Race & Ethnic Relations Midterm

Which statement best describes the racial order of the Aztec empire following Spanish colonization?

High rates of miscegenation resulted in racial categories becoming blurry and numerous

What would be an example of what Bruce Western calls "deterrence"?

A person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more in legal fines than the cost of the dress if she got caught

While books that are often held up as classics in the US educational system - such as Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn - are widely regarded as being universally applicable, writing by marginalized groups - such as Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings - is often considered:

A particular perspective

Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women?

A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods

Boarding schools that attempted to strip Native Americans of their culture and tradition by requiring them to speak English can be considered an example of what type of infliction brought by colonialism?

An infliction of their spirits

Consider the following scenario: school board members are debating a policy change that would increase the police presence at the local high school. What course of action might a sociologist recommend before making a decision?

Analyzing the factors that are of concern, including social and historical patterns

George's father is an African American, and his mother is white American. Mike's father is a white Italian, and his mother is a white American. Why does Mike have a higher degree of fluidity and freedom when self-identifying ethnically?

Because George's black identity is stigmatized

Two friends are arguing over the results of a recent NBA draft. Alex tells Jorge that his favorite team should have picked more black players because they naturally have more athletic skill and everyone knows "white men can't jump". Jorge calls Alex out for basing his argument on:

Biological Determinism

In what ways did housing segregation help reinforce racial inequality in the middle of the twentieth century?

Blacks had lower wages than whites but higher average rent, making it difficult to accumulate wealth

The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, with its imposition of national quotas and racial restrictions, contributed to the US racial order by:

Blaming immigrants for the rise of urban poverty and class conflict

Which of the following terms is used to describe real estate agents who preyed upon whites' fears of integration by hiring people of color to appear as if they had moved into a traditionally white neighborhood, in an attempt to get white families to sell their homes for under-market value?

Blockbusting agents

Which of the following best describes how colleges and universities do affirmative action?

By selecting a woman or nonwhite applicant from a pool of equally qualified applicants whose application is slightly weaker than the rest of the pool

Which of the following best describes the legal strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) campaign to end school segregation?

Challenged that segregated schools were in fact not equal

How did plantation owners strive to convince poor whites to overlook how they were exploited by the slave economy?

Convincing poor white families to take price in their whiteness

Race is often described with reference to _____ , but there is much more genetic variation within _______ groups than between them

Cultures; traditionally- defined racial groups

What was the significance of the 1676 Bacon's Rebellion?

Enslaved whites struggled hand in hand with enslaved blacks

From the end of the nineteenth century to the 1970's, thousands of NativeAmericans and African Americans, as well as people deemed mentally retarded or criminal, were sterilized against their will. This phenomenon was an example of what?

Eugenics

Which best describes the relationship between the educational policies applied to African Americans and American Indians during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Exclusion/Reeducation

Raul is an African American, but he has many other social identities in addition to his racial identity. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an intersectional approach pay attention to:

How multiple dimensions in individual lives intersect

President Barack Obama is often referred to as the nation's first black president, not as the nation's first biracial president. What does this tell us about racial categories in the United States?

In the eyes of many, blackness remains a totalizing racial category

The H-2A gust worker programs brings tens of thousands of people to the United States to work in manual labor sectors. But because these workers are bound to the companies that request them, some critics have called this practice an example of modern-day ____________?

Indentured Servitude

Efforts to correct the white racial bias built into SAT tests is an example of an attempt at change on the ___________ level?

Institutional

Kennedy, a black female, and Samuel, a white male, are a married couple that see their relationship as an emblem of racial progress. While not denying the importance of their relationship, advocates for institutional-level racial change might say that:

Interracial relationships are too narrow a gauge of interracial progress, and that this type of interactional change alone cannot overturn structural racism

According to the textbook authors, why might urban and suburban Americans be so quick to stereotype all rural, white Americans as intolerant and racist zealots?

It prevents them from having to face their own racist attitudes

Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hour worked doing so?

Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work

Which of the following best exemplifies the advice offered by the textbook authors on how whites can contribute to fighting racial injustice?

Join an antiracist group on campus to suggest improvements that would make residential life more inclusive

Consider the following scenario: "A qualified applicant is rejected from a top university because the spot was reserved for another type of student." What is the most likely reason the seat was reserved for the second applicant?

Legacy admit

How did the white public justify the existence of lynch mobs?

Lynch mobs supposedly kept white women safe from black male rapists

Child psychologists Hart and Risley examined speech patterns across families of different social class backgrounds. Which of the following best describes their findings?

Middle class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children

An elementary school that recognizes holidays of various groups during the fall and into winter by having children make crafts relating to the Islamic celebration of Eid al-Adha, the Christian celebration of Christmas, the Jewish celebration of Hannukkah, and the American civic celebration of Thanksgiving, among many others, is most likely adopting which of the following frameworks?

Multiculturalism

Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate?

Neither institutional nor interpersonal racism is necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life

What does Chapter 5 identify as a "new tactic of white flight"

Passing English-only ordinances

Although many people think of Tiger Woods as African American, he considers himself multiracial and as a child invented the term "Calabanasian" to describe himself. This example helps us understand the complex relationship between ___________ & _______________ ?

Phenotype and Culture

Which features of affirmative action do most Americans overestimate?

Prevalence of power

Author Michelle Alexander recently coined the term "the new Jim Crow" to discuss the rapid rise of mass incarceration among the black population in the United States. What might Jim Crow and mass incarceration have in common?

Prisons and Jim Crow laws are both dramatic examples of segregation

If a campus fraternity presented itself as a white supremacy group:

Proponents of multiculturalism would be presented with an idealogical challenge in such a scenario because of the intention by multiculturalists to see value in every perspective

Textbook writers describing the penning of the Declaration of Independence without acknowledging the influence of the governance of the Iroquois Nation is one example of what?

Racial domination

The textbook notes that when seeking office, President Obama made a speech that minimized the importance of racial categories, calling upon a color-blind logic to bring people together as Americans. During his time in office, some people have criticized him for not being adamant enough about the racialized dynamics of certain events such as the riots in Ferguson, Missouri, and the shooting of Trayvon Martin. These critiques best reflect how:

Racial injustice is often perpetrated in plain sight but forgotten in public discussion

According to sociologist Bruce Western, what are the three ways that prisons might possibly reduce crime?

Rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence

Why are Native American Reservations often the target of environmental racism, such as locations for dump sites and mining operations?

Reservations are not subject to state regulations about dumping

Which of the following represents a symbolic cost of segregation?

Segregation creates the appearance that racial divisions are real, natural, and unchanging

A realtor that shows an upper-class black family homes in only black neighborhoods is guilty of what practice?

Steering

In one research experiment, teachers were asked to examine the definitions students attached to words and to evaluate those students' verbal skills. Researchers did not vary the definitions but did vary the race of the students. What did the research find?

Teachers gave lower grades to black students

Using the practice of affirmative action under the integrative model means:

That institutions achieve racial democracy by allowing worthy and qualified people of all races the chance for meaningful participation

How did the United States acquire the land that today is New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, parts of Arizona, and disputed areas of Texas?

The Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo

As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon?

The association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century

During the first Republican debate of the 2016 election season, presidential candidate Ben Carson said, "when I take someone to the operating room, I'm actually operating on the thing that makes them who they are. The skin doesn't make them who they are. The hair doesn't make them who they are. And it's time for us to move beyond that because...our strength as a nation comes in our unity." His statement reflects:

The color-blind thinking that is central to much of American racial discourse today

Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "it is safer to raise my children in suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30% more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate:

The fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well

What were the aims of U.S government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II?

The government wanted to move Native Americans to urban centers to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution

The influence of race and economic class in predicting the probability of serving time in prison is illustrated by:

The increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetme

Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey?

The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50% black and 50% white, while 84% of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood

Jeremy, who is white, has been thinking about how he teases his friend Lee, who is Asian, about being "good at math". Jeremy has recently come to realize that by making such claims, he is using a stereotype and has determined to stop making such jokes. This type of personal change is a result of:

The openness of Jeremy to deliberate reflection and self-criticism about his actions

Which mindset came to greatly influence how the English would come to view indigenous people in the Americas?

The perception of the Irish as savages in need of correction

Two political commentators are debating the merits of affirmative action. One commentator argues that affirmative action should be eliminated now that there's "an even playing field" for everyone. The other commentator replies, "the fact is that people who live in the white suburbs have advantages over blacks and Latinos in the city, just like they have advantages over poor people more generally." The second commentator's argument against ending affirmative action is responding to which of the following tendencies of color-blindness?

The tendency of color-blindness to minimize the importance of the historical legacies of race-based structural inequalities

What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime?

Their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control

What usually happens to the very small number of qualified white and Asian applicants who are denied admission to a particular university due to affirmative action policies?

They are admitted to other institutions of equal stature.

What does Massey's spatial assimilation thesis say about ethnic enclaves?

They are used to by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living

What is the 80/20 phenomenon?

This is the idea that roughly 80% of social change is brought about by 20% of the population

Sometimes speakers invoke examples of individuals - say, Madame C. J. Walker, Oprah Winfrey, or Barack Obama - to suggest that if these individuals were able to triumph over racial barriers, the path is clear for everyone. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking?

Tokenistic Fallacy

When comparing white-collar and violent street crime, we might conclude that:

White-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes