harm while protecting her Anglo love interest.
Suffering señorita
As defined by Joe Feagin (2001), a diverse assortment of racist practices, encompassing daily microaggressions, deep-seated inequalities and anti-black ideologies.
Systemic racism
The idea that racism has been part of the United States since is founding and tat it continues to be produced through various institutions, such as the educational system and the criminal justice system.
Systemic racism
The systemic racism that is still part of the base of U.S. society is interwoven with a strong racial framing that has been partially reworked at various points in American history, but which has remained a well-institutionalized set of emotion-laden attitudes, concepts, image, narratives defending the subordination to whites of black Americans and other Americans of color. True/False?
True
The unequal distribution of resources such as income and status that reflects the valuing of people influence by lightness of complexion is called skin-color stratification. True/False?
True
A category including jobless workers actively seeking work, people who are working part time yet are available to work full time, and those who have looked for work in the past year are not yet actively seeking employment.
Underemployment
As defined by W.E.B DuBois in 1936, psychological benefits that white workers received by aligning with the dominant group, there white bosses, as opposed to developing working-class solidarity with recently freed black slaves.
Wage of whiteness
An inclusive term encompassing all of a person's material assets, including land and other types of property.
Wealth
A view of the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor.
World systems theory
The fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners.
Xenophobia
A term denoting a generalized prejudice and their customs.
Yellow peril
Legislation that declared that the U.S. government would no longer sign treaties with Native American tribes.
1871 Indian Appropriations Act
The first major piece of immigration legislation; it was overtly racist in that i specifically prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States.
1882 Chinese Immigration Act
Legislation that ended allotment and facilitated tribal self-government to a degree.
1934 Indian Reorganization Act
In pluralist societies: a)several different groups coexist, with no dominant or subordinate groups. b)all groups conform the culture of the dominant group. c)there are multiple groups that are keep separate from each other. d)all groups merge into a single, common culture. e)the dominant group monopolizes all societal power.
A) Several different groups coexist, with no dominant or subordinate groups.
Slavery, as it developed in North America, was unique in which the following ways? a)slaves had no human or legal rights, and slavery was a permanent and inherited status. b)conquered peoples and indebted individuals were enslaved. c)slaves could buy their freedom after seven years of servitude. d)a and b e)slavery in North America was not unique, but instead represented continuity of a practice that has been part of the human experience since antiquity.
A) Slaves had no human or legal rights, and slavery was a permanent and inherited status.
The concept of panethnicity refers to the experience of: a)the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups such as different tribes of Native Americans or Asian Americans from different Asian nations or cultures. b)being excluded from participation in activities common to members of the dominant group. c)the status of living between two cultures, such as when one has parents of two different ethnic heritages. d)hierarchy, structured ranking, among racial, ethnic and gender groups. e)individuals when they immigrate to a new country.
A) The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups such as different tribes of Native Americans or Asian Americans from different Asian nations or cultures.
The oppression of Native Americans that took place from the 1870s to the 1920s, when two-thirds of Native American lands were lost and indigenous children were obliged to go to federal boarding schools where they were taught to shun their native ways and languages.
Allotment and assimilation
The concept of segregation refers to the experience of: a)the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups such as different tribes of Native Americans or Asian Americans from different Asian nations or cultures. b)being excluded from participation in activities common to members of the dominant group. c)the status of living between two cultures, such as when one has parents of two different ethnic heritages. d)hierarchy, structured ranking, among racial, ethnic and gender groups. e)individuals when they immigrate to a new country.
B) Being excluded from participation in activities common to members of the dominant group.
Sterotypical representations of minorities that shape how people in society view one another and serve to justify inequality are called: a)colorism. b)controlling images. c)skin color stratification. d)hypodescent. e)patriarchy.
B) Controlling images.
The idea that race is irrelevant in the U.S., that the country is the land of opportunity and that any group, including African Americans, can be successful if they only worked harder is referred to as: a)post-racial society b)enlightened racism c)institutional discrimination d)individual racism e)patriotism
B) Enlightened racism
The relationship between the extreme poverty and degradation of the African colonies and the wealth and luxury of Europe, according to Feagin and Du Bois reflects: a)the inherent intelligence of whites and the superior culture of Europe. b)Europeans' good fortune of living in a land of abundant natural resources. c)unjust impoverishment and unjust enrichment. d)accidents of history. e) God's will
B) European's good fortune of living in a land of whites and the superior culture of Europe.
The concept of new racism: a)refers to the racism of minorities directed at members of majority groups. b)notes that historical forms of racism are now experienced in a less obvious, but no less significant, manner. c)suggests that racism has ben eliminated in the U.S. and sexism has become the new racism. d)refers to the new racism directed at the newest immigrants to the U.S. e)refers to forms of racism new immigrants to the U.S. bring with them from their society of origins.
B) Notes that historical forms of racism are now experienced in a less obvious, but no less significant, manner.
Fear or hatred of strangers is called: a)sinophobia. b)xenophobia. c)europhobia. d)anachrophiba. e)yellow peril.
B) Xenophobia.
Feagin explains that White Racial Frame: a)promotes equality and opportunity for all Americans. b)is a new phenomenon that originated with the election of Obama. c)Legitimates and rationalizes oppression d)undermines traditional stereotypes. e)a and b
C) Legitimates and rationalizes oppression
Utilization of the Social Distance Scale in research indicates that: a)within societies, prejudices are stable through history. b)levels of prejudice cannot be reduced by increasing level educational attainment. c)levels of prejudice and groups that are subject to prejudice change within society over time. d)discrimination can be eliminated with proper education e)none of the above
C) Levels of prejudice and groups that are subject to prejudice change within society over time
The denial of rights or opportunities to individuals or groups is called: a)ethnocentrism. b)pluralism. c)multiculturalism. d)prejudice. e)discrimination.
C) Multiculturalism
The concept of marginality refers to the experience of: a)the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups such as different tribes of Native Americans or Asian Americans from different Asian nations and cultures. b)being excluded from participation in activities common to members of the dominant group. c)the status of living between two cultures, such as when one has parents of two different ethnic heritages. d)the hierarchy, or structured ranking, among racial, ethnic and gender groups. e)individuals when they immigrate to a new country.
C) The status of living between two cultures, such as when one has parents of two different ethnic heritages.
The claim that the U.S. s a post-racial society assumes: a)race no longer matters in society. b)institutional discrimination either never existed or is no longer influences opportunity. c)racial groups at the bottom of the stratification suffer from cultural or biological deficiencies d)all of the above e)a and b
D) All of the above
Which of the following illustrates color-blind racism? a)college admission policies that require applicants have taken Advance Placement courses when not all high schools offer a selection of such course. b)legacy admissions policies. c)redlining mortgage lending policies. d)all of the above e)a and b
D) All of the above
Which of the following statements is/are true? a)racial categories, because they are biological, are consistent across all cultures. b)racial categories vary across cultures and even within cultures over time. c)racial categories are identified by socially significant physical differences. d)racial categories are social constructions that are created, maintained and changed through the process of racial formation.
D) All of the above
White privilege: a)refers to the rights or immunities granted, in American society, as a benefit of being white. b)refers to the advantages, often unrecognized, for being white in American society. c)is often invisible to whites. d)all of the above e)a and b
D) All of the above
The Treaty of Guadalupe that ended the Mexican-American War gave the United States much what is now the American southwestern states. The indigenous people of that land became minority-group members in the U.S. This is an example of: a)migration. b)genocide c)assimilation. d)annexation. e)segregation.
D) Annexation
The social reproduction of oppression is accomplished through: a)repeated individual acts of exploitation. b)institutional structures that protect unjust enrichment and unjust impoverishment through generations. c)the white racial frame which rationalizes and legitimates racial oppression. d)b and c e)oppression is not reproduced in American society. We are constantly evolving into an increasingly just, post racial society.
D) B and C
In which of the following cities is Black-White segregation the greatest? a)Memphis, Tennessee b)Birmingham, Alabama c)New Orleans, Louisiana d)Detroit, Michigan e)Atlanta, Georgia
D) Detroit, Michigan
Racial or ethnic slurs, including derisive nicknames are called: a)prejudice. b)stereotypes. c)normative attitudes. d)ethnocentrism. d)ethnophaulisms.
D) Ethnophaulisms.
None obvious barriers to advancement experienced by minorities are called: a)relative deprivation. b)absolute deprivation. c)prejudice. d)glass ceilings. e)hate crimes.
D) Glass ceilings.
Feagin suggests the concept of unjust impoverishment to explain: a)how Whites are disadvantaged by policies of Affirmative Action. b)the generations of theft of labor and resources from African Americans by Whites. c)reparation policies. d)reverse discrimination. e)all of the above
D) Reverse discrimination
Criminal offenses committed because of the offender's bias against a religion, ethnic or national origin group, or sexual orientation group: a)are called hate crimes. b)are subject to harsher penalties than similar crimes committed without such motivation. c)have decreased in recent months. d)none of the above e)a and b
E) A and B
Schaefer explains that voter ID laws disproportionately disenfranchise minorities. These laws exemplify: a)color-blind racism. b)institutional discrimination. c)individual discrimination. d)all of the above e)a and b
E) A and B
Which of the following exemplifies institutional discrimination? a)college policies of legacy admission. b)color-blind college admissions policies. c)a racist admissions officer denying college admission to African-American applicants. d)all of the above e)a and b
E) A and B
Which of the following is/are true? a)the Supreme Court, in the 1896 decision, Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld the legality of "separate but equal." b)Jim Crow segregation a barred African Americans from fair access to major political, economic and social instituions. c)Brown v. Board of Education reaffirmed the constitutionality of segregation policies. d)all of the above e)a and b
E) A and B
Among the five characteristics of minorities identified by Schaefer are: a)they receive unequal treatment and have less power than the majority. b)they share physical or cultural characteristics that are different than the majority. c)they experience a strong sense of group solidarity and membership is not voluntary. d)they marry members of the same group. e)all of the above
E) All of the above
According to Feagin, systemic racism includes which of the following? a)unjustly gained economic and political power of whites. b)the continuing resource inequalities. c)a rationalizing white-racist frame. d)major institutions created to preserve white advantage and power. e)all of the above.
E) All of the abvoe
Feagin, noting that many analysts have claimed that it is unfair to judge early American enslavers such as Washington and Jefferson by contemporary standards: a)agrees that the founding fathers and other slave owners of the time were simply 'products of their time,' unaware that they were enslaving human beings. b)points out that at the time there where numerous opponents of slavery, even among whites, such as Robert Carter III who freed his 500 slaves having realized that slavery is "contrary to the principles of religion and justice." c)observes the avoidance of terms such as "slave" and "slavery" in the Constitution, in favor of euphemistic terminology, indicates the framers were aware of the moral significance of the practice. d)all of the above e)b and c
E) B and C
Unequal racial wealth distribution: a)has been reduced in recent decades. b)contributes to institutional discrimination. c)perpetuates inter-generational inequality. d)all of the above e)b and c
E) B and C
The concept of stratification refers to the experience of: a)the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups such as different tribes of Native Americans or Asian Americans from different Asian nations or cultures. b)being excluded from participation in activities common to members of the dominant group. c)the status of living between two cultures, such as when one has parents of two different ethnic heritages. d)hierarchy, structured ranking, among racial, ethnic and gender groups. e)individuals when they immigrate to a new country.
E) Individuals when they immigrate to a new country.
Race: a)because it is so immediately apparent when we meet people, has been a significant determinant of social experience throughout history. b)has, throughout history, shaped the experience of slavery. c)is determined by biology. d)all of the above e)none of the above
E) None of the Above
Compared to dominant groups of society, as a group, all minorities: a)are of a different race. b)are of a different ethnic heritage. c)are less prejudice. d)all of the above e)none of the above
E) None of the above
Diversity training programs: a)are standardized because research has identified the design of the most effective programs. b)are legally required of al corporations. c)are most effective when people of the same racial or ethnic groups are permitted to meet first among themselves before then having to meet in integrated groups. d)a and b e)none of the above
E) None of the above
The Chinese Exclusion Act: a)prevented Chinese form participating in the westward expansion of the U.S. during the first half of the 1800s. b)was quickly rescinded when it was determined Chinese immigration contributed positively to the American economy. c)was expanded to prohibit all immigration from Asia when it was determined that the "model minority" was more successful than Americans of European ancestry. d)a and b e)none of the above
E) None of the above
As indicated in data provided in the Schaefer text, by 2060 White non-Hispanics will be sociological minority in the U.S. True/False?
False
Because education is the great equalizer, inequalities of income and wealth among racial and ethnic groups are eliminated among individuals who have similar levels of educational attainment. True/False?
False
Because racial and ethnic categories are both social constructions, they have limited influence on people's opportunities within the institutions of society. True/False?
False
Because they are minorities, Hispanics and African Americans share the same assessment of race relations in contemporary America. True/False?
False
Colorism is experience by African Americans but not other minority such as Asian Americans and Latinos. True/False?
False
Discrimination can be eliminated if prejudice is eliminated. True/False?
False
Ethnic groups are distinguished within society by their socially significant physical characteristics. True/False?
False
Hispanic is an example of racial category. True/False?
False
Nations with limited population movement, either immigration or emigration, are most likely to experience phenomena of diaspora. True/False?
False
The term manumission refers to the practice of denying the right of slaves to marry and to learn literacy skills. True/False?
False
White privilege is experienced among all whites to the same degree. True/False?
False
Act that enabled the administration of U.S. president Andrew Jackson to use military power to displace at least 70,000 Native Americans, killing tens of thousands in the process.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Assimilation is a process by which minorities adopt the characteristics of the majority, while in pluralism minorities maintain their distinctive characteristics while being recognized as full participants in society. True/False?
True
Because the institutions of society are related to each other, disadvantage in one institution is likely to result in disadvantage in other institutions. This pattern of disadvantage is referred to as institutional discrimination. True/False?
True
Research has shown that Black job applicants with no history of jail time are less likely to be interviewed than Whites who have served jail time. True/False?
True
Societies within which people occupy status based on their skin color are called pigmentocracies. True/False
True
The biracial buddy is a racial stereotype of a Westernized Asian man who uses ancient Asian wisdom to assist whites. True/False?
True
The concept of systemic racism includes the suggestion that race prejudice is not an individual idiosyncrasy, but instead is a social attribute. True/False?
True
The expectation that immigrants will adopt the dominant culture of society is called assimilation. True/False?
True
The legal principle of racial classification that was historically prominent in the United States, asserting that any person with even a single ancestor of sub-Saharan-African ancestry was to be considered black (the one-drop rule), is an example of the principle hypodescent. True/False?
True
