Race and Ethnicity Class

What factors did Dubois argue were significant for understanding and explaining crime.

1890 study in Philly 7th ward. Prejudice and discrimination impacts social outcomes such as poverty and unemployment. This can cause crime.

What are hate crimes? What does data tell us on hate crimes?

A hate crime is a criminal offense motivated by hatred of a specific race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation. The main type of hate crime in the past were lynching and there was no mention of lynching in early data since it was not necessarily a crime. Now, they are motivated by race mostly and happens at a persons residence, race of most known offender is white. There are differences as to how hate crime is reported by police.

What is prejudice?

A negative attitude towards a particular group. This can form stereotypes that often result in people making negative generalizations about an entire group

What is Race?

A person's self identification with one or more social groups

Discuss and identify trends in crime rates

Arrest trends: violent crime rates greater than property crime rate, compared to earlier decades, the number of arrests decreased in all racial categories, whites and blacks mostly arrested for drugs.

In what ways do these (Biological, Sociological, Conflict theory) theoretical perspectives address race?

Biological theory (Key assumption that existence of a race heiarchy; to connect biology to race is to engage in a system of race) This allowed boarding schools. Wright also said there were truths to science, race, and crime. (hereditary of functions, self control and IQ; collective behavior, which prevents crime is an evolved ability) Social theory(SDT; crime is not the result of people, it is result of place; immigration and development of cities) removal of social buffers, racial segeregation, rejection of norms Cultural All societies have norm, those in power can control the definition of conduct norms (cultural)

What do the sources tell us? Limitations?

Cannot tell us how much crime takes place, how many persons arrested, how many victims there actually are.

List and explain two theories of crime. How did the ideas of race during the theories development lead to (or impact) your selected theories explanation of crime.

Do Social Disorganization with the guy and Racial variance thesis, African American theory of offending, racial segregation in housing, removal of social behavior, social isolation. Lombroso: identifying characteristics based on stigmata, examples include no earlobes, furrowed tongue, and malformed ears Goddard: Considered to be an authority on use, interpretation on IQ in the U.S; Stated IQ was static, intelligence was based on generation to generation, Labelled low IQ feeblemindedness. (Morons, imbeciles, and idiots)

What are the major historical moments that pertain to the development of race and crime for African Americans?

Enslaved Africans (were for life, not considered human, not a contract) Africans were not considered slaves at first however someone thought they would further economic fortunes and that was enslavement. It was criminal to run away hence slave patrols. Blacks would get harsher punishments compared to whites.

What are the limitations of criminological theories when it comes to issues of race and crime

Everybody was racist

What is an implicit bias? What are some key characteristics of implicit biases? How are implicit biases different from explicit biases?

Focus is people who consciously, genuinely believe in fairness, equity, but despite these stated beliefs, hold unconscious biases that can lead in ways that are at odds with our values.

What are the major historical moments that pertain to the development of race and crime for European Americans?

Indentured servants but became apart of the "normal class" once Africans were enslaved. Germans were mistreated because they sympathized with Natives. Also Anti German propaganda during WWII. Italians were perceived as dangerous and inferior to other Europeans because of the mafia. Irish were sought as alcoholics who enjoy fighting who bring bad habits.

Provide a definition for race? Explain how race has been used to group people socially and politically in the US. What are the implications of this for the Criminal Justice System?

Law is not clear cut. Human development; we see how it is formed based on the decisions of each stage (who makes laws, decisions of police and prosecutors, media)

What are the major historical moments that pertain to the development of race and crime for Latino Americans?

Mexicans were given terms such as dirty, ignorant, and lacking standards of appropriate behavior. Illegal immigration and gangs.

What are the major historical moments that pertain to the development of race and crime for Natives?

Natives were viewed as Godless savages, Religion and race was a tool for justification, Resistance shaped how slavery played its way out in the U.s. (Treaties and reservation lands caused loss of culture and language and drinking problems)

Identify and discuss contemporary issues in race and policing - Police deviance - Use of deadly force - Police bias

Police officer activites that are against ethical conduct. An example could be corruption, perjury, having sex on the job, sleeping, or drinking on duty. Deadly force is seen through media which caused protests. Blacks and immigrants are most often victimized n deadly shootings. 2015 unarmed 19 year old was shot and killed in Long Beach. Racial bias shapes influence and beliefs. Some officer decisions can be influenced by stereotypes and negative attitudes.

What are the major historical moments that pertain to the development of race and crime for Asian Americans?

Prostitution and gambling were associated with the Chinese and Japanese as well as petty crimes.

What is the social construct of race?

Race is a social construct because the meanings are derived by focusing on arbitrary characteristics that a given society deems socially important; humans created it. It is a way to group people socially and politically changed overtime. Imposed on people.

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Race is a social construct while ethnicity are defined by similar genetic inheritance or traits visible among most members of a particular group.

What is the theoretical argument presented in The New Jim Crow

Racial caste theory, a cynic pattern of old systems collapsing which means a period of transition, intense backlash, and an adoption of a new system. May seem sudden but seeds are planted well in advance. Appealing to racism and vulnerability to lower class whites.

What is the history of race and policing of minority groups in the US

Racial minorities were excluded from Law Enforcement. There were no formal police departments. American Police were influenced by politics, Free men of color were the first black policemen.

What is Racism?

Systematic discrimination of historically marginalized groups through the institutions, policies and practices of the society and by shaping cultural bonds and values that support those racists practices and policies

What is discrimination?

The unequal treatment of a person or persons based on group membership

Identify and discuss the variety of sources used to inform discussion of crime rates

UCR (Began in the 30's, crimes reported to the police, crimes cleared, persons arrested, 7 index of crime AND NCVS (primary source of info of nonfatal violent and property crime, started in 72)

Why do we use crime data?

Used to support beliefs about minorities and crime. Helps determine reliability and validity are ongoing

According to this book, what is the carnival mirror and what is its relationship to crime rates and the criminal justice system?

crime promotes a particular image, it reinforces what we should be afraid of and what/whom we should punish. (typical criminal; poor, POC, he, young, urban)

What is ethnicity?

refers to ethnic group (group of people that share some things) ex: culture, country, history, common descent.