RADT131 HW#6
Grids are generally not required unless the anatomy measures greater than _____cm in thickness.
10
The joint space between the radial head and the capitulum on an AP projection of the elbow is closed. The patient position error could be corrected by: 1) flexing the elbow 2) extending the elbow 3) placing the epicondyles perpendicular to the IR
2 only
For the lateral forearm, the elbow should be
flexed 90 degrees
Movement of the forearm closer to the arm through a decrease in the angle of the elbow joint, it is called:
flexion
The degree of flexion for a lateral elbow is:
90°
Which elbow projection results in the least superimposition of the radial head with other bony structures?
AP oblique with lateral rotation
Which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the coronoid process?
AP oblique with medial rotation
Which of the following projections is used to prevent crossing of the forearm bones? - AP projection - PA projection
AP projection
Where is the CR directed for an AP projection of the humerus?
midpoint of the humerus
A well-positioned AP projection of the elbow will demonstrate: - slight superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna - complete superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna - complete separation of the proximal radius and ulna - complete superimposition of the distal radius and ulna
slight superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna
The olecranon process is part of the:
ulna
Which one of the following structures of the forearm is most distal? - Coronoid process - Ulnar head - Radial neck - Trochlear notch
ulnar head
Image: PA hand with digits down is correctly displayed. True or False.
False
The act of straightening a joint is termed:
extension
Soft tissue detail is important for the lateral elbow to demonstrate
fat pads
To take advantage of the anode-heel effect on a forearm image:
the wrist is positioned at the anode end of the x-ray tube
How can a radiographer control voluntary motion? 1) provide clear instructions 2) provide support devices 3) apply immobilization
1, 2, and 3
What is the degree of flexion for an AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation?
0°
A lateral elbow image obtained with the distal forearm depressed and the proximal humerus positioned too high demonstrates the: 1) radial head distal (too far posteriorly) to the coronoid process 2) capitulum distal (too far anteriorly) to the medial trochlea
1 and 2
An imaginary line connecting the humeral epicondyles is positioned perpendicular to the IR for: 1) an internally rotated AP shoulder image 2) a lateral humeral image
1 and 2
Under which of the following conditions is it necessary to use a grid for a shoulder image? 1) The AP measurement is over 5 inches (13cm) 2) The kilovoltage used is above 70 3) The inferosuperior measurement is over 5 inches (13cm) 4) The kilovoltage used is below 70
1 and 2 only
A lateral forearm image obtained in a patient with the proximal humerus elevated demonstrates the: 1) radial head posterior to the coronoid process 2) radial head anterior to the coronoid process 3) proximal radius and ulna demonstrate increased superimposition 4) distal radius and ulna demonstrate decreased superimposition
1 and 3 only
An AP shoulder image obtained with the humeral epicondyles positioned parallel with the IR demonstrates the: 1) greater tubercle in profile laterally 2) lesser tubercle in profile medially 3) lesser tubercle demonstrated halfway between the greater tubercle and medial aspect of the humeral head 4) greater tubercle superimposed over the humeral head
1 and 3 only
Which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned lateral projection of the forearm? 1) olecranon process in profile 2) elbow in 45 degree flexion 3) superimposition of distal radius and ulna
1 and 3 only
For an AP shoulder image, internal rotation, the: 1) effected shoulder positioned to place against the IR 2) central ray is centered to 1 inch inferior to the coracoid 3) imaginary line connecting the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR
1, 2, and 3
An AP forearm image obtained with the wrist and elbow internally rotated demonstrates: 1) superimposed first and second metacarpal bases and carpal bones 2) head of the radius and ulna with superimposition less then 1/8 of an inch 3) superimposed fourth and fifth metacarpal bases 4) head of the radius and ulna with superimposition more then 1/8 of an inch
1 and 4 only
An AP shoulder image with external rotation, accurate positioning demonstrates the: 1) glenoid fossa in profile 2) glenohumeral joint centered within the collimated field 3) superolateral scapular border without thorax superimposition 4) superior scapular angle superior to the midclavicle
1, 2, and 3
For an AP oblique elbow projection with medial rotation, the patient is positioned so that the: 1) shoulder is level with the elbow 2) elbow joint is 90 degrees to the IR 3) hand is supinated
1 only
The AP projection of the forearm should include the: 1) radius and ulna 2) proximal row of carpals 3) distal humerus
1, 2, and 3
The lateral projection of the forearm should clearly demonstrate which of the following? 1) elbow joint 2) radius and ulna 3) proximal row of carpal bones
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following should be on the same plane for a lateral projection of the elbow? 1) wrist joint 2) elbow joint 3) shoulder joint
1, 2, and 3
A lateral forearm image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1) distal scaphoid and the pisiform are aligned 2) the ulnar styloid in profile 3) an open elbow joint space 4) the radial tuberosity in profile
1, 2, and 3 only
An AP elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1) the medial and lateral humeral epicondyles in profile 2) the radial tuberosity in profile 3) an open capitulum-radial joint (elbow joint) 4) the ulna free of radial head and radial tuberosity superimposition
1, 2, and 3 only
An AP elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1) the medial and lateral humeral epicondyles in profile 2) the radial tuberosity in profile medially 3) an open capitulum-radial joint (elbow joint) 4) the ulna free of radial head and radial tuberosity superimposition
1, 2, and 3 only
An AP forearm image with accurate positioning demonstrates the: 1) radial styloid in profile laterally 2) radial head slightly superimposed over the ulna 3) ulnar styloid in profile laterally 4) humeral epicondyles in profile
1, 2, and 4 only
A lateral elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates: 1) an open elbow joint space 2) the radial head distal to the coronoid process 3) the radial tuberosity on end (not in profile) 4) the anterior fat pad
1, 3, and 4 only
A PA wrist image obtained in slight external rotation demonstrates: 1) increased superimposition of the laterally located carpal bones and the MC bases 2) a closed radioulnar joint 3) open lateral carpal joint spaces 4) the radial styloid in profile
2 and 3 only
An AP elbow image obtained with the elbow medially (internally) rotated may demonstrate: 1) a closed capitulum-radial joint space 2) an open capitulum-radial joint space 3) more than 1/8 of proximal radial superimposition of the ulna 4) less than 1/8 of proximal radial superimposition of the ulna
2 and 3 only
Which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned AP projection of the forearm? 1) superimposition of the distal radius and ulna 2) articulation between the radius and scaphoid 3) humeral epicondyles in profile
2 and 3 only
An AP medial oblique (internally rotated) elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates which of the following structures in profile? 1) capitulum 2) radial head 3) medial trochlea 4) coronoid process
3 and 4 only
Which of the following is demonstrated free of superimposition on a AP oblique projection of the elbow in lateral rotation? 1) olecranon fossa 2) olecranon process 3) radial head and neck 4) trochlea
3 only
Which of the following is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the elbow? 1) radial neck 2) radial head 3) olecranon process 4) humeral epicondyles
3 only
For both AP oblique elbow projections, the epicondyles (inter-epicondylar plane) and IR form an angle of:
45°
Which joint classification describes the humeroulnar articulation of the elbow?
Hinge (ginglymus)
A PA oblique wrist image with poor positioning demonstrates a closed radioulnar articulation and excessive hamate, triquetrum, and lunate superimposition. How should the positioning setup be adjusted for an optimal image to be obtained?
Internally rotate the wrist back to a true PA
Which side marker should be used for a lateral projection of the left elbow? - L - R - Either, as long as it is on the correct side of the patient - Both, the R marker on the right side of the elbow and the L marker on the left side of the elbow
L
Which elbow projection demonstrates superimposition of the epicondyles?
Lateral
Which projection of the elbow results in the least superimposition of the olecranon process?
Lateral
Which position of the elbow will clearly demonstrate the radial neck free of superimposition?
Lateral oblique
A lateral elbow radiograph demonstrates the radial head superimposed by the coronoid process of the ulna. Which of the following occurred? - the hand was pronated rather than in a true lateral position - the hand and wrist were rotated laterally and not in a true lateral position - the shoulder was not dropped sufficiently enough to the tabletop level - no positioning errors occurred
No positioning errors occurred
What is the classification used to describe joints that are partially movable?
amphiarthroses
The structure located on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus is the:
capitulum
What is the name of the structure located on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus?
capitulum
What is the name of the small depression located on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus?
coronoid fossa
A lateral elbow image demonstrates the radial head proximally to the coronoid process and the capitulum too far posteriorly to the medial trochlea. How was the patient positioned for such an image to be obtained? - distal forearm was depressed - distal forearm was elevated
distal forearm was elevated
What type of positioning error is present when the AP elbow projection demonstrates excessive separation between the proximal radius and ulna? - excessive medial (internal) rotation - excessive lateral (external) rotation - flexion -extension
excessive external rotation
A radiograph of an AP projection of the elbow reveals that there is complete separation of the proximal radius and ulna. What positioning error has been committed? - excessive medial rotation - excessive lateral rotation - incorrect CR location - partial flexion of the joint
excessive lateral rotation
A radiograph of an AP oblique elbow with medial rotation reveals that more then 3/4 of the radial head is superimposed over part of the ulna. What positioning error has been committed? - excessive medial rotation - excessive lateral rotation - flexion of the elbow - incorrect CR angulation
excessive medial rotation
A radiograph of a PA oblique of the hand reveals that the midshaft of the fourth and fifth metacarpals is superimposed. What specific positioning error has been committed? - excessive rotation of hand/wrist - fingers of hand are not parallel to IR - incorrect CR angle - insufficient rotation of the hand/wrist
excessive rotation of the hand/wrist
An AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation shows the proximal radius and ulna parallel to each other. The patient positioning error could be corrected by: - increasing internal rotation - decreasing internal rotation
increasing internal rotation
A radiograph of the PA scaphoid projection (PA with deviation) reveals extensive superimposition of the scaphoid and adjacent carpals. Which of the following factors can lead to this problem? - insufficient ulnar deviation - insufficient radial deviation
insufficient ulnar deviation
Which of the following is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the humerus (lateromedial; rotational lateral) - capitulum - glenoid cavity - greater tubercle - lesser tubercle
lesser tubercle
An IR that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch (2.5cm) beyond the elbow and wrist joints for a forearm image is:
needed to record the elbow and wrist on the image
The posterior fat pad lies in the
olecranon fossa
For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are
parallel to IR
Rotation of the arm medially for a lateromedial (rotational lateral) will place the epicondyles
perpendicular with the IR
The hand is turned palm downward. This movement is called:
pronation
In a PA projection of the forearm, the: - proximal ulna crosses over the radius - proximal radius crosses over the ulna - distal radius crosses over the ulna - distal ulna crosses over the radius
proximal radius crosses over the ulna
The capitulum articulates with the:
radial head
The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the ______, found in the forearm.
radial head
The head of the radius fits into a depression on the lateral aspect of the coronoid process of the ulna. This depression is called the ________.
radial notch
A lateral wrist image obtained with the wrist in slight internal rotation demonstrates the: - proximal scaphoid anterior to the pisiform - radius anterior to the ulna - ulna anterior to radius
radius anterior to the ulna
A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct this problem? - accept the radiograph; carpals and distal radius/ulna are not anatomy of interest - if the injury did not involve the carpal region of distal forearm, do not repeat it - make sure the carpal region and distal forearm are on the lateral - repeat the PA due to missing anatomy of interest
repeat the PA due to missing anatomy of interest
The diaphysis of a long bone refers to its
shaft
A lateral hand image obtained with the hand in slight external rotation demonstrates the: - shortest metacarpal anteriorly situated - longest metacarpal anteriorly situated
shortest metacarpal anteriorly situated
For the AP projection of the forearm, the hand is:
supinated
Which of the proximal humeral structures is most distal? - surgical neck - anatomical neck - lesser tubercle - greater tubercle
surgical neck
How are the hands positioned in the anatomic position?
the palms face forward
A lateral elbow image obtained with the wrist and hand pronated (internal rotation) demonstrates: - the radial tuberosity in profile anteriorly - the radial tuberosity in profile posteriorly
the radial tuberosity in profile posteriorly
The olecranon process articulates with the:
trochlea
