Rangeland 306 Final

Which is the advantage of hauling water in the Great Basin? A. Improve livestock distribution B. Improve forage utilization efficiency C. Reduce impacts to riparian areas D. Provide water for wildlife E. All of the above

E. All of the above

What is the 'classic' soil order associated with desert ecosystems? A. Gelisol B. Histosol C. Mollisol D. Alfisol E. Aridisol

E. Aridisol

Which theory is a model of succession based on populations competing for essential plant resources that are in limited supply? For example, species that can persist at the lowest supply of a limited resource will eventually dominate. A. "Successional Management" theory B. "R*" Theory C. "State-and-Transition" theory D. "Steady-state" theory E. "Competitive-stress tolerant-ruderal" (C-S-R) theory

B. "R*" Theory

Give brief definitions of "states" and "transitions" in the context of range ecology

A state describes how the soil base and vegetation structure relate to one another at one point in time. Transition describes the point in time when the relationship between the two characteristics change.

Which rangeland type consist of variable soils, mild/wet winters, hot/dry summers, moderate resistance to grazing, cool-season/introduced Mediterranean annual grasses and forms, few perennial grasses, forage quality fluctuates year to year, fire used to control brush invasion? A. California annual grasslands B. Southern Pine Forests C. Shortgrass Prairie D. Tallgrass prairie E. Cold desert

A. California annual grasslands

Two ______ subtend one or more florets in the spikelet A. Glumes B. Paleas C. Lemmas D. Ligules E. Lodicules

A. Glumes

Water for domestic use coming from a wildland watershed is an example of a ______ ecosystem service A. Provisioning B. Cultural C. Supporting D. Regulating E. Preserving

A. Provisioning

"Some grass species grow during cooler times of the year (various wheatgrass, needle grass, bromegrass, bluegrass). These grasses are commonly called cool-season or C3 species and grow when temperatures are 40 to 75 degrees F. These grasses begin growth early spring as soon as the soil is above freezing and daytime temperatures are conductive to growth." A. True B. False

A. True

Browse are considered parts of woody shrubs, vines and trees for consumption A. True B. False

A. True

Event photos can be used to document unplanned or unusual events such as fires, floods, erosion, wildlife damage, and vandalism. A. True B. False

A. True

Five soil forming factors include parent material, topography or landscape position, climate, biological factors, and time. A. True B. False

A. True

In Birth, Death Renewal: Living Heart to Heart with the Land, Page Lambert mentions that for most young people reared on small family ranches, the choice to return to the ranch after college to raise their families is not an option. There simply isn't enough resources. A. True B. False

A. True

It's been suggested that grazing systems for riparian zones often times have a 3-year learning curve between implementation and indications of success or improving trend in the resource and livestock condition A. True B. False

A. True

Key species is a forage species whose use serves as an indicator to the degree of use of associated species, and because of its importance, must be considered in any management program. A. True B. False

A. True

Sagebrush height and shape are important requirements for habitat selection by sage-grouse during nesting and early brood rearing. A. True B. False

A. True

Soil properties that are sensitive to common management and disturbance scenarios (e.g. grazing, fire) should be avoided when distinguishing ecological sites A. True B. False

A. True

The role of microbial decomposers in nutrient cycling is much more important than that of plants A. True B. Falso

A. True

What 3 criteria are used to designate key-species (ice-cream plants)? A. Competitive, invasive, high growth rate B. Abundant, productive, and palatable C. Climax species, heat tolerant, and have allelopathic compounds D. High nutrient uptake, invasive, and high species performance E. Competitive, shrub growth form, and drought tolerant

B. Abundant, productive, and palatable

This species is a native perennial evergreen shrub typically found on bluffs, hillsides, deserts, and saline or alkali flats A. Ceanothus integerrimus B. Atriplex confertifolia C. Sarcobatus vermiculatus D. Senecio douglassii E. Ceratoides lanata

B. Atriplex confertifolia

Which of the following increases grazing resistance in grasses? A. Spines and thorns B. Delay in elevation of apical buds C. Chemical compounds that reduce palatability D. Branches that protect inner leaves from grazing E. Tannins that reduce palatability

B. Delay in elevation of apical buds

A short duration grazing system emphasizes increased grazing pressure for short periods to maximize excessive plant defoliation and to prevent rapid regrowth of grazed plants. A. True B. False

B. False

Practice photos are not types of photos that you can take to document conditions in a watershed or on a farm or ranch. A. True B. False

B. False

Soil properties that contribute to differences among ecological states are typically near the soil surface and therefore "not" easily changed when vegetation is altered or physical disturbances (such as vehicle traffic) are directly applied. A. True B. False

B. False

Stocking rates in the Southwest are expressed on the basis of animal units per section of land (640 acres). Stocking rates elsewhere (ie Northern Mixed Prairie) are expressed on the basis of animal units per acre. True or false: This is because Hot Desert rangelands in the Southwestern United States produce more forage per acre. A. True B. False

B. False

The soil water content at the point where the plants fail to respond to added water is NOT called the "permanent wilting point" A. True B. False

B. False

Select the best definition of an AUM? A. One mature cow of about 1,000 pounds B. Forage required by one animal unit over 30 days C. Amount of land required to support one animal unit over 30 days D. The month in which cattle are shipped to market E. One month's worth of incremental growth

B. Forage required by one animal unit over 30 days

Partially decomposed organic matter that has been incorporated into the soil is called: A. Kaolinite B. Humus C. Biomass D. pH E. Oxisol

B. Humus

The arrangement of flowers on an axis, subtended by a leaf is called an: A. Stolon B. Inflorescence C. Rachilla D. Lemma E. Spikelet

B. Inflorescence

What was accomplished with the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934? A. Established the Bureau of Land Management B. Placed administration of remaining public lands under federal control C. Restricted grazing on Forest Service Lands D. Started the concept of Multiple Use E. Made cattle rustling a federal felony

B. Placed administration of remaining public lands under federal control

_______ is the most important single factor determining the type and productivity of vegetation in an area. A. Temperature B. Precipitation C. Soil D. pH E. Soil fertility

B. Precipitation

This species is a native warm season shrub often found in dry plains, slopes, eroded hills, and flats; especially in alkaline or saline soils. A. Tetradymia canescens B. Sarcobatus vermiculatus C. Artemisia tridentata D. Ceratoides lanata E. Balsamorhiza sagittata

B. Sarcobatus vermiculatus

What kind of grazing system is designed to place animals in a landscape according to differences in slope, aspect and vegetation type? A. Continuous grazing B. Seasonal suitability C. Short-duration grazing D. High intensity low frequency E. Merrill three herd/four pasture

B. Seasonal suitability

Which rangeland type consist of longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, highly productive, and high resistance to grazing? A. Pinon-juniper woodland B. Southern Pine Forest C. Mountain shrubland D. Palouse Prairie E. Cold Desert

B. Southern Pine Forest

Why is it difficult to calculate carrying capacity in arid and semi-arid rangelands? (Sayer essay)

Because of ecological variation

What is the percent of climax vegetation remaining under the old Range Condition concept when it is "Fair"? A. 0-20% B. 10-20% C. 25-50% D. 50-75% E. 75-100%

C. 25-50%

After partition, how soon must a cow be bred to produce a calf each year? A. 40 days B. 60 days C. 80 days D. 100 days E. 120 days

C. 80 days

What is the best definition of a wolf plant? A. A species preferred by canines as a digestive aid B. A plant that occurs by itself, without other individuals nearby C. A plant that is rarely consumed by livestock and accumulate old coarse herbage D. A plant that occurs in clusters, as wolves do in packs E. A plant that is relished by livestock

C. A plant that is rarely consumed by livestock and accumulate old coarse herbage

Which of the following are basic functional processes of range ecosystems? A. Nutrients in herbivores B. Wild Oat C. Energy flow and chemical cycling D. Grazing exclusion versus controlled grazing E. Goods and services provided by rangelands

C. Energy flow and chemical cycling

When is grass most susceptible to defoliation? A. Dormant period B. Start of growth C. Flowering and seed development D. Seed germination E. During the winter

C. Flowering and seed development

What is the definition of heterosis? A. Disease prevalent in pregnant females B. Introduction of purebreds into the breeding program C. Hybrid vigor resulting from a cross of several breeds D. Bad breath from eructation E. Opposite of homeostasis

C. Hybrid vigor resulting from a cross of several breeds

Select the best definition of "deferment" related to grazing systems. A. Delayed payment of loans B. Assistance for ranchers in military service C. No grazing until plants have completed their life cycle activities D. Removal of animal hair E. Reduction of livestock numbers during times of drought

C. No grazing until plants have completed their life cycle activities

Producers convert solar energy into chemical energy through a process called: A. Respiration B. Metabolism C. Photosynthesis D. Autotroph E. Heterotroph

C. Photosynthesis

A structure that would indicate a perennial growth habit is a: A. Spikelet B. Palea C. Rhizome D. Internode E. Ligule

C. Rhizome

Which species is a native warm season grass? A. Avena fatua B. Elymus spicatus C. Schizachyrium scoparium D. Bromus diandrus E. Ursus americanus

C. Schizachyrium scoparium

Explain 2 physiological consequences of differences (science and implications) between C3 and C4 plants.

C= cool season temperature, C4= warm season

Which term(s) describe plant responses to grazing introduced by E. J. Dyksterhuis? A. Invaders B. Increasers C. Decreasers D. All of the above E. Range Management

D. All of the above

Sagebrush grassland (big sagebrush, bottlebrush squirreltail, downy brome, Indian ricegrass) + salt desert (shadscale saltbrush, winterfat, halogeton), Aridisols, low productivity, low resistance to grazing, cold-wet winters, hot-dry summers. A. California annual grasslands B. Short grass prairie C. Tall grass prairie D. Cold Desert E. Palouse prairie

D. Cold Desert

A period of low precipitation in relation to a long-term average is called? A. Hot desert B. Aridity C. Cold desert D. Drought E. None of the above

D. Drought

Replacement heifers are? A. Castrated bull calves B. Old cows shipped to market C. Females used for draft (pulling) purposes D. Female calves held back on the same ranch E. Defective female calves

D. Female calves held back on the same ranch

This is an annual, warm season forb introduced from Eurasia. This species is poisonous. A. Sarcobatus vermiculatus B. Ceanothus integerrimus C. Ceratoides lanata D. Halogeton glomeratus E. Tetradymia canescens

D. Halogeton glomeratus

The 17 indicators of rangeland health are based on three major attributes; soil/site stability, _____, and _____. A. Biodiversity and economic viability B. Clean water and clean air C. Apple pie and motherhood D. Hydrologic function and biotic integrity E. Climax communities and endangered species status

D. Hydrologic function and biotic integrity

Which describes geographic areas with similar elevation, topography, geology, climate, water, soils, biological resources, and land use and are stratified into ecological sites? A. Plant Species Colonization Areas B. Map Unit Areas C. Land Resource Areas D. Major Land Resource Areas E. None of the above

D. Major Land Resource Areas

Which grazing system is designed for three herds of livestock with the fourth pasture often used by wildlife (Texas)? A. Common use B. Season suitability C. Best pasture D. Merrill three herd - four pastures E. Rest rotation

D. Merrill three herd - four pastures

Which state has the greatest proportion of federal rangelands? (ie public land) A. California B. Arizona C. Montana D. Nevada E. Oregon

D. Nevada

Which branch of ecologyy specifically deals with the structure and development of entire ecological communities and the interrelationships of the plants and animals within them? A. Landscape ecology B. Autecology C. Soil ecology D. Synecology E. Anthroplogy

D. Synecology

Which two species are exotic annual grasses and considered highly invasive? A. Schizahyrium scoparium and Andropogon gerardii B. Festuca idahoensis and Poa pratensis C. Hesterostipa comata and Stipa hymenoides D. Taeniatherum caput-medusae and Bromus tectorum E. Elymus smithii and Agropyron cristatum

D. Taeniatherum caput-medusae and Bromus tectorum

On what continent/region would you find Karoo and Fynbos scrublands: A. Asia B. Australia C. North America D. South America E. Africa

E. Africa

Which of the following is an advantage of a flexible stocking strategy? A. Difficulty of estimating annual forage production B. Increased risk of parasites and diseases being introduced in a favorable year with imported livestock C. Requirement to cull in drought years D. Administrative cost of buying more cattle in favorable years E. Balance between stocking rate and forage

E. Balance between stocking rate and forage

The central concept of _____ is that of soils that have little or no evidence of development of pedogenic horizons. A. Oxisols B. Ultisols C. Spodosols D. Alfisols E. Entisols

E. Entisols

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic concepts of Range Management? A. Rangeland is a renewable resource B. Productivity is determined by soil, topography, and climate C. Many "products" are harvested from rangelands D. Energy from the sun is captured by plants E. Food and fiber from rangelands are produced with high energy outputs compared to croplands

E. Food and fiber from rangelands are produced with high energy outputs compared to croplands

The feature that swells from moisture and helps the florets open up so the anthers are exposed to the breeze during the flowering stage is called: A. Stolon B. Ligule C. Rachilla D. Lemma E. Lodicule

E. Lodicule

Which term describes a recognizable, resistant and resilient complex of two components, the soil base and the vegetation structure? A. Threshold B. Spatial scale C. Temporal scale D. Transition E. State

E. State

Which rangeland type produces the most forage, in pounds per acre? A. Southern mixed prairie B. Shortgrass prairie C. Alpine tundra D. Western shrubland E. Tallgrass prairie

E. Tallgrass prairie

This plant causes photosensitization in sheep, symptoms are called 'big head' or 'swell heard' from the swelling of the head and facial features; alkaloids may also cause liver damage followed by death in sheep. A. Ceratoides lanata B. Sarcobatus vermiculatus C. Chrysothamnus nauseousus D. Halogeton glomeratus E. Tetradymia canescens

E. Tetradymia canescens

Which of the following states has the largest acreage of private rangelands? A. Oklahoma B. Florida C. New Mexico D. Montana E. Texas

E. Texas

What are some of the factors that determine rate of photosynthesis?

Light, temperature, sufficient water

What term is defined as follows: The study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate - this is important since some plants are more susceptible to herbivory at certain stages, such as flowering.

Phenology

What are the main driving forces in succession?

Plant growth, reproduction & disturbance

Range management vs range science

Rangeland management: the manipulation of rangeland components to obtain the optimal combo of goods and services for society on a sustained basis Range Science: the organized body of knowledge upon what range management is based

What is the difference between structural and non-structural carbohydrates?

Structural carbohydrates form portions of cells and cell walls and are not reutilized by plants. Non-structural carbohydrates are used by plants for growth, respiration, etc.

What are some of the main physical characteristics of soils that influence how water is captured, stored, and released?

Soil structure, soil texture, pH, depth, nutrients

What is the primary professional organization concerned with rangelands (wildlands) and range management?

The Society for Range Management

What is the "radical center" as described in the 'Home Land' readings?

The center that ranchers, range managers and the community try to reach to live cooperatively.

4 functional roles that organic matter plays in soils

provides food for microorganisms keeps soil particles together provides nutrients affects texture