Racial and Ethnic Relations- Final Exam (Old Stuff)
As the Reconstruction era came to a close, the era of Jim Crow began. How did the name, "Jim Crow," arise?
"Jim Crow" is derived from Thomas "Daddy" Rice's minstrel song, "Jump Jim Crow."
At Mississippi's Parchman Prison Farm, how many prisoners died under cruel working conditions?
1 in 6
Between 1925 and 1975, the prison population remained the same, fluctuating between 100,000 and 200,000 prisoners. By 2000, the prison population reached what number?
1,400,000
Which two principles are key to the ideal America under multiculturalism?
1. In a common humanity with others, we have a civic responsibility to all people. 2. We must respect one another's differences.
Which of the following is a potentially negative consequence of nonwhite artists having to rely predominantly on White sponsors to fund their art?
A loss of control over the representation of racism and people of color in their art
In his book Dog Whistle Politics, Ian Haney Lopez describes three important "moves" of racial dog whistling. Newt Gingrich's denial that his frequent references to President Obama as the "food stamp president" had any racial basis is an example of which of these three moves?
A parry that slaps away charges of racial pandering
According to Elijah Anderson, a "cosmopolitan canopy" is...
A pluralistic space where people come to appreciate one another's differences and empathize with each other
Shara was excited for her date with Marke. They hit it off at dinner, feeling romantic sparks as they shared many interests. At the end of the night, Marke told Shara, "You know, you are pretty for a dark skinned girl." This comment is an example of a concept psychologists call...
A racial microaggression
As discussed by D&E, the "ghetto pass" in Ice Cube's song "True to the Game" is...
A way of signaling one's intersections between race and class, an implied right to authentic blackness that can be taken away if one acts outside of racial norms (only A and D are correct)
Chapter 8 contains a long discussion of Abercrombie and Fitch. What is the main argument of that passage?
Abercrombie has learned how to sell white privilege and the white aesthetic by manufacturing a certain "look" or image of "the beautiful people".
According to Desmond and Emirbayer, which of these statements exemplifies institutional racism?
All of the above
According to Desmond and Emirbayer, why is it that complaints of academic discussions of racial inequality and white privilege are most often voiced by white students?
All of the above
When D&E argues that race is both marked and made, what are they referring to?
All of the above
Which of the following best captures why it is that color-blind policy, while seemingly an ideal solution to racial discrimination, is problematic?
All of the above
Which of the following best exemplifies the way in which racial injustice in perpetrated in plain sight?
All of the above
Which of the following is not an example of a racial or ethnic performance?
All of the above are examples
In the section, The Invention of Whiteness and Blackness, several categories of people are described as having been oppressed by the system of indentured servitude up through the mid-1600s. Which of the following is/are not one of those categories?
All of the above were oppressed under this system
Robert Putnam, the author of the modern classic Bowling Alone, argues which of the following about American civil society?
Americans' participation in civil society is a way to gauge how trustful and connected we are to one another, and by those indicators, American civil society is in trouble.
Broadly speaking, which of the following were the strategies used for acquiring tribal land?
Assimilation, removal (only A and B are correct)
Which of the following does chapter 8 discuss as a present-day form of minstrelsy?
Auto-tuned YouTube videos of poor African Americans speaking to news crews
Interpersonal racism is an action that...
Can take the form of unconscious dispositions and habits rooted in racist attitudes, establishes racial domination through everyday interactions and practices, can be a direct or overt expression of negative racial attitudes or stereotypes (all of the above)
According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s?
Civil rights
Students protesting affirmative action practices at their university are most likely operating under which racial framework?
Color-blindness
According to Desmond and Emirbayer, why is it problematic when people claim to be unable to see race or that they are racially color-blind?
Color-blindness is illogical as it requires a person to both recognize and not recognize racial makers, which is impossible.
What is one way antiracist art responds to the racist aesthetic?
Correcting distorted representations of nonwhites
What is the sociological term that refers to the sum of one's knowledge about established and valued cultural activities and practices?
Cultural capital
Contemporary welfare programs tend to focus on change individual behavior- teaching clients to be more responsible, productive workers- rather than on addressing systemic inequality. This represents what?
Daniel Patrick Moynihan's report, The Negro Family
What is the way for nonwhite artists to free themselves from the dominance of the White gaze?
Depict people of color as full, complex humans
According to D&E, what are the limits of "diversity training"?
Diversity training tends to focus on individual human variations instead of calling forth structural racism, and thus does little to break through various "glass ceilings."
In the United States, whiteness is the _______ racial category, or that with which all other categories are compared and contrasted.
Dominant
Which of the following did Edward Morris find in his ethnography of White students in a majority Black school in Texas?
Due to nonwhite students' use of "white" as an insult, many White students attempted to distance themselves from their Whiteness.
If a person seeks to expand his or her cultural awareness by changing his or her social settings and experiences, that person is...
Engaging in indirect individual change
What was the significance of the 1676 Bacon's Rebellion?
Enslaved Whites struggled hand in hand with enslaved Blacks.
Which of the following was a catalyst for Europe's emerging racial worldview?
Expanding trade routes
The presence of many influential minorities in today's society is a sign of the expulsion of racism from society. For example, people like Oprah Winfrey, Alberto Gonzales, and Colin Powell have held highly influential positions in our society, therefore showing that if racism existed, these minority groups would not be in such wealthy positions.
False
While the intersection of race and gender allows us to see that masculine identities are influenced by their racial identity, feminine identities are not influenced by racial identities.
False
Racial categories are bound to their specific social and _______ contexts, meaning that such boundaries are not the same in India as in South Africa.
Historical
The term we use to describe the cause of strong racial variation in civic participation is...
Homophily
Brandon is an African American, but he has many other social identities as well. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an intersectional approach pay attention to...
How multiple dimensions of Brandon's identities impact his total life chances
Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce?
Immigrants make the country less safe.
According to D&E, sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that neither anti-discrimination laws nor affirmative action has succeeded in...
Improving the overall life chances of the least well-off in society
What is the significance of the fact that the Women's Political Council had first conceived of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and had been planning it for months?
In popular historical accounts, the faces of the Civil Rights Movement typically belong to men.
Johnson's reading discusses which of the following as the fallacy most responsible for people misrecognizing the sociological solutions to social or collective problems?
Individualistic fallacy
Why might African American artists such as Langston Hughes reject the playing of the blues by white artists like Bob Dylan and the Rolling Stones?
It disconnected the music from the social conditions in which it was grounded.
According to the figure below, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which groups has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men?
Latino men
How did the white public justify the existence of lynch mobs?
Lynch mobs supposedly kept white women safe from black male rapists.
The mastermind and primary spokesperson for the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was...
Marcus Garvey
Figure 3.2 shows that the largest change in the voting gap between Blacks and Whites occurred in...
Mississippi
By the end of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer, many volunteers had been violently attacked, arrested, and even killed, indicating what?
Mississippi was still a very dangerous place for black Americans in 1964.
An elementary school that recognizes holidays of various groups during the fall and into winter by having children make crafts relating to the Islamic celebration of Eid al-Adha, the Christian celebration of Christmas, the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah, and the American civic celebration of Thanksgiving, among many others, is more likely adopting which of the following frameworks?
Multiculturalism
According to Wilson in More than Just Race, social structure refers to...
Only A and B are correct.
If a new established campus fraternity presented itself as a literal white supremacy group...
Proponents of multiculturalism would be presented with an ideological challenge in such a scenario because of the intention by multiculturalists to see equal value in every perspective and way of life
In an attempt to resist stigma, some people of color, especially new immigrants, may highlighter their ethnicity and resist American ________.
Racial categories
Hillary Clinton's remarks during the 2008 presidential primaries, in which she stated that "hardworking" "white Americans" were supporting her and not Senator Obama, are an example of which of the following?
Racial dog whistling
In the mid-1950s, civil rights organizing shifted away from a ________ organization and toward a focus on ___________ groups?
Religious; secular
In the 1960s, when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring?
Riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors
The name of this course is...
SOC 3133: Racial and Ethnic Relations
Achieving commercial success at the expense of a political message or an artist's authenticity is often referred to as...
Selling out
Representations of the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra, as a White woman by neoclassical American and European sculptors is an example of what?
Whites often being misrepresented and distorted in works of art by nonwhites.
The courts have played an important role in adjudicating racial categorization processes. Understanding court decisions around racial categorization processes further underscores how race and ethnicity are __________ and ________ constructs.
social; historical
Race is a ___________ category that is misrecognized as a ____________ category.
symbolic; natural
Treating Whiteness as the universal default category is an example of what?
the White aesthetic
What served as the institutional hub of the Civil Rights Movement?
the church
What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites- African Americans in particular?
the lynch mob and prison
Which of the following most influenced how the English came to view indigenous people in the Americas when they began colonizing the New World?
the perception of the Irish as "savages" in need of correction
Portraying people of color in a stereotypical and distorted manner is an example of what?
the racist aesthetic
What are Urban Outfitters' shirts that reads, "New Mexico: Cleaner than Regular Mexico," Victoria's Secret's "Sexy Little Geisha" merchandise, and apparel that equates Irishness with drunkenness examples of?
the racist aesthetic
The collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation is called what?
the Civil Rights Movement
The lack of white support for the busing system during this time is an example of what sociologists call...
the Florida Effect
Jeffrey cut his hand while making dinner with his friends. He went to the drug store to buy bandages, but unfortunately for him the only bandages offered were in a shade that was much lighter than what would match his dark brown skin tone. In terms of racial domination, which form of power is this?
Symbolic power
Some people argue that the ideas of color-blindness and multiculturalism are not really that different. Which of the following statements best explains this argument?
Both color-blindness and multiculturalism avoid difficult discussions of institutional racism and structural inequalities.
When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that the police attacked him?
Both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men.
In an hour-long TV drama about the "typical American high school," you observe that only one person of color appears on the screen. You are doing what by noticing this pattern and how it fails to treat the experiences of people of color as central to the American experience?
Detecting the prevalence of whiteness in art
What is one thing that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed?
Discrimination on the basis of race in restaurants
Developed by Francis Galton, ________ is/are a program suggesting that in order to ensure genetic purity.
Eugenics
According to the sociological imagination, people's biographies intersect with history but not with social structure.
False
Authentic racial performances can only be performed by non-Whites.
False
By virtue of their position within the social structure, people on the inside of racial minority groups gain experiential knowledge about their own racial group, but outsiders can never gain such knowledge, including scientific knowledge of those experiences.
False
Double consciousness is the concept of reconciling the "I" and the "Me" in racial discourse.
False
Due to it requiring violence, racial domination occurs at the interpersonal level, not at the institutional level.
False
Ethnicity is performed, but race is not.
False
It is important in the social sciences, as well as for the improvement of racial and ethnic relations in one's personal life and throughout society, to confront one's own assumptions about race and ethnicity only if one subscribes to conservative ideologies.
False
People who assume race is fixed, and hasn't changed over time, make the historical fallacy.
False
People who assume that Whiteness is not performed in the same ways as, for example, Blackness or Arabness are likely to see Whiteness as clearly visible in society.
False
Race is rooted in the color of skin, facial features, texture of hair, and other genetically heritable traits passed from one generation to the next, which ultimately results from the geographic region where one's ancestors lived over many generations.
False
Racial democracy is best achieved by working toward color-blind and multicultural ideals at the same time and in the same place.
False
Racial discourses are ways that race is performed, such as the different ways that Whites and Blacks talk.
False
Since race is socially constructed, it is a social invention that can be easily and quickly overcome as a site of social inequality and domination because individuals can decide to stop believing in and talking about it.
False
Whiteness is a racial feature that exists only at the individual level of society and social relations.
False
Whites, strictly due to their Whiteness in a white supremacist society, are blind to certain dimensions of racial domination while nonwhites, strictly due to their status as outsiders in a white supremacist society, are aware of and understand racial domination.
False
Stanya reads a newspaper article on changing racial attitudes that declares young adults ages 18 to 24 are the least racist generation in American history. While Stanya hopes this is true, they are worried that the research is using a bad definition of "racism". Which of the five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example?
Fixed fallacy
In practice, what procedure(s) did supporters of Francis Galton's program utilize from the end of the 19th century up to the 1970's?
Forced sterilization, regulation of marriage (only A and B are correct)
Cesar Chavez, one of the most important Mexican American activists, led the 1965 Delano grape strike. What was the purpose of this action?
Gaining better wages for grape workers
Audience conduct that is "orderly, regulated, learned, prosperous, and civilized" is characteristic of...
Highbrow culture
Which of the following would not be a concept used to describe situations where people form unconscious, automatic, and reflexive stereotypes and prejudices based upon the symbolic categories within their society's system of racial domination?
Symbolic power
Racial domination, institutional racism, and white privilege are facilitated by which of the following?
Symbolic power, social power, political power, economic power (all of the above)
D&E raise two concerns about the problematic side effects of focusing too strongly o race and ethnicity as components of one's identity. Which of the following is not one of these concerns?
Talk of identity leads people to uncritically accept color-blind ideologies
What is an example of an association within civil society?
The Civil Rights movement and Black Lives Matter
What was one of the differences between the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the NAACP?
The UNIA placed women in positions of leadership; the NAACP did not.
Which of the following is a key feature of symbolic power?
The ability to categorize and name
From a sociological perspective, what is the problematic underlying assumption behind the increasingly popular question, "Why do White youth love hip-hop?"
It implies that hip-hop has not reaches the status of a "true art form," and thus it should not be worthy of attention by White youth.
According to the textbook, which of the following is the most accurate statement about "political correctness"?
It is designed to minimize offense to marginalized groups, censoring certain speech deemed off-limits.
Through the 19th and most of the 20th centuries, the fact that most art museums were closed on Sundays, the only day off for many laborers, and that they had high entrance fees had what effect on art in the 19th and 20th centuries?
It limited the enjoyment of art primarily to the white leisure class.
Which of the following was a success of black nationalism?
It made many black people feel more proud of their African American identity.
What was one of the outcomes of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
It organized the black clergy as a political force.
Aside from the structural constraints imposed on nonwhite models, what is one of the cultural consequences of the overrepresentation of White models in the fashion industry?
It reinforces the features of White women as the standards of beauty.
According to D&E, why is it different for a Native American to wear a pin that says "Indian and Proud!" then it is for a White person to wear a pin that says "White and Proud!"?
It's different because the Native American individual comes from a historically marginalized group, and thus the wearing of a button is a reaction to structural racism that the White person does not typically experience.
Black Entertainment Television (BET) is an example of what concept?
Narrowcasting
Which dominant black protest organization, preceding the modern Civil Rights Movement and was founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, primarily battled racial domination in the courts?
Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
During the rise of modernity, a new, homogenized identity was fashioned in order to create an "imagined community." Which of the following best describes what an imagined community represents?
Nationalities
Of the following, which groups proved most influential in solidifying racial discourses?
Natural historians, precursors to modern-day biologists
According to D&E, students often enroll in Race and Ethnicity courses in order to answer which two questions about society?
None of the above
According to D&E, when it comes to confronting people who make racist comments...
None of the above
Which of the following concepts are embodied in the idea that persons of all racial groups draw returns on societal resources and are recognized in their full humanity as contributors to the social whole?
Racial justice
What do Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 tell us about the relationship between race/ethnicity and crime?
Racial minorities, especially men, are more likely than Whites to be arrested, convicted, and incarcerated, even though racial minorities do not necessarily commit more crimes.
The very act of researchers, urban planners, and politicians looking at housing segregation as an issue of race, rather than an issue of class differences, for example, means that housing segregation is a ____________ issue.
Racialized
What was the famous march in which activists walked along a stretch of land in which no black people were registered to vote?
Selma-to-Montgomery March
Schools in Yazoo City, Mississippi, dedicated $245 per white child for educational expenses and only $3 per black child in the late 1950s, illustrating what?
Separate schools were anything but equal.
Well into the mid-twentieth century, white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live. In return, blacks gave white planters a portion of their crops. This is called what?
Sharecropping
Ethnicity and nationality are mostly completely informed by which of the following?
Shared membership in a specific governed, political territory
D&E state: "More than any other institution, _______________ has dictated the career of race in America."
Slavery
In his book, More than Just Race, William Julius Wilson focuses on which of the following as (an) explanatory framework(s) for understanding the living conditions and life changes of...
Social structure and culture
According to figure 9.1, the group experiencing the lowest growth in membership in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows following the Civil War is...
Southern whites
Ella Baker referred to the nitty-gritty, tiresome, and unglamorous labor of chipping away at the white power structure day by day and door to door as what?
Spadework
D&E say their book takes a large and long look at race. What do "large" and "long" mean here?
Structural and historical
According to Desmond and Emirbayer, the process by which people of color internalize the terms of their own domination is best described by which concept?
Symbolic Violence
Race, ethnicity, and nationality are mutually overlapping ____________ that are mutually reinforcing and cannot be understood in isolation from one another.
Symbolic categories
Which of the following factors was most integral in the invention of the "color line" in United States slavery?
While Africans came from diverse ethnic and tribal groups, they were lumped together because of their physical differences from Americans of European decent.
What does "minstrelsy" refer to?
White's control of the representation of blackness in particular and nonwhiteness in general
What is one reason that the antiracist aesthetic is not featured as prominently in venues such as art museums?
Whites are overrepresented in positions of power in such venues.
__________ have higher rates of civic engagement and civic participation; ________ are less likely to join voluntary associations or participate in community activities.
Whites; people of color
Who are Willie Horton and Lee Atwater?
Willie Horton was used in a political ad campaign thought up by Lee Atwater that helped George H.W. Bush win the presidency in 1988.
The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of ________ imprisoned.
Women
In the early twentieth century, Marcus Garvey advocated a black nationalism movement that can be described as...
a movement seeking power for blacks in the form of black-owned business and a black-run government and military
An artistic depiction of American society that excludes nonwhites or any signs of racial domination is an example of...
the White aesthetic
An increase in double-eyelid surgeries by Asian Americans, as well as skin lightening and hair straightening by African Americans, is an example of an outcome from the internalization of what?
the White aesthetic
Which of the following best summarizes the process by which systemic white racial domination occurs?
Racial domination, institutional racism, white privilege, symbolic violence (all of the above)
Which of the following statements identifies why racial essentialism is problematic?
Racial essentialism disregards the overlapping systems of advantages and disadvantages that affect people in different positions within society.
According to D&E, why do some heterosexual Blacks perceive homosexuality to be a fundamentally "unblack" or White phenomenon?
Because racial logics have sexual components, and for many straight African American men, authentic masculinity is heterosexual
The 1969 occupation of Alcatraz Island, in which protestors demanded the island be released for the explicit development of Indian education, lasted how long?
19 months
Between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered how many black people?
2,300
Edna is a single mother, and in order to provide for herself and her children she works as a transcriptionist by day and in the evenings she works at a local dry cleaner. Rodney is single and has no children. He works as an assistant professor of philosophy at a state university. Both individuals are also Black. To claim that their life experiences are marked by one general Black experience is to make the mistake of...
None of the above
Scholars of race and ethnicity argue that race did not exist as we know it today before 1500 AD. During the 15th and 16th centuries, which two countries most influenced the system of racial classification as it is known today?
None of the above
Sheila is a Black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her African American mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work Sheila is displaying her ________ self.
None of the above
The collections of ideas about race developed by secular authorities refer to...
None of the above
What makes some comedy fit into the racist aesthetic and other comedy fit into the antiracist aesthetic?
None of the above
Which of the following best exemplifies the advice offered by Desmond and Emirbayer on how Whites can contribute to fighting racial injustice?
None of the above
Which of the frameworks used for responding to racial inequalities aspires to the goal of living in a society where people are judges "not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character," as Martin Luther King Jr. once stated?
None of the above
In 2009, Sonya Sotomayor became the first Latina Justice appointed to the Supreme Court. Her presence inspired Harrison Colton to exclaim, "See, the barriers to success that may have once existed for Hispanics or Latinas are gone now!" Colton's exclamation is an example of which fallacy about racism?
None of these are correct
Regarding race, which of the following exemplifies Robert Merton's "insider doctrine"?
One's position in the racial order conditions one's perceptions, and so gives members of racial groups special access to features of their own racial group.
Brandon took a Race and Ethnicity course his sophomore year at his university. Learning about the racial disparities and injustices that plague the United States, he wanted to make personal changes in hopes of doing his part to create and participate in a world of racial justice. According to D&E, what changes can he enact as an individual?
Only B and C are correct
From the item above, had Jeremy not realized that his "positive" stereotypes were harmful, and had Lee pointed out to Jeremy that his jokes were unwelcome, what might Jeremy's response had been had he reacted with reflexivity, as the term is used in the textbook? Jeremy might have...
Only B and C are correct.
Immigrant organizations often aim to help with adjustment to American society. For example, organizations such as the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and the Chinese-American Planning Council...
Oversee English-language classes, career training, and cultural events
In terms of addressig racial injustice, which industry or industries is/are specifically cited by D&E as an example of how the poor and racial minorities living in urban environments are economically exploited?
Pawn shops, pay-day lenders, private rental markets, subprime lending (all of the above)
What form of art does chapter 8 highlight as a "hotbed of the antiracist aesthetic"?
Poetry
Which of the following best describes a way that the textbook discusses "identity politics"?
Political action intended to address the unique interests and hardships of groups who have faced oppression
When George Wallace, Democratic governor of Alabama, stood in 1963 on the steps of the University of Alabama to block the entrance of two black students to the all-white university, he taught politicians two strategic lessons. The first was the politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters. What was the second?
Politicians can support white supremacy as long as they do not do so explicitly.
In the section, Modernity Rising, modernity is said to have brought about changes in which of the following spheres of social life?
Politics and economics, philosophy and religion, science and art (all of the above)
In the 1960s, politicians began what has come to be known as the "war on drugs," a product of which includes increased imprisonments for nonviolent drug offenses. Which of the following was one result of the war on drugs during the 1970s?
Potential race rioters were arrested.
President Kennedy coined the phrase "a rising tide lifts all boats" to refer to political preference of universal, rather than race-based, policies as a strategy to eradicate inequality. What policy reflects that strategy?
President Obama's advocating universal health care to combat race-based health disparities.
The first assigned reading in the course, Allan Johnson's "The Forest, the Trees, and the One Thing," discussed which of the following topics?
Privileges and disadvantages that go along with diversity and difference in society, the relationship between individuals and social systems, socialization and paths of least resistance (all of the above)
As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon?
The association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century
What is "boundary work"?
The collection of practices by which people maintain or challenge racial relations of exclusivity or inclusivity
Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desired to move, where violent crime is 30% more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate...
The fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well.
D&E argue that throughout Western history, white supremacy has been supported by what type of individuals?
The founding fathers of the United States such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, philosophical proponents of liberty and autonomy such as Immanuel Kant (only A and C are correct)
Race and economic class as predictors of the probability of serving time in prison is best illustrated by...
The increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime
As cultural art forms, the symphony and opera constitute an example of what?
The institutionalization of artistic divisions between highbrow and lowbrow culture
The NAACP was banned in several Southern states after refusing to release the contact information of its members. What was the effect of the weakening of the NAACP? With the weakening of the NAACP, the Civil Rights Movement shifted its focus from legal action to which kind of action?
The movement grew to include people like sharecroppers, teachers, students, and even children.
Jeremy, who is White, has been thinking about how he frequently teases his friend Lee, who is Asian, about being "good at math." Jeremy has recently come to realize that by making such claims, he is using a stereotype and has determined to stop making such jokes. This type of personal change is a result of...
The openness of Jeremy to deliberate reflection and self-criticism about his actions
The turning away of hip-hop from its political roots can be traced back to what?
The popularity of the racist aesthetic
What was "the Indian problem"?
The question of what would be done with Native American tribes and their land.
As a style of music, the blues evolved from spirituals in response to what?
The racial domination of African Americans by whites
Norman Rockwell's painting and country music songs that reminisce over the "good old days" are examples of:
The racist aesthetic
What part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was Ella Baker critical of?
The style of charismatic (masculine) leadership
As discussed by D&E, the "cool pose" of many young Black men; the over sexism and machismo of some young Latino men; and the overt sexual bravado of some young White fraternity bothers are examples of...
The ways in which specific performance of masculinity vary by race
In chapter 8 or your textbook, D&E discuss films like Mississippi Burning, To Kill a Mockingbird, Black Hawk Down, and The Matrix. What common movie theme do these films present?
The white savior theme
How is it that the racial typologies presented by natural historians, such as Johanne Blumenbach, influenced modern views of race and racism?
These typologies presented racial groups as fixed and unchanging over time, these typologies presented racial groups as naturally hierarchical (only A and B are correct)
What was the purpose of "grandfather clauses"?
They extended the right to vote to those whose relatives were enfranchised before the end of the Civil War, namely whites.
Why did Democrats begin mirroring Republicans in their approach to racial politics?
They feared compensatory programs, such as affirmative action, would fracture the Democratic Party.
What do Emmett Till, Charlie Lang, Ernest Green, and Henry Bedford all have in common?
They were all victims of white terrorism.
What is one reason Native Americans were not permanently enslaved alongside Blacks?
They were relied on as guides and trappers in the fur trade.
In 2015, thirteen students were arrested at the University of Minnesota when they conducted a sit-in at the president's office in an attempt to protest the lack of diversity in the faculty. These protestors most clearly followed in the tradition of which group?
Third World Liberation Front
What was the name of the multicultural organization founded on the campuses of the University of California- Berkeley and San Francisco State College, which challenged these campuses' Eurocentric curricula?
Third World Liberation Front
According to Wilson in More than Just Race, why is it that many liberal scholars are reluctant to discuss on research the role that culture plays in negative outcomes of living conditions and life chances?
Those scholars want to avoid reviving and using the "blaming the victim" model
While many people assume that "obvious physical differences" explain racial categories, the logic fails...
To appreciate that racial classificatory schemes are not rigidly linked to physiological features, to acknowledge that physical traits vary enormously among those who are classified as the same race, to recognize classification schemes vary widely, both historically and across national boundaries (all of the above)
Because Whiteness is the dominant racial category, Whites can more easily than nonwhites act as their front stages and back stages selves in public.
True
Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants are less likely to drop out of high school.
True
Ethnicity refers to shared lifestyles informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations.
True
For many racial minority groups, racial authenticity is deeply tied to a history of suffering and oppression.
True
Identities serve as a frame of reference and a blue print for social interaction.
True
One can look White, but can be legally classified as non-White.
True
One sociological study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, Arabs were represented as "Public Enemy Number One."
True
Race is a fundamentally relational concept in that it requires social relations, cultural and historical context, and institutional settings to exist as a symbolic category.
True
Racial identity commingles with and regulates other aspects of individuals' identities and vice versa.
True
Scientific theories that supported white supremacy were more likely to be backed by the power elite than theories that challenged the status quo.
True
Sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime because their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control.
True
Some social scientists have argued that a sizable proportion of the crime drop that occurred in the 1990s can be attributed to the growing immigrant population.
True
The categories of ethnicity and nationality are intrinsically bound up with and overlap race.
True
Whites and nonwhites might share the same geographic spaces, but due to socialization and culture, they rarely occupy the same interactional space.
True
Bartholomew Whitehouse, a panhandler and former slave, was arrested in 1898 and imprisoned for six months without trial. Which law allowed this to occur?
Vagabond laws
What were the two goals of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's 1964 Freedom Summer?
Voter registration and quality eduaction
What was the name of the policy that prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests, and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
To move toward racial democracy and take into account the realities of racial privileges, racial injustices, and the possibility of racial reconstruction means that...
We must begin to interact with people based on their actual experiences and preferred identities, and we need to be reflexive about racial inequalities within social institutions and how they play out in our own identities and interactions.
The American Indian Movement attempted to organize against federal "Indian Termination" policies. What was the effect of these policies?
When tribes lost federal recognition, they also lost federal aid and land rights.
Over the past 100 years, social capital and civic engagement in the United States has...
declined dramatically
In 1960, what percentage of Mississippi's black adults was registered to vote?
less than 2%
African American fraternal lodges and federations (such as the Masons)...
nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy
