RD Exam
What does the circle on a fire extinguisher mean?
"C" - electrical fires
Formula for meals per labor hour
# meals produced / # hours worked
How to tell meals per labor hours
# of meals produced/ # hours worked
RDI for thiamin
.5mg/ 1000kcal
What are the three primary glucose sources in the body?
1) dietary glucose 2) Liver glycogen 3) products of intermediate metabolism
decribe grievance procudures?
1. oral warning 2. written warning 3. suspension 4. termination
Fat conent in half and half?
10%
How much water to athletes require during exercise?
16 oz for every 1 lb of body weight lost
Minimum temp for meat and poultry
160-- meat 185-- poultry
What are the normal serum levels for calcium?
4.5-5.5 mEq/L
What are the minimum supplements during pregnancy?
400 mcg folic acid 30 mg iron (during second and third trimesters)
How long can enteral formula be ref after openign?
48 hrs
Fatty fish?
5-22% fat; herring, mackrel, salmon, trout
A cookie recipe calls for 1 cup of butter; you will be using shortening instead. How much shortening should you use:
7/8 cup-- shortening is 100% fat and butter is 80% fat so you need less.
Step 1 diet?
8-10% sat fat, <300mg chol first diet given to lower cholesterol
American Heart Association diet?
8-10% sat fat, <300mg chol, <2.4mg Na, 1-2 glasses alcohol
RDA for calcium at age 11
800- 1200mg
The body mass index (BMI) is measured by
: wt (kg)/ht (meters squared)
Define VLBW in grams.
< 1500g (3.3 lbs)
Define LBW in grams
< 2500g (5.5 lbs)
At what level is the P-value considered significant?
< or equal to 0.5
Formula for food cost per meal
= cost of goods sold/ # meals served
Formula for determining food cost percent
= food cost / selling price x 100
Formula to deterime selling price
= food cost/ food cost percent
Skim milk is fortifited with what vitamins?
A and D
Formula for AP
AP = EP/ % yeild
The smoke point temp for fats is:
Above 442 degrees F
which nutreitns are absorbed in the jejumun:?
B vits, folate, vitC, monosaccharides
What deficency will show cracked lips?
B- vit
What are the B-complex vitamins?
B1 - thiamin B2 - riboflavin B3- niacin B5 - pantothenic acid B6- pyridoxine B7 - biotin B9- folic acid B12 - cobalamin
Vitamins associated with pernicious anemia
B12, folate
Key messages of dietary guidelines for America
Balance calories with a physical activity to manage weight
What is hydrostatic weighing?
Based on 2 component model: fat mass and fat free mass • Density = Mass / Volume
Flank
Both lean and tough- abdominal muscle
How is the density of a packing/canning syrup measured?
By the % weight of sucrose (degrees Brix) Measured with a Brix hydrometer
What vitamin's structure is close to glucose?
C
Metabolism of which nutrient results in an RQ of 1?
CHO
Mr H is a 55 year old man who has been on hemodialysis for 3 years. The dietitian tells him that he is at risk for developing calciphylaxis, unless he improves his current labs: albumin 3.7, bicarbonate 17, corrected Ca+ 8.4, Phosphorus 8.6. Which dietary changes would decrease his risk of calciphylaxis?
Calciphalyxis occurs when excess Ca phosphate begins to deposit in the soft tissues. This can be achieved by decreasing the P in the diet and by increased use of P binding medications
If a physical inventory is not taken on a monthly basis, how can food costs be calculated for the operational budget statement, which is reviewed monthly?
Calculate the cost of direct issues and requisitioned supplies for the month
Thorough background and reference checks:
Can reduce turnover rate, corporate crime and theft
Which of the following plans for large investments toward growth or renovation plans?
Capital budget
According to ADA's Evidence Analysis Library, adequate fiber intake provides a benefit in the following:
Cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal health, weight control, diabetes
Eggs, fish, meat, and poultry are considered:
Cariostatic - do not contribute to tooth decay.
Which one of the following nutrients is necessary in the transportation of long chain fatty acids?
Carnitine- transports long chain FA into the mitochondria for oxidation as sources of energy
How do milk proteins react in heat and acid?
Casein coagulates in acid, whey coagulates in heat
MUFAS effect on HDL:
Cause no alteration in HDL levels-only two behavior changes have been proven to raise HDL
In US, food security and insecurity is determined by:
Census Bureau
What group is most strongly affected by poverty, malnutrition, and food insecurity
Children
Which of the following is not an indication for the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)?
Chronic chrons
What is the difference in pudding made with egg substitute instead of whole egg?
Coagulation temp is lower
What is the difference in pudding made with egg substitute instead of whole egg?
Coagulation temperature is lower
What is a major benefit of the ready foods system of production?
Creates even work flow throughout the day- involves preparing food ahead of time and chilling or freezing until later use
Which is an example of an outcome measure that can be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of a food service operation:
Customer satisfaction survey Effective outcome means that the goal is met, the goal of food service is to meet the needs of the customer. Monitoring tools: food cost within budget, food temp checked 3x daily, no lost time from work related injuries
what vit is low in breast milk
D
What is not shown on the organization chart?
Degree of authority and informal relationships
What is the biggest concern with complication of TF?
Diarrhea--- meds is the number one cause though
_____is the earliest detection of deficiency
Diet
What is the proper way to cool a large stockpot of clam chowder?
Divide into shallow stainless steel pans and place them in an ice-water bath
What is the least toxic vitamin?
E
All of the following are objective qualities of cake except
Flavor
The USDA grades beef:
For the untrained consumer
Retrogration can be reversed by;
Gentle heating
What are the three monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Normal h/h
Hct men >44%, women >38% Hgb men 14.0 or greater, women 12.0 or greater
The number of existing cases of disease in the population during any given time:
Incidence
USDA Nutrient Data Base for Standard Reference initiated in 1980 - produced from National Nutrient Data Bank
Includes data on food energy, 28 food components, and 18 amino acids for about 5,200 food items. Main source of data for USDA Survey Nutrient Data Base.
Nutrients that will prevent anemia?
Iron, protein, folate, vit C, B12, E
What is a cash-flow budget?
It projects revenues and expenses, showing inflow and outflow of cash at specific points in time
Which food item has the lowest fat content? A. Chicken breast, no skin B. Salmon C. King crab D. leg of lamb
King Crab- Crab-.8 Chicken- 1.7 Salmon-8.6 Lamb-17.6
Which food item has the lowest fat content? chicken breast, no skin salmon king crab leg of lamb
King crab
How to tell FTE per day
Labor hours worked per day / 8 hour shift
What type of fat as the best shortening power?
Lard
How is cell size classified
Large = macrocytic Normal= normocytic Small = microcytic
What are average caloric needs for 7-12m infants?
Males: 743 kcal/d Females: 676 kcal/d
Theory Z
Management approach within human relations/behavior theory of management Holds that the value of the company is its people Emphasizes consensus decision making
Which of the following is required in a quasi-experimental research design?
Manipulation of independent variable-- quasi experimental designs lack either randomization or control groups but do involve manipulation of an independent variable
A survey that helps us determine the amount of beef eaten in a given period is:
NFCS
Information on the incidence or prevalence of nutrition related health problems would be located in:
NHANES III
What nutrients are required on a food label?
Na, vit A, vit C, calcium, iron
Dietary Guidance Systems - Other government dietary guidelines:
National Cancer Institute. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Who provides education to teachers and FS workers?
Nutrition adn Training Program (NET)
Consulting ADA's MNT evidence based guides for practice is a component of:
Nutrition intervention Data sources and tools use in the determination of nutrition intervention include: evidenced based guides for practice and protocols, current research literature, current consensus guidelines and recs from other professional organizations, results of outcome management studies or continuous quality index projects, current patient ed materials at appropriate reading level and language, and behavior change theories
Nutrition Monitoring
Nutrition status and health measurement. Food and nutrients consumption. Knowledge, attitudes & behavior assessments. Food supply determination
Carefully controlled mechanical tests on food products give what kind of results?
Objective
Your administration has elected to use a prime vendor. This is most closely associated with which of the following?
One-stop shopping
Describe cholesterol
Only in animal products; precursor to vit D; intermediate to estrogen, progesterone, androgens
Which process occurs when water crosses a membrane to establish equilibrium?
Osmosis
An elderly orthodox jew is having lunch in your clinic today. Which menu would you select for her?
Pasta with marinara sauce, salad, broccoli, garlic bread, ice cream, and coffee Meat and dairy are prohibited in the same meal. Shellfish is prohibited. Vegetable soup has meat.
In writing a hospital menu:
Patient, staff, and public dining areas should have a unified menu
The following: black children have the highest rate of low birth weight and anemia were findings of:
PedNSS
Hawthorne studies (Mayo)
Performed at Western Electric If you involve people in the process, they like the special attention, and become more productive
What feeding method would you recommend for a patient who had previously good diet history who had undergone extensive bowel surgery and has an ileus and fever eight days postoperatively?
Peripheral IV infusion The guidelines of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition says patients who are well nourished prior to surgery should begin posoperative nutrition support after 7-14 days of little or no nutrition. TPN would be contraindicated in a patient with an elevated temperature. PPN is the best choice because it avoids using the GI Tract.
Aspartame is composed of which two amino acids?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid
Which of the following is found in the husks of cereal grain and may inhibit calcium absorption?
Phytic acid- binds to Ca in body
Prevalence vs. incidence
Prevalence - number of cases at a praticular time Incidence - number of new cases
The occurence of overweight people increased 5 percent from 1987-1993 for adults aged 18-70. This is a statement of:
Prevalence- statistics related to existing cases
Statistics indicate that the fastest growing segment of the population is those over 50. This indicates to the nutrition professional that he/she will need to address:
Prevention of chronic disease
Wagner act
Prevents management from taking unfair actions against employees who want to join a union. Established National labor Relations Board
POMR is an acronym for:
Problem oriented medical record
PERT chart
Program, Evaluation, Review, Technique ; used for planning and controlling more complex activities
Mrs. P has been taking at least 1000 IUs of tocopherol daily. She is at risk for developing which medical problem?
Prolonged blood coagulation
Personnel actions
Promotion, Demotion, Transfer, Separation, employee discipline
You manage the foodservice department at an LTC facility with a stable census of 350. You notice that over the past few weeks there has been an increase in overtime paid. Which is not a possible cause?
Realistic work schedules Overtime has many possible causes. To avoid this added expense there must be a basic staffing pattern, or master schedule that meets the needs of the organization. Having this control in place assists supervisors in determining need for the OT and sets expectations for employees.
A new manager may choose to use to use a structured interview because it:
Reduces the possibility of legal discrimination charges
Acculturation:
Refers to repeated exposure to a different culture
Nutrition assessment evaluates many factors that _____ or that _____nutrition status
Reflect & Influence
Mr. K has been placed on a pain medication for his arthritis and he is concerned about constipation. What do you recommend?
Regular walks, increased fluid and fiber in the diet
A glucometer gives readings within a 5 point range every day for a month. This indicates:
Reliability- refers to the consistency with which a device measures something in the same way in each situation.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey - NHANES Series:
Representative sample of civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 2 months and older. Dietary intake: one 24-hour recall. Body composition, Biochemical analyses of blood and urine, Bone density, Dietary and health behaviors. Collects data at household, family, and individual level
Benefits of cooking veggies in a pressure cooker?
Retains nutrition value, but decreases color
Define net profit
Revenue - all expenses
Define gross profit
Revenue - cost of sales
What is used to measure infants?
Seca Infantometer
Lack of proper handwashing is commonly associated with:
Shigella
You attend a party with several friends where a variety of hot and cold finger foods were served. The food tasted great, but on the way home a few of you complained of abdominal cramps. After a day of cramps and diarrhea you feel fine. A possible cause for your symptoms is:
Staphyloccouccus aureus Quick onset and recovery with no mention of fever. Clostridium has respiratory parayliss Shigella has GI symptoms but incubation 1-7 days with sx lasting longer than 24 hours. Salmonella has a high fever
Sneeze guards are placed on salad bars to protect the food from which of the following: campylobacter jejuni escherichia coli salmonella staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
When a natural cheese is heated to a high temp, the result will be:
Stringiness, toughness, and separation of fat
After a dietitian has reviewed a patient's medical and diet history, she goes to see the patient. During this visit she assesses that the patient has nails that are smooth, firm and pink; smooth or magenta tongue, hair that is shiny, firm in scalp. What technique is she using?
Subjective global assessment
What does SOAP stand for?
Subjective, Objective, assessment, plan
Surveys vs surveillance programs
Survey - done once in a given time Surveillance - done ongoing
what lab values are looked at to determin hyper/hypo thyroidism
T3, T4
what should be supplemented when taking isoniazid?
TB tx - B6
Normal cholesterol and triglyceride ranges.
TC: <200 mg/dL LDL: <100 mg/dL HDL: >60 mg/dL TG: <150 mg/dL
When a law is passed who is responsible for writing the regulations?
The appropriate federal agency
Define colonic salvage.
The harvesting of energy from indigestible CHO via anaerobic fermentation by the gut bacteria.
UL - Tolerable Upper Intake Level
The maximum amount of a nutrient that is unlikely to pose any risk of adverse health effects to most healthy people.
The degree of saturation for fatty acids is based on which of the following?
The number of C-C double bonds because fatty acids vary in the length of their of hydrocarbon chains (chain length) and the number of C-C double bonds within the chain
The degree of saturation for fatty acids is based on which one of the following?
The number of carbon-carbon double bonds
EAR- Estimated Average Requirement
The requirement of a nutrient that supports a specific function in the body for half of the healthy population.
Relationship between nutrition policies and nutrition research
The set of activities necessary to provide timely information about the role and status of factors that bear on the contribution that nutrition makes to the health of the people of the US.
NNMRRP -
The set of activities that provides regular information about the contribution that diet and nutritional status make to the health of the U.S. population and about the factors affecting diet and nutritional status.
Response Rate
The value obtained by multiplying the participation rates for each survey component.
MacGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X: people inherently dislike work and need autocratic management Theory Y: work is as natural as play and people will be able to manage themselves
Beriberi is the deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin?
Thiamin
What is the vitamin deficiency associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy?
Thiamin
What are the major functions of B1?
Thiamin - metabolsim of CHO (removes carbon from pyruvate)
A 23-year-old young woman has been following a high carbohydrate diet while training vigorously for a triathlon. She collapsed during one of her training runs. At the hospital it was determined she had biventrical heart failure with pulmonary congestion. What nutritional deficiency was she determined to have developed?
Thiamine
What does it mean to have prime supplier or single source supplier?
This supplier is used for most purchases
Iodine constitutes a significant part of which two hormones?
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
If a cake has a fallen center and a very dark crust, the cause is:
Too much sugar will cause the cake to fall, over brown, and have a coarse texture.
How should food items be stored in the refrig?
Top - cooked food, ready made foods Middle - fresh foods, veggies, fruits Bottom - raw or thawing meats
TDS
Total diet study
______ is the is the excessive nutrient intake while deficiency is when there is inadequate nutrient intake
Toxicity
A malnourished patients response to enteral nutrition support would be measured with:
Transthyretin- because it has a 1/2 life of 2-3 days, it is very useful in monitoring improvements in protein energy status
The governmental office that provides information on compensation and job responsibilities is:
US Department of labor Can be used to determine whether a specific occupation is exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act, specifically min wage and overtime regulations
_____is the computerized, interactive method to collect 24-hr diet recalls used in government-sponsored nutrition studies.
USDA Automated Multiple Pass Method
Cholesterol is a precursor to which one of the following vitamins
Vit D
If implementing a program costs $3 for each patinet and the return is $6 per patient, the cost/benefit ration is: a. 1:2 b. 2:1 c. 1:1 d. 3:1
a. 1:2
Which law sets the minimum standard wage? a. the Fair Labor Standards Act b. the National Labor Relations Act c. the Equal Opportunity Act d. the Labor Management Act
a. the Fair Labor Standards Act
What is a formal study to verify that documentation and processes have been followed? a. the audit b. a quality assurance program c. a verifcation study d. statisical analysis
a. the audit
Productivity is measured by: a. the number of portions served per hour b. the number of employees working each day c. the number of food deliveries d. the inventory
a. the number of portions served per hour
Why would alb and cal both be low?
abl carries cal
Why would paraprofessionals be imp to use in community programs?
able to develop rapport with low income pts
Describe soluble fiber
able to hold water, forms gels, role in fermentation by colonic bacteria Pectins, gums, some hemicelluloses
define AP
actual purchase of food items
what is teh diet after a colon resection?
adequate CHO, high fluids, B12 may be affected
Feedback not behavior
adverbs rather than adjectives.
Samonella poisoning
aerobic bacteria found in poultry, eggs, pasta; causes fever; incubation time of 6-28 hours
Eschericia coli poisoning
aerobic bacteria found in undercooked, contaminated meat due to fecal contamination
what population has in increased risk of obesity ?
african american females 44-65
What is the common feature the three macronutrients catabolism?
all produce acetyl-coA during catabolism
Delaney Clause
amendment to food, drug, and cosmetic act -- stating that no food substance/ additive can be considered safe if it produced cancer
renal solute load?
amt of nitrogenous waste and minerlas that must be excreted by the kidney protein and electrolytes increase load
What molecule is responsible for gelation in cooled, cooked pastes?
amylose
A client being counseled on the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet would be advised to make which of the following substitutions?
an English muffin in place of a commercially baked biscuit
staff position
an advisory external or support position
Tomato products, particularly cooked and canned tomatoes provide a red pigment called lycopene that acts as:
an antioxidant
How is flour "bleached"?
an oxidizing agent is added to oxidize the carotenoids
The chemical reactions in the body that buildup versus breakdown are called
anabolic
The chemical reactions in the body that build up versus break down are called:
anabolic reactions
Glycolysis
anaerobic breakdown of glucose forming pyruvic acid
Describe botulism poisoning
anaerobic micro-o found in low acidic canned items
What is usually the initial prob with HIV/AIDS pts
anemia
What happens to flavonoids in an alkaline solution?
anthocyanins turn blue anthoxanthins are yellow/creamy
What happens to flavonoids in an acid solution?
anthocyanins turn bright red anthoxanthins are colorless
The color pigment that produces white color in vegetables is:
anthoxanthin
What supplement is needed when taking methotrexate?
anti-arythmic B12
effect of cornstarch in cooking?
anti-caking / clumping; mainly make of amylopectin
Function of nitrites
antimicrobial actions; kills clostridium botulinum; gives smoked meat pink color
Function of BHA and BHT
antioxidant
What is the role of vit E?
antioxidant; enhances vit A activity; prevents per-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following apolipoproteins (apo) is the most atherogenic and is affected by diet as well?
apo B-100
resources
are resources adequate? provide it
Which amino acids are conditionally essential during catabolic stress?
arginine and glutamine
Mean
average
The human relations theory of management stresses: a. tasks, structure, and authority b. employee's needs c. direct control by management d. management's needs
b. employee's needs
Which of the following would be used to analyze trayline accuracy? a. Grantt chart b. Process control chart c. cause and effect diagram d. break-even diagram
b. process control chart
Quality standards for fruits assure you of: a. wholesomeness b. specifications of minimum quality characteristics c. safety from pesticides and residues d. good taste
b. specifications of minimum quality characteristics
What increases iron abs?
basic intestinal tract, vit c (helps convert ferric to ferrous form in stomach)
Maslow's heriarchy of needs
basic needs (physiological, safety, security) must be met before higher order needs can be fulfilled (self-actualization)
Herzberg's two-factor theory
basic needs = maintenance; higher needs = motivation BUT, higher needs can't be motivators unless basic needs are met Basic needs can't be motivators, but they can slow down motivation
What are some foods that help increase a vegan's iron intake?
beans, enriched cereals, baked beans
Sugar crystals can be decreased in fudge by:
beating the mixture while it is cooling
Glycogenlysis
breakdown of glycogen due to glucagon and other catobolc conditions
Catabolism
breakdown of molecules
Bone resorption?
breaking down of bone
Retrogradation
breaking of the H bonds that hold the gel together-- leads to stale bread, gritty texture in pudding (heat slow to prevent)
Calcium rich food in Mex-Amer diet
broccoli, cheese
Name the types of dry heat cooking
broiling, roasting, frying
Anabolsim
building up of molecules
Grain that is acceptable to Middle Eastern
bulgur or rice
Which group is repsonsible for nutritional labeling? a. USDA b. US Dept. of Commerce c. FDA D. UPI
c. FDA
The major function of management is: a. forecasting b. actuating c. planning d. organizing
c. planning
A hospital administrator would be most concerned with: a. the increase in the number of elderly admissions b. the increasing growth of outpatient services c. the increase in patient's length of stay d. the increase in diabetic admissions
c. the increase in patient's length of stay
Problem with folate fortified foods?
can mask B12 deficiency
Cohort Studies provide complete data on cases and stages and allow the study of more than one effect of exposure. Disadvantages of the Cohort Study include all the following except:
cannot calculate rates
What is a good source of mono-unsat fats?
canola oils, olive oil
Hemochromatosis?
celluar damage caused by large amounts of hemosiderin in the liver and sleen
what foods are included on the acid ash diet?
cereals, meats
Interventions selected in programming are designed to be:
change agent
Retrogration of pudding is caused by:
change of amylose order during storage
Retrogration of pudding is casued by:
change of amylose order during storage- Retrogration is the formation of crystals in starches during storage as the amylose molecules move to an orderly arrangement. Gentle heating can reverse it
Promotion
change to higher organizational level based on merit/seniority
Demotion
change to lower organiational level because of disiplinary action and requires acceptance and adjustment to lost of pay and status.
What are varible costs?
change with sales volume -- food costs
organizational chart
chart showing authority and formal lines of communication in an institution
Performance Apprasial methods
check list, rating scale, critical incident, management by objectives
What is the first step in evaluating acid-base abnormalities in a patient?
check the blood pH < 7.4 = acidosis > 7.4 alkalosis
What are the three types of digestive action?
chemical, mechanical (physical), and bacterial
What are the 7 skinfold sites for measurment?
chest, anterior (auxillary line & nipple), suprailiac, abdominal, subscapular, tricep, and thigh
The milk product that is 42 percent sucrose and 12 percent lactose is:
condensed milk
KEY in discipline
consistency
What is the focus of NHANES?
continually survey the nutr status of US population
Employee exercise power
continue to operate with new workers lockout - shut down operations
Duo-trio test for eval foods
control sample is presented first, then a control and experimental sample is presented for id of the varient
What is the purpose of a central ingredient room?
controlling of costs, quality/ quantity control
Iodine deficiency in children? adults?
cretinism in child of def mothers goiter in adults
too much sugar in bread
crunch, moist
Give examples of crystalline and non-crystalline candies.
crystalline: fudge non-crystalline/amorphous: hard candy, gummy bears, brittle
The cook added dry milk powder to the pudding recipe. The result of additional milk solids is:
crystallization of lactose
Which is an example of an outcome measure that can be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of a food service operation:
customer satisfaction survey
Which three amino acids contain sulfur?
cystein, cystine, and methionine
The Ouchi Theory Z management theory states that: a. decision-making is a centralized function b. committed employees can exercise self-control c. employee potential is only partially utilized d. employee involvement is the key to productivity
d. employee involvement is key to productivity
Theory Z is based on the following premise: a. workers accept responsibility b. self-direction and control are emphasized c. task, structure, and authority d. mutual worker-employer loyalty
d. mutual worker-employer loyalty
Unions usually advance employees based on: a. age b. skill c. merit d. seniority
d. seniority
An employee voted in by the union who works to settle grievances while on paid time is the: a. mediator b. arbitrator c. concilator d. shop steward
d. shop steward
Which job would you not give to a Consultant Dietitian? a. planning future goals b. writing policies and procedures c. providing staff in-service d. supervision of dietary employees
d. supervision of dietary employees
How to tell FC%
daily food cost/ daily income
What is the funciton of the Federal Register?
daily publication that provides Federal agency regulation, proposed regulation, and scheduals of federal hearings
High phos foods
dairy, nuts, poultry, meat, eggs, legumes
Proper storge of potato chips?
dark, cool place; prevents to fat from becoming rancid
why is calcium abs decreased in kidney disease?
dec active vit D formation
What are the 3 steps of a dietary evaluation?
diet history (food habits, interview, living situation, religion), 24 hr recall, food records (3-7 days), FFQ Food Frequency ?
rating scale
dimensions on which an employees performance is rated. 5 point scale
what does a la carte mean
each item is priced separately
The greatest capacity to absorb calcium occurs:
early adolescence
Salary
earnings for the yeat and benefits
barganing issues
economic, job security, work conditions, management rights, individial rights
define EP
edible poriton of food items
How does the acid/base balance of eggs change with storage?
eggs become more alkaline as they lose CO2 through shell
What is a way to measure body fat percentage?
electrical impedance-not as accurate-sees how LBW (lean body weight) yields low resistance (ohms) to the flow of an electric current
What nutrients have the greatest effect on osmolatriy?
electrolytes
Points in appraisal inter
emphazise strengths, avoid reccomendations about changing personal traits, growth opportunites, limit plans into few objectives.
Management by objectives
employee and manager agree on objectives to be achieved for 1 year. degree of achievement provides basis for evaluation
union shop
employee must join the union after a specific probational period
Occupations Safety and Health Act
employers must provide a place of employment that is free of hazards that couls cause death or serious harm
What should be done each day to maintain the dish machine?
empty, breakdown, and clean
Function of mono- and diglycerides
emulsifiers
What do emulsifiers do?
emulsifiers bind water and fat -- causing them to not seperate during cooking processes
The process of learning the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of a group is:
enculturation
The high fat content of ice cream helps keep it smooth by decreasing ice crystals. Other ingredients that reduce ice crystals include:
fat, corn syrup or protein
Factors affecting ice crystal formation?
fat, sugar, milk solids, emulsifiers, gelatin
What should be the primary protein source for someone with hepatic encephalaphy?
food high in branched chain AA
Most important concern for HIV/AIDS?
food safety
Descibe the sous vide method
food vacuumed packed when fresh, then ref anaerobic conditions
Describe the convience system of production
foods are purchased to be assemble-serve, ready serve-- advange of reduced cost of labor, but food cost is higher
The USDA grades beef:
for the untrained consumer
Glucogenesis
formation of glucose from non-CHO sources (protein and fat)
philosophy of the organization
framework for organization goals and objectives
The sweetest of all the monosaccharides is:
fructose
what food would be included in an alkaline ash diet?
fruits and veggies
good clarity
fully aware and understand job requirements? Give guideance and set foals and targets.
Interviewing Purpose
gain information about the applicant and to give information anout the establishment and job
What kitchen item may be outlawed by local law but superceded by state law
garbage disposal
Describe ethylene
gas naturally emitted during ripening of fruit and veggies
A liquid dispersed in a solid is an example of:
gel
Starch, when heated with water to thicken foods, goes through a physical change called:
gelatinization
what is galactosemia?
genetic disease where there is a deficiency in converting galactose to glucose diet followed should be low in galactose (milk, organ meats, MSG)
Retrogration of a pudding can be reversed by:
gently heating
Which herbs have potential interactions with anti-coagulants?
ginger, ginseng, garlic, ginko, black cohosh
Identify the hormone that causes an increase in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
glucagon
After deamination, the amino acids that can be used for the formation of glucose are classified as:
glucogenic
Which enzyme in the liver allows liver glycogen to be used to increase blood glucose?
glucose-6-phosphatase
What AA can help healing in TPN pts?
glutamine
The key biochemical steps in the metabolism of the major nutrients include:
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Chlorophyll is easily destroyed by:
heat
The orange color of carrots is stable during cooking because
heat and fat soluble
Finding Candidates Outside the organization
help wanted advertisements, radio, television, billboards, posters, US employment services, colleges, highschools, word of mouth, head hunters and temp agencies.
mediator
helps establish communication between mgt/emplyees and compromise
An iron-storage disease, caused by a genetic defect, whereby high amounts of iron are absorbed and stored in tissues that do not normally store iron is:
hemochromatosis
Cause of sandiness in ice cream
high amount of dried milk solids
effect of protein in flour when used in breads
higher protein makes for a tougher bread product
wages
hourly earning
What is the most prevalent anthropometric for telling malnutriton in kids
ht for age
what is elton mayo do?
humanistic approach to mgt realized recognition could increase productivity
What is the function of liquids in baking?
hydrate the gluten, gelatinize the starch, start chemical leavening
what is the most important nutr factor for endurance athletes?
hydration during event
The process of converting unsaturated fatty acids to saturated by the chemical addition of hydrogen is called:
hydrogenation
what is the process of adding hydrogen into a structure called?
hydrogenation
Pepsin and trypsin
hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins and polypeptides
Color of cell classified
hyperchromic = high color index normochromic = normal hypochromic = low color
Other behavioral causes
immedicy not history - now not then ideas not advice alternatives not answers amount useful information not amount available information what and how not why
Factors increasing risk of bone loss?
immobility, lack of wt bearing activity, menopause (decreased estrogen), decrease calcium intake
When starch granules are heated for extended period of time at a high temperature, the prodcut will become thin, the physical change that takes place is called:
implosion
in what phase should the budget be review in a community program?
in the planning phase
diet of cystic fibrosis?
inc protein, 35-40% fat in diet (likely malabsorbed)
Mortality
incidence of death
Morbidity
incidence of illness
What is the criteria for Food Stamp Program?>
income based on the trifty food plan
pay raise
increase in salary or wage
Decribe the velocity of growth from infant to teens?
infant - very rapid 1-3 slows 4-6 spurts 7-10 slows adolescent - final growth spurt
Name people who would be in positive nitrogen balance
infant, pregnant, adolescent, recovering from illness --- in times of rapid growth
Closing the interview
inform applicant about when decison will be made, availability, address and phone number, references and final applicant questions
what needs to be included in std recipes?
ingredients, procedure of combination of ingredients, yeild of recipe
intrinsic motivation
is task rewarding? redisign job
task difficulty
is task too demanding? simplify task or work load
Level 1
is the maximum acceptable waist circumference irrespective of the adult age and there should be no further weight gain.
what are the branch chain AA?
isoleucine, leucine, valine
What happens to collagen during cooking?
it is hydrolyzed to form gelatin
on the job training
job rotation- series of job learn variety of skill internship - job training combined with classrom instruction apprenticeship - employees learn from cowoorkers
what nutrients need to be increased during lactation
kcal, protein
Perpetual inventory
keep running count of inventory as items are taken/ received -- still need to do physical inventory for stealing, waste control
how does the body compensate during resp acidosis?
kidneys excrete more H and retain more bi-carb
In preparing behavioral objectives for a continuing education program, which verb cannot be considered in measurable terms?
know
What is the formula for FTE?
labor hours worked / period of time in work load
How to tell FTE per week
labor hours worked per week / (40hr - normal workload )
An example of a productivity ratio is:
labor/meals served
Phytochemicals in plants and plant based foods are powerful antioxidants and metabolism regulators that help prevent chronic disease. Which of the following are phytoestrogens?
lignans
The amino acid present in the smallest amount, relative to the amount received for growth, is called the:
limiting amino acid
what are the 2 classes of EFA?
linoleic - veggie oils (safflower, corn, soybean) linolenic - soybean, canola
The kitchen closed early due to tornado drill. The deep fat fryer was not filtered. At dinner the next day customers were complaining that their eyes were burning and there was an unpleasant odor in the dining room. What happened?
lipolysis
What med is affected by sodium in diet
lithium
union representation
local negociating committe/rep of the national union
What part of pork is the leanest
loin cuts (tenderloin)
What are the tenderest cuts of meat?
loin cuts - sirloin, short loin, ribs
What are the effects of zinc deficency?
loss of taste (hypogeusia), loss of smell (hyposomia), poor wound healing, short stature and development
what is the neutropenic diet?
low bacteria diet, no fresh fruits or veggies
kwashiorkor
low protein intake mild muscle/ fat wasting low alb, lymphocytes edema
Method for cooking cheese?
low temps for short time-- prevents toughening of protein
Where is DEXA most often performed?
lower spine and hips
how does exercise effect BGL?
lowers
How does the body compensate during metabolic acidosis?
lungs excrete more Co2 tp raise blood pH
Grains are limited in what AA?
lysine
When nonfat dry milk solids are stored for a long time the browning and off-flavor are a result of:
maillard reaction
Insoluble fiber
major source is bran; cellulose and some hemicellulose, lignin
Describe the continuous method of bread making.
mechanical energy is substituted for bulk fermentation to shorten the time required to make the bread (commercial method)
what re some general goals of a community based nutr program
meet needs of large demographic group w/i population address the most important problem consider goals of local gov
What is the most effective way to measure the succes of a community program?
meeting objectives
A patient has a blood pH of 7.2 and a low HCO3. What is going on? What is the compensatory behavior?
metabolic acidosis compensation: lungs will hyperventilate to expell more CO2 (acid)
A patient has a blood pH of 7.6 and a high HCO3. What is going on? What is the compensatory behavior?
metabolic alkalosis compensation: lungs will hypoventilate to retain more CO2 (acid)
Legumes are limited in what AA
methionine
What is the limiting amino acid in soy protein (i.e., which AA is not present in soy protein)?
methionine
2 AA with sulfur
methionine, cysteine
What are some groups that use little milk in the diet?
mexican, asian, native americans
What is the adv of a formal leture
most material to be covered in the shortest amt of time
Passive transport
movement from greater to lower concentration
union shop
must join union after hired
What are the 3 common nutr disease among the elderly?
obesity, osteoporosis, HTN
What is the most influential factor in HTN?
obesity; alcohol as well
mediation
objective third party help resolve differences during netogiation -- not legally binding
arbitration
objective thrid party is brought in during an impass to make decision to resolve disagreeements between union and mgt -- is legally binding
Average employee remembers 30-50%
of what he/she says
Sieve number is needed when ordering what?
peas and green beans
Due to the presence of chlorophyll, green vegetables are heat sensitive. When they are heated for an extended period they turn a dull olive color. This describes:
phenophytin
What AA yeilds tyrosine?
phenylalanine
Due to the presence of chlorophyll, green vegetables are heat sensitive. When they are heated for an extended period they turn a dull olive color. This describes:
pheophytin
Mineral needed in lipid transportation through lymph and blood
phos (phospholipids)
Minerals involved in CHO metabolism?
phos and chromium
A 45 year old woman with Type 1 diabetes takes regular and NPH insulin at 7 a.m. and 4 p.m. She is having difficulty with hypoglycemia in the late evening hours (after pm). Identify the insulin that needs to be modified:
pm NPH- regular insulin peaks within 2-3 hours, while NPH peaks between 4-10 hours after injection. The hypoglycemia in the evening is a result of the p.m. NPH insulin
Identify causes of behavior
policy awareness, personal issues, stress
What are some symptoms of prolonged hyperglycemia in IDDM?
polyphagia, wt loss, ketosis, polyuria, polydipsia, acidosis
Physiological factors that are often a consideration when working with elderly clients are all of the following except:
poor intake
What is a major source of thiamin?
pork
Where should aluminum be used in the kitchen?
portable items -- costs less when compared to stainless steel
Positive vs. neg N balace?
positive - greater retention of N than excretion (building and healing Neg - greater excretion than retention (illness)
What is the primary intracellular cation?
potassium
what mineral controls contraction of the heart?
potassium/ calcium
what is the rational/ traditional school of mgt?
ppl are motivated through money emphasis on work and organization, high producitivty expected
Theory X by McGregor
ppl dislike to work and need direction and close supervision -- traditional thought
Recruiting
process of attempting to locate and encourage potential applicants to apply for existing or anticipated job openings.
Orientation
process of familarizing new employees with the organizaiton, job and work unit.
glucagon
produced by alpha cells in the islets of langerhans-- increases BGL by causing glucogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
What is PBI?
protein-bound iodine; measures the activity of the thyroid gland
Mono and disaccharides do not:
provide 9 kcals/gram
Appraisal interview
provide discussion for employee performance and employee concerns and problems in 2 sessions (perform and improve)
What is the function of gluten in baking?
provides elastic properties to the dough, holds the leavening agent
What is the function of egg in baking?
provides stability, retains the leavener, emulsifies the shortening, provides air, color, and flavor
What is the primary substrate for energy production in the Krebs cycle?
pyruvate
Define enrolment program
qualifications based on income or other elegibility requirements; school lunch, food stamps
One of your cooks is blaming the oven for not having the food ready and at a proper temperature for the opening of the cafeteria line. Maintenance has found nothing wrong with the oven. You are dealing with:
rationalization
Prime cost method of determining selling price
raw food cost + direct labor cost
Which reaction takes place at the beginning of the Krebs cycle?
reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl coA to form citrate
What step should be done first if a program need to be changed due to budget cuts?
reassess program
Hiring
recruit, select, train, and promote minority candidates who qualify as well as those who could be helped to qualify for openings.
Describe FDA
regulation of all foods excepts what USDA covers (meat, poultry, eggs); involved in nutrition labeling and accuracy of listing of ingredients
The process of deamination in protein metabolism refers to:
removal of amino group
arbitrator
render decision that is binding
Replication vs. duplication
replication - repeating study numerous times to gather different sets of data Duplucation - repeating the research and getting the same results
union steward
represents union members in their relations with an immediate supervisor or other managers. Are elected, compensated, spend personal time
Appropriation bill?
requests gov funding for community based programs
rule for employee breaks?
required by federal law to have a 10min break for every 4 hr of scheduled work
Equal pay act
requires equal pay for the same job based on sex
Describe the formal bidding technique
sealed bids are sent with specs and price quotes within a certain time frame by vendors. usually the lowest bid is accepted
What are the common reasons for wt gain?
sedentary lifestyle, overeating, modern day conviences, lack of exercise (esp. in over 65yo)
what is advancement usually based on in a union shop?
seniority
Need to know what when converting wt to vol?
specific gravity
When a gel is cut, free liquid drains out. This is due to
syneresis
In a dehydrated patient, what will generally happen to lab values (especially BUN and sodium)?
they will be elevated
descriptions not judgements
to describe = attempt reporting and is neutral judge = label good/bad, right/wrong and is applying value system
Nutr edu program's main goal should be
to facilitate change
What is the primary goal of WHO
to improve nutr status of infant and preg
Why are nitrites added to cured meat?
to prevent botulism
Margarines are a source of:
trans hydrogen atoms
The process of transferring nitrogen between amino acids and carbohydrates is called:
transamination
Role of chylomicrons
transport dietary tg to liver, utilizing lymph system
Role of HDL cholesterol
transport excess chol to liver to be recycled into bile salts and then excreted
Role of VLDL
transport tg from liver to muscles and adipose tissue
When taking MAO inhibitors what type of foods should be avoided?
tyramine containing foods like cheese, smoked meats, non-fresh fish
shop steward?
union rep in the org--- voted in by other union members
Under what conditions would the mean, median and mode be approximately the same value?
when there is a normal distribution of scores
third party
when two parties are unable to resolve a deadlock a mediator or arbitratior is called in for assistance
If a child is chronically malnourished in what order would the growth parameters be affected
wt, lenth, head circumference
The BMI is measured by:
wt/ht squared
Carotenoids
yellow, orange, red-orange fat soluble pigments
Color of onions in aluminum pan? iron and copper pans?
yellow; reddish-brown; blue-black
Yolk vs white
yolk - fat soluble, vitmains, cholesterol, less protein, iron (good emulsifier because lecithin) Whites - B vitamins, more protein than yolk
Result of overcooking hard boiled eggs
yolk turns green due to iron combining with sulfur
Which mineral increases taste acuity?
zinc
What is the overall goal for doing a nutritional assessment?
• Individual or community nutritional status determination - basis for identifying needs and goals and - planning personal health care or community programs to meet identified goals
What does the triangle on a fire extinguisher mean?
"A" - wood, paper, rags, ordinary combustibles
What does the square on a fire extinguisher mean?
"B" - gas, grease, oil, paint, other flammable liquids
What determines the crispness of vegetables?
"state of turgor" - determined by osmotic pressure in water-filled vacuoles
What is the DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services) definition of nutritional assessment?
"the measurement of indicators of dietary status and nutrition-related health status to identify the possible occurrence, nature, and extent of impaired nutritional status" which can range from deficiency to toxicity.
How to tell employee turnover rate
# of employees / total positions in dept
Formula for relief workers needed?
# of full-time positions x 0.55
If you want to scoop food into 8oz portions, which scoop would you use?
#4. Based on how many portions to fill a 32 oz container-- 8x4=32
Formula for food cost per meal
((beginning inventory - ending inventory) + food purchased)) / # meals served
If cafeteria has an annual food cost of 550,000 and maintains an avg inventory of 28,000, what is the inventory turnover figure?
(550,000/12)/28,000=1.6 per monthx12=19.6
What is the temp for freezers?
-10 to 0
A dietary assessment (individuals) can consists of what?
-24-hour dietary recalls and records -Dietary history -Food frequency questionnaires -Resources: instruments and computer software
What does Biochemical assessment usually measure?
-Nutrient and enzyme levels -DNA characteristics -Other biological markers
RDA riboflavin
.6mg/ 1000kcals
temp needed from frozen fruits and veggies?
0-10 F
What is a lean fish?
0-5% fat; flounder, red snapper, halibut, sea trout
How much water is lost by insensible water loss?
0.8-1.2 L/d
What are the temp requirements for a three compartment sink?
1 - 110 2- 140 to 160 3 - 170 to 190
What are the pregnancy weight gain recommendations during the second and third trimesters?
1 lb per week
What is the appropriate wt gain trend during preg?
1 pound per month- first 3 months 1 pound per week thereafter
What is the shelf life on canned items?
1 year
What are the grades of meat? When and by whom are they determiend?
1) Prime, choice, select, standard 2) USDA @ slaughter
What are the five steps to the USDA Automated Multiple Pass Method?
1) The quick list 2) The forgotten food lists 3) Time and occasion list 4) The detail cycle 5) Final probe review
Name the primary proteins of connective tissue. Which is present primarily in ligaments/cartilage?
1) collagen & elastin 2) elastin
Name the waxy starches. How are they different from non-waxy starches?
1) corn, rice, sorghum 2) no amylose, only amylopectin
What are the steps in protein catabolism?
1) deamination 2) conversion of NH2 to ammonia + excretion of ammonia via urea cycle OR 3) use of NH2 in purine synthesis or transamination
What is the route of transmission for 1) hep A, 2) hep B, and 3) hep C?
1) fecal oral 2) blood, semen, bodily fluid (sexual transmission) 3) blood to blood
What is the primary contributor to meat color? How does it change with age?
1) myoglobin 2) Turns bright red with initial oxidation (freshly cut meat), then turns brown, then green with additional oxidation
What happens chemically during the ripening process?
1) starch is converted to sugar 2) protopectin becomes pectin (ripe fruit), which is further transformed into pectic acid (overripe fruit)
What characteristic of meat can be increased to increase tenderness? How can this be acieved?
1) water-holding capacity 2) aging, addition of acid or salt when cooking
What is the active form of vit D called?
1,25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
4 principles for ethical decision making:
1. Autonomy-respecting the individual rights of self determination, independence, and privacy 2. Beneficence- protecting clients from harm and max possible benefits 3. Nonmaleficence- the obligation not to inflict harm intentionally 4. Justice-striving for fairness in ones action and equality in the allocation of resources
Activities associated with NNMRRP grouped into five measurement components:
1. Nutritional status and nutrition-related health measurements 2. Food and nutrient consumption 3. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior assessments 4. Food composition and nutrient databases 5. Food supply determinations
The interview process
1. Pre-interview 2. Open the interview 3. Questioning 4. Closing the interview 5. Post interview
Reasons for performance problems
1. good Clarity 2. ability 3. Task difficulty 4. intrinsic motivation 5. extrinsic motivation 6. feedback 7. resources 8. working conditions
What are Maslow's 5 Hierarchy of Needs?
1. physiological 2. safety, secuirty 3. sense of belonging 4. esteem 5. self-actualization
Reasons for joining union
1. poorly developed personnel, policy and practices 2. breakdown in some facet of employee relations 3. economic need 4. fill social space - bad reason 5. union shops - required
Performance Appraisal objectives
1. provide employees with the opportunity to discuss thier performance 2. identify strengths and areas of improvement 3. suggest ways standards can be met and establish future goals 4. basis for future placement, transfer, promotion and demotion
Improving work performance
1. what is the problem in behavioral terms without attitude 2. Is the problem serious enough 3. Whats the reason for the problem 4. how can it improve 5. suffient info to select appropriate solution 6. select appropriate solution 7. is solution cost benefit 8. could you handle problem better
what is the protein requirement for someone on HD?
1.1-1.4g/kg dry wt
What is the protein requirement for a patient on hemodialysis?
1.2g/kg
What is the appropriate ratio of baking powder to flour?
1.5 tsp to 1 cup
What is the selling price for a hamburger in your cafeteria if you operate with a 45 percent food cost and the cost of a beef pattie and bun are $0.7920?
1.76
Which food has the highest fiber content?
1/2 cup cooked lentils- 7.8g 5 prunes-3g 2 cups iceberg lettuce-1.6g Bran flakes- 4.6
According to a 1955 survey, low income family spent _____ of their income on food.
1/3
If a president or governor does not sign the bill in _____, it becomes a law automatically.
10 days
What is the toxic level of vitamin A?
10,000 IU
What is the normal range for BUN:creatinine ratio?
10-15:1
How to tell traditional selling price
100/ FC% = mark up factor mark up factor x raw food cost = selling price
What is the EP cost of 10lbs cabbage with an AP cost of 1.00lb and an 93%?
10x.93
How much weight should an obese (BMI >30) woman gain during pregnancy?
11-20lbs
Average consumption of fiber in america?
12-15g/day
what is the half-life of retinol-binding protein?
12hr
normal vaule for Na
135-148 mEq/L
What are the normal serum levels for sodium?
136-145mEq/L
What is the max amount of time allowed between eveing and morning meals as per Medicare?
14 hrs
Proper serving of hot food:
140 F or higher
What is the min cooking temp for roast beef
145
How much weight should an overweight (BMI 25-29.9) woman gain during pregnancy?
15-25 lbs
What is the rec amt of wt to gain in obese during preg?
15-25#
What are the approved pasteurization temps for milk?
160 F for 15 sec or 145 F for 30 min
The renal threshold, the point at which the tubules reach their max for glucose is:
160-200mg/dL
To what temp should leftovers be reheated to?
165
What temp should coffee be served at?
180-190 -- not food safety issue, but rather for taste
Coffee should be served at what temperature?
180-190 degrees F
What are the pregnancy weight gain recommendations during the first trimester?
1lb per month
Who is responsible for 1st, 2nd, 3rd party reimbursements?
1st - user/ purchaser 2nd - provider 3rd - insurance/ pt family
Reduced fat milk can be given after the age of:
2
Until what age should kids drink whole milk?
2 - before that they need the fat for growth and development
Fat content in whole milk
2%
What is the half-life of pre-alb?
2-3 days
Infants in the first year can triple their weight. What is the usual pattern for children in one year?
2-3 inches and gain 5#
An outpatient client with a dx of diverticulosis should be advised to consume:
2-3 quarts of fluid daily and high fiber foods
What ages does NHANES survey?
2-74yrs
You are going to conduct an intake survey at the high school for 300 students. Which tool would be most effective?
24 hour recall
what is the max number of hrs that prepared infant formula can be ref?
24 hrs
What is the normal range of HCO3 in the blood?
24-28
How much weight should a normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) woman gain during pregnancy?
25-35 lbs
What is the rec amt of wt gain in norm wt during preg?
25-35#
Define NBW in grams
2500 - 4000 g
How much weight should an underweight (BMI <18.5) woman gain during pregnancy?
28-40 lbs
What is the rec amt of wt to gain in underwt during preg?
28-40#
how much water does the average person excrete?
2L
What diet is appropriate for congestive heart failure
2g Na
What are the additional calorie needs during the second and third trimesters, and during lactation?
2nd: 340 additional kcal/d 3rd: 452 additional kcal/d Lactation: 330 additional kcal/d
At what age is standing ht measured?
2yo
McClelland's theory of management
3 common needs of people: achievement, power, affiliation
Most effective tool to assess dietary intake in children?
3 day food record
What is the most effective tool to assess and infant or child's intake?
3 day food record
Triangle test for eval of foods
3 samples at once, with 2 the same
The February income statement shows that 2450 meals were served with $7616 paid in labor. What is the labor cost per meal for February?
3.11
What is the normal range for serum albumin?
3.5-5 g/dL
What are the normal serum levels for potassium?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
what is the right amount of time to wash your hands?
30 seconds
Fat content in light whipping cream?
30%
What is the temp for refridgeration?
32-45 dairy is 36-40
In a normal distribution, what proportion of data lies either one standard deviation above or below the
34%. When the distribution of scores are normal there are bout 3 SD's above and 3 SD's below the mean. 34% above and 34% below.
Fat content in heavy whipping cream?
35%
What is the normal range of pCO2 in the blood?
35-45
One pound is how many kcal?
3500kcal
How many ATP are generated in the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
38
normal A1c
4-6%
At what age can infant start eating table foods?
4-6m
Recommended range for GUR of a parenteral solution:
4-6mg/kg/min
normla vaule for fecal fat
5-7g every 2hrs
The Body Mass Index-for-age percentile in reference to weight classify Normal as:
5-85%
What is the normal range on the growth chart?
5-95%
Eggs can be held in cold storage for:
6 months
feeding guidelines for formula fed newborns?
6-8 feedings/ day, 3oz per feeding 20kcal/oz -- need 2.5oz/ #/day
RDI for niacin
6.6mg/1000kcal
What is the aisle width need to allow 2 people to pass?
60 in/ 5ft
In a commercial kitchen, how wide should aisles be to allow for two people to pass?
60 inches
What is the criteria for congregte meal programs
60 yo or older, no income criteria, only one member of couple has to qualify; also called Title III
Describe the conversion of tryptophan to niacin
60mg of try = 1mg of niacin If protein/ try intake increases, the intake of niacin should decrease
Humidity of dry storage
65-70%
What should the humidity of dry goods be?
65-70%
Describe the #10 can
6lbs 9oz 6 cans per case 13 cups 20-25 servings
Step 2 diet?
7% sat fat, <200mg chol
A cookie recipe calls for one cup of butter; you will be using shortening instead. How much shortening should you use:
7/8 cup
What is the recommended percent humidity for storage of fruits and vegetables?
85-90%
what should the humidity for fruit and veggies be?
85-90%
What reading level should education material be in?
8th grade
Medicare wants elderly pt nutr status evaluated how often?
90days
The average coefficient of digestibility of protein is:
92%
Formula for food cost percent
= food cost/ sales x 100
Formula for labor cost percent
= labor cost/ sales x 100
What is the normal range for TLC?
> 2700 cells/cu mm
Diabetic HgA1c
> 6.5%
How much protein is recommended for a person receiving hemodialysis twice weekly?
>1.2
At what temp is tannin extracted from coffee?
>203 F
Flavor is termed organoleptic because it is determined by:
A blending of odor and taste
Operating budget-
A daily financial guide for the organization and used in projecting the income.
The dish machine that has an exposed loading and unloading section and an enclosed washing and rinsing section with rows of plastic pegs is best suited for:
A high volume operation This flight type continuous conveyor dish machine described above is especially popular for high volume operations
Limited access to food needs to be considered as a contributing cause in nutrition related conditions. Using the NCP, limited access to food is:
A nutrition dx
Anemia?
A reduction of size, number of RBC and/or the number of hgb -- causes decresed ability to carry oxygen in the blood.
When preparing hot chocolate, it is common to observe:
A scum on the surface of the heated product.
DKA can occcur in all but which of the following circumstances?
A sudden, intense increase in exercise. Can occur in failure to follow prescribed diet, overeating, a decrease or omission of insulin dose, an infection
Which of the following nutrients contributes most signifciantly to osmotic load of an enteral formula? A. Lacalbumin B. AA C. Calcium caseinate D. Soy protein isolate
AA- solutions containing hydrolyzed nutrients are more hypermolar than intact nutrient formulas. AA are the most hydrolyzed source of Nitrogen. Soy protein, calcium caseinate, and lactalbumin are all whole proteins and therefore would contribute much less to the osmolarity than AA
What nutrients are absorbed in the ileum?
ADEK, fat, chol
Mary is 75yrs old and complains of chronic constipation. The only treatment that has been effective is 2TBSP of mineral oil daily. You should be concerned with:
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins- mineral oil decreases absorption
Traditional nutrition counseling assumes that the client is in which stage according to the Transtheorectical Model?
Action
National nutrition policy - nationwide guidelines which specify meeting nutritional needs of people:
Address issues of: hunger. malnutrition. food safety. food labeling and menu labeling. food fortification. sustainable agricultural practices. nutrition research
agency shop
All pay. members pay more, non members pay less because they benefit
Older American's Act
Also called Title III Provides home delivered meals (NOT meals on wheels), congregate meals, senior nutr programs
Dietary Guidance Systems - Nongovernment dietary recommendations:
American Heart Association. American Cancer Society
Cultural competence:
An appreciation and acceptance of differences in cultures
Unstructured interview
An interview in which the question-answer sequence is spontaneous, open-ended, flexible, BROAD. and based on importance to the situation. Higher level job. "Tell me about your previous job"
labor unions
An organization intended to represent the collective interests of workers in negotiations with employers over wages, hours and working conditions
What color is anthocyanins? Anthoxanthins?
Anthocyanins - blue, red-blue Anthoxanthins - white, yellow
Flavonoids include what two color groups?
Anthoxanthin and Anthocyanin
Nutritional assessment uses several lines of evidence to assess nutrition status, including
Anthropometric: surveys, lipid profile Biochemical: measure fluids, hemoglobin levels, or weight at Dr.'s office Clinical: How they look, get a feel-stethoscope Dietary: BMI, head circumference Economic and Social: Poor vs Rich, culture, Religion
Application and Screening
Application form is used to obtain objective biographical information such as education, work experience, special skills and references and may not include discrinatory or illegal wording
Questioning
Ask structured or unstructured questions allowing applicant time to respond while recording important information
Disiplinary problems
Attendance - absence, tardiness, leaving w/o permission dishonesty - theft, application, property damage behavior problems - intoxication, fighting, sleepng
When a patient has gastric resection which vitamin may need supplementing?
B12
Which two vitamins regulate the formation of red blood cells?
B12 and folate
If protein intake increases, what vitamin must also increase in the diet?
B6
What vitamin is required for the transport of amino acids?
B6
What nutrients are involved in the conversion of homocystein to methionine?
B6, B12, folate
A resident of an extended care facility suffers from Parkinson's disease. The treatment includes the medication levodopa. To what food and drug interaction should the staff be educated?
B6- pyridoxine blocks the effects of the drug. Foods do not contain enough pyridoxine to inhibit the drug but supplementation with 1.0mg or more should be avoided
What is the break even point of Sarahs restaurant given the following data: Fixed costs= 28,000, variable cost= 60,000, sales=100,000?
BEP= FC / 1-(VC/Sales) 28,000/ (1-(60,000-100,000) 70,000
Fat, CHO, protein in breast milk vs. formula
BM- 45g fat, 9-11g protein, 70g CHO formula - 33-36g fat, 15g protein,74-96g CHO
What are the advantages of BMI-for-Age?
BMI for age relates to health risks
What are the adult cut-offs used? (BMI)
BMI is 20-25 kg/m2 Is DESIRABLE BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m2 indicates OVERWEIGHT BMI bet 30-40 kg/m2 is mild, moderate OBESE BMI > 40 indicates SEVERE obesity Health risks increase with increasing obesity.
Which of the following would increase an individuals risk of CHD?
BMI of 33
what is the effect of temp on basil metabolc rate?????????????????????????/
BMR increases 7% for each degree above 98.6F BMR rises 13% for each degree above 37C
Food service personnel are becoming concerned about an intoxication that can result in diarrhea or vomiting; it is found in foods considered to be safe such as dry food mixes, spices, rice, etc. Contamination occurs from the soil in most cases.
Bacillus cereus
Select the best lunch menu for a patient taking lasix (furosemide): A. Ham sandwhich with pretzels apple slices and lemonade B. Chicken noodle soup, soda crackers, blueberries, cola C. Baked potato topped with cheese and bacon, cantaloupe, and milkshake D. Hamburger, onion rings, purple grapes, and iced tea
Baked potato topped with cheese and bacon, cantaloupe, and milkshake
A homemade baking powder can be prepared by mixing:
Baking soda and cream of tartar
A well written Nutrition dx statement should be:
Based on reliable assessment data and be specific with only one problem and one etiology
Sugar crystals can be decreased in fudge by:
Beating the mixture while its cooling-- a creamy fudge with low sugar crystals can be obtained by beating the mixture, adding fat or an acid such as cream of tartar
What happens to chlorophyll in an alkaline solution?
Becomes chlorophyllin and turns a bright green color (also, hemi-cellulose is broken down and vegetables turn mushy, water soluble vitamins are lost)
What happens to chlorophyll in an acid solution?
Becomes pheophytin and turns an olive green color
BRFSS
Behavioral risk factor surveillance system
In a MAC procedure it is important to measure the middle point so it can be uniform (ppl all over the world). Where are you supposed to make a mark?
Between the acromion (shoulder blade) and olecranon (elbow)
A researcher states in the introduction to his experimental study that he expects that his research will show that a high intake of psyllium fiber will decrease LDL cholesterol. This is an example of:
Bias
A valuable resource for promoting healthy eating and physical activity behaviors in children is:
Bright Futures
Name the three end products of metabolism
CO2, ATP, water
According to the ADA's evidence analysis library, adequate fiber intake provides a benefit in the following:
CVD, GI health, weight control, diabetes
Mineral for blood clotting?
Calcium
Which one of the following nutrients is necessary in the transportation of long-chain fatty acids?
Carnitine
Which group or groups are most at risk for under nutrition:
Children and older adults- The groups most at risk for undernutrition are children, especially low income children, older adults particularly nursing home patients.
Which of the following lipoproteins carries exogenous TG from the intestines to the peripheral tissues?
Chylomicrons
The plasma lipoprotein which is richest in TG is:
Chylomicrons-90% VLDL-60%
What is the difference in puddung made with egg substitute instead of whole egg?
Coagulation temperature is lower
Name the most saturated fat.
Coconut oil
What are the major functions of B6?
Coenzyme in transamination in protein metabolism; with increasing protein intake, increase B6
Aesthetic factors are an important part of good menu planning. Which factors are most important in attracting new customers to your hospital cafeteria?
Color and method of preparation
_____level assment assesses a community's "state of nutritional health" and uses Uses statistics, data, surveys, observations
Community-Level assessment (Public Health)
What is a provitamin? Examples
Compound that can be converted to a vitamin in the body. Carotene to Vit A; tryptophan to niacin; 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vit D
Milk product that is 42% sucrose and 12% lactose is:
Condensed milk
When a food is cooked from the outside towards the center by direct contact with the pan, the transfer of energy has taken place by:
Conduction
Key messages of dietary guidelines for America
Consume fewer foods with sodium, saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, and refined grains
Key messages of dietary guidelines for America
Consume more nutrient dense foods such as fruit, vegetables, whole grains, fat free and low fat milk products, seafood, lean meats, eggs, beans and peas, and unsalted nuts and seeds
A patient with COPD is hospitalized with acute respiratory failure and is on a ventilator. The optimal route of nutrition support is:
Continuous drip TF via nasoduodenal tube GI route always preferred whenever gut is fx. To minimize risk of pulmonary aspiration, cont. feedings into teh duodenum using the least invasive method is rec. The head of the bed should be kept at least at a 45 degree elevation and checks for gastric residuals should be done frequently.
Performance appraisals are part of which management function?
Controlling
The local Health Department reported salmonella. Which one of the following is a practice that could result in an outbreak of salmonella?
Cooked chicken is cut on the same board used to cut the raw chicken.
Factors that may result in nutrition problems in the elderly include all of the following except: A. Sore mouth B. Polypharmacy C. Chronic disease D. Low hemoglobin rate
D. Common nutrition related problems in the elderly include a, b, c as well as protein energy malnutiriton, vitamin D deficiency, hypercholeserolemia, tooth loss. IDA is associated with 1-3 year old children, adolescents, and women of child bearing age.
In the kitchen, hot food in steam-table pans is placed into insulated carriers and cold foods are placed in coolers and transported by cart to galleys on nursing units. What type of meal assembly is being used?
Decentralized- food products are produced in one location and transported to assembly sites
A change in which of the following two laboratory tests can indicate that a patient has entered the anabolic phase of the stress response?
Decrease in CRP, increase in transthyratin. Transthyretin levels increase as CRP levels fall.
Pregnant woman are more susceptible to food borne illness due to:
Decreased progesterone levels
If sugar is decreased in a recipe for yeast bread, the result will be:
Decreased volume
To facilitate the receiving of goods, it is desirable to locate the receiving area near the:
Delivery door- it prevents the sanitation and security concerns that arise when non foodservice employees enter back of house areas
Theory Y of management is reflected in which term:
Democratic
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System aka B. R. F. S. S. annually since 1984 - telephone survey of adults 18 y.o. and older
Demographic information. Height, weight. Smoking, alcohol use. Weight control practices. Diabetes. Preventable health problems. Cholesterol-screening practices, awareness, treatment. Food frequencies for dietary fat, fruit, and vegetable consumption
What are the 4 main steps in development of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities?
Diet history, Laboratory tests, and physical exam, Anthropometic measurments
In 2002, the Institute of Medicine published a new set of definitions for dietary fiber. They suggested the following terms:
Dietary and functional fiber
Food and Nutrient Consumption: What We Eat in America Survey
Dietary interview component of NHANES. Individuals in households, one sample with all levels of income, another of low-income households. One-day and 3-day food intakes of individuals: 1-day recall, 2-day record. Times of eating occasions. Sources of food eaten away from home
What is a major disadvantage of using modular kitchen equipment?
Difficulty replacing parts
What management function should require the greatest allotment of time by a production manager?
Directing and controlling- Directing or leading involves directing and channeling human effort for the accomplishment of objectives. Planning is done by upper management, they set goals, establish budget, and organize and develop objectives and plans to achieve them.
The Ligament of treitz is a musculofibrous band dividing which two portions of the GI tract?
Duodenum and jejunum
Formula for determining EP
EP = AP x % yeild
The following are programs of the DHHS that address childcare issues:
EPSDT- a medicaid program that focuses on the health status of children from low income families and community health centers. WIC is USDA.
A program designed to improve the health status of low-income children by providing healthcare services is:
EPSDT- a medicaid program, focuses on the health status of children from low income families
Mrs. C is a 42 year old woman who wants to improve her resistance to upper respiratory infections by taking a botanical substance? Which one of the following is currently being advocated for this concern? Valerian Milk thistle Ginger Echinacea
Echinacea
Food and Nutrient Consumption: Total Diet Study or TDS
Eight age groups, infant through elderly. Assesses for nutrients and contaminants in foods. Estimates levels of 11 essential minerals. Collects and analyzes 234 foods from retail markets in urban areas
Elastin vs collagen
Elastin - can stretch and are not destroyed by heating with water; yellow Collagen - can't sretch, can soften and disintegrate during moist cooking; white
Management by objectives (MBO) is a method for performance evaluation characterized by:
Employees and superiors agreeing on objectives
Peter Principle
Employees will eventually be promoted to a level at which they are incompetent
The process of learning the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of a group is:
Enculturation
Which foodborne pathogen is more of a concern in ground meat than solid-muscle meats such as steaks?
Escherichia coli
National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program - NNMRRP
Established by Congress in 1990. Implementation and coordination of activities by USDA and DHHS. Monitoring data are used to assess the dietary, nutritional, and related health status of the population. More than 50 surveillance systems are operative
What role does estrogen play in bone loss?
Estrogen decreases resorption of calcium in the bone
Meat slicer should be cleaned and sanitized:
Every 2 hours
You have found a home recipe that you would like to use to serve in the hospital cafeteria. What is the best method in developing a large quantity recipe that maintains the quality of the original recipe?
Expand the recipe in increments, evaluate and adjust the recipe at each step
How to tell food cost per meal
FC per month/ # meals per month
The agency responsible for carrying out the Title III of the Bioterrorism Act is:
FDA
What agency would publish a report comparing the incidence of foodborne illnesses in restaurant and homes?
FDA
What agency would publish a report comparing the incidences of food borne illness in restaurants and homes?
FDA
The Food Additives Amendment requires all of the following except: manufactures to test additives for safety GRAS listed additives to be used without testing FDA to provide chronic tests FDA approval before use in food products
FDA to do chronic tests
What is an FTE
FTE= 1 full time equivalent (usually 40 hours). 1 FT relief employee can cover 2.5 FTE
Maternal diet significantly affects which of the following nutrients:
Fatty Acid Profiles
Before a law goes into effect it has to have regulations that detail how the law is to be implemented. These regulations are published in the:
Federal registrar When the bill is introduced, the bills title is entered in the congressional journal and printed in the congressional record. The regulations are published in the federal registrar
Describe the breakeven point
Fixed costs/ (varible cost/ sales) Balance of 0 means costs and sales are equal
Neural tube defects are a result of which vitamin deficiency in the first trimester of pregnancy?
Folate
A client comes to you on a low carb diet. She reports having one serving of CHO per meal, 3-5oz of meat each meal, no milk but eats cheese, and 2 vegetables per meal. What nutrients will she most likely be lacking?
Folic acid, potassium, vitamin A Found in f/v, and legumes, which are in limited supply on low carb diet
Selection
Follows recruiting and includes 1. Application and Screening 2. Background Check and References 3. Interviewing 4. Hiring 5. Physical Examination
Food Intake Patterns:
Food Group Plans - first plan published in 1916. MyPlate: Was developed to help consumers obtain the nutrients and substances needed for good health by eating a variety of foods
What is the primary goal of FAO?
Food and Agriculture Org - to increase food supply through agriculture
You are part of a health care team that will provide education to a group of people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The group could be subdivided by nutrtion diagnosis in order to tailor the program to their needs. Which is not an appropriate subgroup? A. Excessive food/beverage intake B. HgbA1C greater than 8 C. Excessive CHO intake D. Food and nutrition related knowledge deficit
Food and nutrition related knowledge deficit
A single mother has no money to feed her three children, which would be the quickest source of food:
Food bank
Food cost/selling price=
Food cost Ex: cost 2.10, selling price 5= 2.10/5=.42
Nutrition education for health promotion is based on the dietary guidelines for americans and the:
Food guide pyramid
Provide nutritious meals within the federal and state guidelines. This is an example of a:
Goal for school foodservice Broad statements that describe a reason a department exists is a goal. Departments will have only a few goals. Additional goals for school foodservice might be related to the budget and nutrition education.
Which food has the highest fiber content? Five prunes 1/2 cup cooked lentils 2 cups iceberg lettuce 3/4 cups bran flakes
Half cup of cooked lentils
As a clinical nutrition manager, you assume that since the dietitians complete their documentation in a timely manner, it is also completed accurately.
Halo effect
What is HACCP?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point role is to develop critcal control points in food prep to help minimize food bourne illness
Which program serves meals family style and introduces new foods with an activity first?
Head Start
Which program serves meals family style and introduces new foods with an activity first?
Head start
What program's goals include increasing life span, reducing health disparities, and providing preventative services for all?
Healthy people 2000
An iron-storage disease, caused by a genetic defect, where high amounts of iron are absorbed and stored in tissues that do not normally store iron is:
Hemochromatosis- occurs in less than .1% of the populations
Define HBV protein and give an example.
High biological value protein animal protein
How to abx cause vit K deficiency?
High doses can damage intestine (where K intrinsic factor is synthized)
Effect of fat on ice crystals?
High fat lowers ice crystal formation making a smoother product
A primary duty of the National Labor Relations Board is to:
Hold secret ballot elections to determine union representation
On an income statement, the gross margin shows:
How much money a business made before all the operating expenses are deducted
Which gland performs the central regulation of food intake?
Hypothalamus (via gluco-receptors)
A patient who has had a gastrojejunostomy is at risk of developing:
IDA- the majority of iron is absorbed through the duodenum which is bypassed in this procedure
The fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in which part of the gastrointestinal tract?
Ileum
Why do ketone bodies form?
In absence of dietary CHO, insufficient oxaloacetate is present to react with acetyl coA in the Krebs cycle. Acetyl coA is shunted to lypolysis (for energy production), and ketone bodies are formed as a by-product.
Oxalic acid fucntion? where?
In chocolate, spinach, cranberry, leafy greens binds with calcium and inhibits abs
What is the compensatory mechanism of the body for respiratory acidosis?
Increase bicarb. resorption. In respiratory acidosis, the lungs have decreased work (less CO2 excretions), so the serum pH decreases/becomes more acidic. The kidneys compensate by reabsorbing more bicarbonate.
The school meals initiative updates standards for school meals to assure they:
Increase high CHO foods. Meals must be food or nutrient based, food based menu must increase F/V, and grains. NO more than 30% fat
The Dietary Manager has been told that she must increase the number of meals served due to expansion; however, her labor hours are to stay the same. What is her best option?
Increase productivity
Hydrogenation of a vegetable oil will:
Increase the melting point. This means oils can be a solid at room temp. This is beneficial because the market for vegetable oils increases to provide competition for butter. Also, hydrogenating the oil in peanut butter prevents it from separating and floating to the top like the natural peanut butters.
All of the following are advantages to having an ingredient room except:
Increased duplication of work
All of the following inhibit non-heme iron absorption except: increased gastric acidity dietary fiber low gastric acidity high calcium intake
Increased gastric activity
Which of the following methods of heat transfer involves the use of electrical magnetic fields?
Induction
The native Americans are consuming more fast foods and less of their traditional foods. This lifestyle change may be a factor in:
Infant and maternal mortality being 4x the U.S. average, increase in dm, heard disease, and hypertension. Obesity and alcoholism are major problems
The nutritionist uses ____ to help people change their lifestyle.
Interventions
Main intracellular electrolytes? extracellular?
Intra - potassium Extra - sodium
What are the 4 basic parts of a research study
Intro - lit review, outline of study Methods - research design, how data was obtained Results -outcome, stats Discussion and conclusion - describes relationship between hypothesis and results
In a foodservice operation, the _____ is what the vendor says they are delivering to you at the time of delivery?
Invoice
Breast-feeding is preferred because it provides physical, economical, and other advantages. Which of the following is not an advantage of breast-feeding?
It is not convenient
What minerals may cause drup-nutrient interaction with diuretics?
K, mg, Zn, cal
You have a new recipe for a salad dressing for Caesar salad that calls for an egg. The egg acts an an emulsifier. What is the phospholipid that acts as an emulsifier in egg yolk?
Lecithin
Level 2
Level 2 denotes obesity and requires weight management to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes & CVS complications.
The omega-3 fatty acids include all but which one of the following: Eicosapentolenoic acid (EPA) Linoleic acid Linolenic acid Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Linoleic Acid
The cause of an outbreak of a foodborne illness was traded to Brie cheese. What bacterium is primarily responsible?
Listeria monocytogenes
The manager of a deli is looking for beef to use for barbecue. How can be determine the best product to meet his needs?
Look for the grade of beef to meet his need
It has been proposed that waist measurement alone can be used to assess obesity, and two levels of risk have been identified. What are the two levels?
MALES FEMALE LEVEL 1 > 94cm > 80cm LEVEL2 > 102cm > 88cm
closed shop
MUST join union before hired. outlawed
The gradual browning of a loaf of bread during baking is due to:
Maillard reaction
When nonfat dry milk solids are stored for a long time the browning and off flavor are a result of:
Maillard reaction The carbonyl group of a sugar combines with the amino group of an AA starting a series of chemical reactions with the eventual forming of dark pigments
IBW
Males 106 +6# for every inch over 5' Females 100+5# for every inch over 5'
What are average caloric needs for 0-6m infants?
Males: 570 kcal/d Females: 520 kcal/d
MSUD?
Maple Syrup Urine genetic disease where there is a defect in decarboxylation of BCAA causing thick brown urine
Physical Examination
May be required before applicant can be officially/legally hired. Ensure applicant is healthy enough to perform the job.
At age one, cow's milk is the primary source of nutrients; however, it should be limited to 2-3.5 cups because excess:
May displace food necessary to provide iron and lead to milk anemia
What does an Anthropometric assessment usually measure?
Measurements of body size and shape (body dimensions)
What is the average rating body fat percentage for men and women? and what is the actual?
Men 13-17 and women 20-27. If they play sports it is less.
Low serum copper and ceruplasmin levels are found in which one of the following inherited conditions?
Menkes' kinky hair syndrome
Low serum copper and ceruplasmin levels are found in which one of the following inherited conditions?
Menkes; kinky hair syndrome
Equipment purchases depend on:
Menu complexity
Which of the following has been found to be associated with visceral obesity?
Metabolic syndrome
Grapefruit juice increases bioavailability of which drug?
Mevacor
Monoglycerides and free fatty acids are carried across the intestinal mucosal cells by:
Micelles
Which of the following statements is not a good guideline for feeding infants?
Microwave to heat formula: due to uneven heating
Which one of the following is a measurement of somatic protein status?
Mid-arm muscle circumference
Mid-upper-arm circumference (MAC)
Mid-point circumference of the right arm Nonstretchable centimeter tape required Measurement compared with: Previous measurement Standard reference tables
The dietitian is working on a design for a new kitchen. She has addressed workflow, and accessibility of equipment. What is her next area of concern?
Minimizing cross contamination
The dietitian is working on a design for a new kitchen. She has addressed workflow, and accessibility of equipment. What is her next area of concern?
Minimizing risk of cross contamination
What is required to achieve the best success in marketing a foodservice cafeteria?
Mission statement- A statement of purpose which incorporates the ideas of what a company wants to offer their customers
The cake was left standing for an hour before being placed in the oven. The result was a cake that was about half the normal height. What should have been done?
Mix and bake promptly
Interviewing defined
Most important step in the selection process, Collecting cultural data by systematic questioning; may be structured (using questionnaires) or unstructured (open-ended)
The digestion of carbohydrates begins at which point along the GI tract?
Mouth
That most desirable color of beef to the customer is a cherry red. What pigments are responsible for the color of meat?
Myoglobin and hemoglobin
A single mother has no money to feed her three children. Which would be the least likely referral?
NET
A survey that helps us determine the amount of beef eaten in a given period is:
Nation food consumption survey- collects data used to describe food consumption behavior and to evaluate the nutritional content of diets for food policies, marketing, food safety, food assistance, and nutrition education. Conducted every 10 years.
What is the most appropriate tool for assessing wt and ht of kids?
National Centers For Healthy Statistics Percentiles
NHANES
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Which act relating to labor laws is considered pro-labor?
National Labor Relations Act
The Department of Health and Human Services includes all of the following agencies except: National Marine Fisheries FDA CDC HCFA
National Marine FIsheries
The Department of Health and Human Services includes all of the following agencies except:
National Marine Fisheries
NNMRRP
National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program
Elements of Nutrition Policy
National nutrition and health objectives. Regulations to safeguard food supply and ensure safe handling of food. Food labeling legislation. Dietary guidance systems. Food assistance programs. Monitoring and surveillance programs
Formula for profit margin
Net profit / sales
Optimal conditions for growing bacteria:
Neutral pH, moisture, warm temperature
Identify the vitamin whose main function is a component of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, NAD and NADP:
Niacin
Major disadvantage using modular equipment
No opportunity to customize layout
Dietary restrictions of Judaism:
No shellfish, pork, meat/poultry combined with dairy in the same meal
What are the cut off values (BMI) for men/women and WC men/women, respectively- Asian Indians
Normal cutoff values for BMI was 23 kg/m2 for both sexes. Cutoff values for WC were 85 and 80 cm for men and women, respectively - Asian Indians
An example of productivity is best represented by which statement?
Number of portions per hour. Productivity is a relationship between input and output. Portions produced (input) per hour (output)
Formula to determine number of servings from uncooked items
Number on hand - amount lost in oz / portion size
National Nutrient Data Bank established in 1892 - updated on a regular basis
Nutrient content of foods. Published tables of food composition. Computerized databases
Nutrition Research
Nutrients requirements. Role of nutrition in disease prevention and treatment
On an income statement, which portion shows how much money a business has made as a result of activities directly involved in the business operations?
Operating income
Osmosis vs diffusion
Osmosis - water crossing membrane to create equilibrium Diffusion - substance going from higher to lower concentration
Which nutrient/nutrients causes greater diet-induced thermogenesis, PRO, CHO, or fat?
PRO + CHO
The chemical tenderizer papin originates from:
Papaya
Assuming space is available, which type of tray line is ideal for a cook/chill system of food preparation and service?
Perpendicular- tray lines are typically arranged in a parallel or perpendicular format. The goal of designing tray lines, equipment, and other supplies should be to minimize the number of turns and reaches that employees need to make while assembling trays. Parallel is best when space and the number of employees are at a minimum. Perpendicular is best when there is sufficient space and employees
Which food has the highest calcium amount and should be recommended for a lactose intolerant Hispanic woman trying to increase her intake?
Pinto beans. (Only 5% of calcium absorbed in broccoli)
What is beta carotene?
Precursor to vitamin A Converted in small intestine
Mrs. P has been taking at least 1,000IU's of tocopherol daily. She is at risk for developing which medical problem?
Prolonged blood coagulation0 Very high doses of vitamin # has been found to decrease the bodys ability to utilize other fat soluble vitamins (A,D,K)
Nutrition Policy Making
Public Health and Food assistance programs. Food Safety and Labeling. Food production, fortification and marketing
Which nutrient was not included in the grain enrichment legislation?
Pyridoxine
U.S. Food and Nutrition Supply Series annually - U.S. total population
Quantities of food available for consumption on a per capita basis. Quantities of food energy, nutrients, and food components provided by these foods calculated.
What replaced the US RDA on food labels?
RDI (refernce daily intakes) % based on 2000kcal diet
CDC Growth Charts focuses on what kinds of populations?
Racially and ethnically diverse, Infants: birth to 36 months, Children and Adolescens 2-20, and infants who were fed breast vs formula
What is radiography?
Radiography involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body.
The food industry tries to limit potential food hazards. Which of the following is an unsafe practice? Cook to proper temperatures Wash hands and surfaces often Refrigerate immediately in cooking liquid Keep cooked and raw foods separated
Refrigerate immediately in cooking liquid
Guidelines or regulations that detail how a law will be implemented and any penalties that may be imposed if the law is violated are called:
Regulations
Describe the USDA
Responsible for inspection of red meats, poultry, eggs
What is included in the operating budget?
Revenues, expenses, and profits over a specific period of time
First step in program planning:
Review the needs assessment
Open the interview
Rewiew mission statement, goals of organization. Explain interview process and allow applicant to ask questions.
What are the major functions of biotin?
Role in energy metabolism; removes Co2 from enzymes and coenzyme of fatty acid metabolism
Links can be found between fat and heart disease, cancer, etc. Why do we recommend eating a variety of foods?
Role of nutrients is not specific to a disease but to a body function
Name the most unsaturated fat.
Safflower oil
The richest source of polyunsaturated fat is found in which one of the following oils?
Safflower oil
The richest source of polyunsaturated fat is found in which one of the following oils? Canola Safflower Sunflower Corn
Safflower oil
A type 2 diabetic following a weight loss regimen has been advised to select from only the lean meat or very lean meat exchange list. Best choice would be: A. Ground turkey B. Mozzarella cheese C. Salmon D. Peanut butter
Salmon Grount turkey and mozzarella cheese are on the medium fat meat list, peanut butter is on high fat meat list
The bakery has had a lot of complaints about the toughness of bread made yesterday. What ingredient would result in tougher yeast bread if omitted?
Salt
A manager that has a straight line cafeteria is needing to provide quicker services he should consider:
Scramble system- the type of cafeteria known as the scramble system or hollow square provides separate counters for various menu groups.
Schools may receive reimbursement for meals served during the summer via the:
Seamless Summer Option
Structured interview
Selection technique that involves asking all applicants the same questions and comparing their responses to a standardized set of answers.
What is the difference between selective and non-selective menus?
Selective- offers serveral different items Non-selective - offers only one items
The energy needs of a child with PKU are:
Similar to those of a healthy child
A client with CF may need to be supplemented with:
Sodium- requirements higher in CF due to higher losses through sweat.
A wedding cake is to be baked tomorrow; the cook will need five pounds of _____ flour.
Soft wheat flour
Sorbitol vs. sucrose
Sortibol is 2/3 less kcal and mot as sweet
The protein source in TVP (textured vegetable protein) is:
Soy
Phytoestrogens, isoflavonoid compounds having a weak estrogenic activity in the body are found in:
Soybeans
Triceps skinfold thickness (TSF)
Standard millimeter skinfold caliper required Thickness of skin and subcutaneous fat measured Mean of three measurements used for accuracy Results compared with standard reference tables Provides estimate of subcutaneous fat reserves
You attend a party with several friends where a variety of hot and cold finger foods were served. The food tasted great, but on the way home a few of you complained of abdominal cramps. After a day fo cramps and diarrhea, you feel fine. A possible cause for your symptoms is:
Staphylococcus aureus
List the order in which the enzymes of carbohydrate digestion are acquired during development.
Sucrase + maltase Lactase Amylase
Food consumption survey
Surveys collect data that are used to describe food consumption behavior and to evaluate the nutritional content of diets in terms of their implications for food policies, marketing, food safety, food assistance, and nutrition education.
Which act relating to labor laws is considered pro-management?
Taft-Hartley Act
Which population is often deficit in iron, calcium, and vitamin C?
Teenage girls
An example of ordinal data is:
Test scores- ranks order along a scale or dimension (shortest to tallest, lowest to highest)
Communities forming partnerships and coalitions to implement activities measuring outcomes with BRFSS and YRBSS describe:
The STEPS program is designed to help Americans live longer. 11 communities were awarded grants to fight obesity, DM, and asthma
What is shortening power? What does it cause?
The ability to shorten gluten strands. This leads to flaky pastery.
Nutrition Monitoring
The assessment if dietary or nutritional status at intermittent tunes with the aim or detecting changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population.
AI - Adequate Intakes
The average amount of a nutrient that is assumed to be adequate for individuals when there is not sufficient scientific research to calculate an RDA.
RDA - Recommended Dietary Allowances
The average amount of nutrient that is sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of 97-98% of healthy people.
Estimated Energy Requirement or EER
The average calorie intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity, consistent with good health.
Nutrition surveillance
The continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose of detecting changes in trends or distributions so that corrective measures can be taken.
A roast was prepared for the evening meal. Guests complained that the product was tough and dry. Which factor would have the most influence on this outcome?
The cooking process
Nutrition Assessment
The measurement of indicators of dietary status to identify the possible occurrence, nature, and extent of impaired nutritional status - ranging from deficiency to toxicity.
National Nutrition Monitoring
Tracking of food supply and food consumption began in 1909. Analyzes relationship between diet and health in the population
Implementing the Recommendations
Translate recommendations into food-specific guides for consumers. Program directors can use policy tools for implementing programs. Policy making continues to change - need to address food insecurity, hunger, malnutrition.
What does the symbol U and K mean (Jewish)?
U - Union of Orthodox Jews K - Rabbi supervised
WIC and Food stamp program is funded by who?
UDSA
Agency responsible for inspection of meat and poultry:
USDA
Agencies administered the NNMRRP
USDA - U.S department of Agriculture. USDHHS - U.S Human Health Sources.
What is handbook 8
USDA publication listing nutritional info of fall foods on the market
Your clinic provides nutrition intervention for parents of low birth weight babies. What guidelines are used to determine low birthweight?
Under 5.5lb- 2500g VLBW- <1,500g ELBW-<1,000g
The rule that an employee must join a union after a specified time period is called a:
Union shop
USDA Survey Nutrient Data Base - updated continuously
Used for analysis of nationwide dietary intake surveys. Includes data on food energy and 28 food components for >7,100 food items.
Nutrient Intake Standards: Dietary Reference Intakes or DRIs
Used in planning and assessing the diets of individuals and groups. Major shift from prevention of nutrient deficiencies to prevention of chronic disease. Include change in role of dietary supplements in achieving good health. Three values in addition to the RDAs: Estimated Average Requirement, Adequate intake, and Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Mid-upper-arm muscle circumference (MAMC)
Uses MAC and TSF to estimate skeletal mass MAMC (cm) = MAC (cm) - [0.314 x TSF (mm)]
An instrument that measures accurately and consistently is said to be:
Valid
Patients that have lost their gut flora as a result of long-term antibiotic treatment, will likely suffer from which vitamin deficiency
Vit K
Retinol equivalents (REs) are a measurement for which vitamin activity?
Vitamin A
Many elderly people report decreased intake of F/V. The vitamin that would least likely be deficient in as a result of this practice would be:
Vitamin A- absorbed and stored more efficiently by the aging GI tract
Which of the following vitamins are unstable to heat?
Vitamin C and D
Milk is an excellent source of many vitamins and minerals. It does not contain significant amounts of:
Vitamin C and iron
Cholesterol is a precursor to which one of the following vitamins?
Vitamin D
Patients that have lost their gut flora as a result of long-term antibiotic treatment, will likely suffer from which vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin K
It's not how should you grow its about how DO you grow. So ___ came up with growth standards for girls of years ___to____
WHO (World Health Orginazation), 2-5 years
Which of the following provides supplemental food, nutrition education, and health care:
WIC
Which organization provides supplemental food, nutrition education, and healthcare?
WIC
What type of exercise is fueled entirely by the aerobic energy pathway?
Walking
Which type of exercise is fueled entirely by the aerobic energy pathway? A. Sprinting B. Football C. Gymnastics D. Walking
Walking
What type of starch would be best for a gravy in a entree that is to be produced in a cook chill system:
Waxy corn- modified cornstarch that has higher levels of amylopectin. Very stable and will provide a thickened but not gelled consistency. Potato starch is not suitable because it thins and will become stringy with prolonged heating.
Many bills require money in order to implement them; these bills must become part of the federal budget. Because they have jurisdiction over revenue bills, ______ is a very powerful committee.
Ways and means committee
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Were developed to promote health and reduce chronic disease risks. Includes basic guidelines for healthy eating. Must be revised every 5 years; newest revision 2010.
WWEIA
What we eat in America survey
When making lemon pie, the lemon juice should be added:
When the filling is removed from heat. The combination of an acid and heat causes hydrolysis of the starch molecules. This shortening of the molecules will result in a thinner filling.
Mrs. J is a 56 year old woman with kidney disease. She has been on hemodialysis for 3 months. After reviewing her blood work, the nephrologist tells her that she needs Vitamin D. What is the appropriate form of the vitamin for this patient?
When the kidneys fail, they no longer are able to convert inactive vitamin D, calciferol, to its active form, calcitriol. Vitamin D is supplemented in its active form in renal failure.
In what circumstance(s) does pernicious anemia occur?
When there is a lack of intrinsic factor, as in after a gastrectomy, or when B12 absorption is blocked, as in after removal of the ileum.
Retail cuts of meat are prepared from:
Wholesale cuts- chuck, rib, loin, round, shank, brisket, plate, flank, and tip.
What disease is associated with low levels of serum copper?
Wilson's disease
How do you measure waist circumference?
With a tape measure, comfortably measure the distance around the smallest area below the rib cage and above the umbilicus (belly button).
Which of the follow is a risk factor for delivering a low-birthweight baby?
Women with anemia
Which of the following is a risk factor for delivering a low birth weight baby?
Women with anemia
Does the U.S. have a national nutrition policy?
YES and No - No - no single federal agency has mandate to handle national nutrition policy as its sole function. YES - responsibility is divided among congressional committees, federal agencies, and major departments
What is a gel?
a liquid dispersed in a solid
In order for a liquid to foam it must have:
a low surface tension
Waist circumference (standard) measurement does not apply to who?
a person has short stature (under 5 feet in height) or has a BMI of 35 or above
Describe the sponge method of bread making.
a portion of the flour, liquid, and yeast are combined and allowed to ferment before other ingredients are added
The proper portion size of a dessert item is 1/3 cup. Which scoop size should you use? a. #12 b. #8 c. #16 d. #10
a. #12
A Food Safety Director uses a 4 month moveable average to determine how many chicken breasts are needed for August given the numver served in April, May, June, and July. How would they forecast the need for September? a. add August and delete April b. add August c. add August and delete July d. look at last years September production tally
a. add August and delete April
Before adding new items to the menu: a. give samples to a few patients and ask for their comments b. ask patients in writing if they would like the new items c. have your managers decide which ones to offer d. ask for employee comments on new suggestions
a. give samples to a few patients and ask for their comments
Freezing will: a. inhibit bacterial growth b. destroy toxins c. destroy bacteria d. destroy enzymes
a. inhibit bacterial growth
What method is used when you log in and out movement from the storeroom? a. perpetual inventory b. mini-mix inventory c. physical inventory d. stage three inventory
a. perpetual inventory
The smoke point temperature for fats is:
above 442 degrees F
Older adults may have difficulty absorbing calcium and iron because of achlorhydria, which occurs with aging. Achlorhydria is:
absence or reduction of hydrochloric acid production
Weight requires____
accurate clinic balances with nondetachable weights
What is the intermediate breakdown product of protein, carbohydrate, and fat?
acetyl coA
Effect of acid on egg foaming (whitening)
acid increases the foaming action of egg
What environment is vit A stable in?
acidic (<6.5pH)
What ingredients in candy will control crystal size?
acids, fat, protein
Employee discipline
action against an employee who fails to conform to organizational policy and procedure
what is glutathion peroxidase?
active form of selenium (needs to supplemented in TPN)
glutathione peroxidase
active form of selenium - acts with antioxidants. risk of deficiency in TPN pts
Define the counseling skill of confronting
active reponce from the counselor - id mixed/ distorted images abd explore other ways of perception
Define the counseling skill of interpreting
active repose from counselor - provides possible explaination of or association among variour client behaviors
Define the counseling skill of attributing
active responce from the counselor - encourages client's potential for success
Define the counseling skill of probing
active responce from the counselor - questioning technique that encourages client elaboration to obtain info through the use of open ended questions
Define the counseling skill of self-disclosure
active response from counselor - you share info about yourself to allow an open atmosphere
Physical inventory
actual count of what is on hand - daily, weekly, monthly
Staphlycoccal aureus poisoning
aerobic bacteria that is resistent to heat; incubation of 30min to 8 hours; occurs when food is left of room temp for too long
Listeria poisoning
aerobic micro-o that survives low temps; found in seafood, soft cheese, unpasteurized milk, uncooked or processed meats
When can info of sealed bid be released?
after bid has been declared
When should you contant congress to gain support in a piece of legislation?
after the bill has been introduced on the floor
Landrum-Griffan Act
aka Labor-Mgt Reporting and Disclosure Act strengthens democracy within unions, protects rights of individuals and limits the economic and political power of unions
Wagner Act of 1935
aka National labor Relations Act prevetns mgt from making unfair action against employees who wish to join unions
Which amino acid is the most glucogenic
alanine
What hormone controls HTN by reabsorbing sodium in the kidneys ?
aldosterone
too much baking soda in bread
alkaline taste
When would you use moist heat cooking?
all beef (but not loin), older animals, veal, uncured pork
Describe the straight dough method of bread making.
all ingredients are added before the dough is allowed to rise
What is removed in an gastrectomy?
all or part of the stomach
What nutrient is effected when taking levodopa?
anti-parkinson's med ; protein and B6 (pyroxidine)
Lignans which are found in flax seed, wheat bran, oats, and barley contain both:
anticancer and phytoestrogen
Lignans which are found in flax seed, wheat bran, oats and barley contain both:
anticancer and phytoestrogen properties
What is the growth patten as seen in growth retardation?
as aging, linear growth is slowed; ht for age decreases slowly over time
what is the first thing an RD should do in clincal/ mgt settings?
assess and evaluate
what is the first step when creating a in-service or presentation
assess needs and interest of audience
What's on the balance sheet?
assets = liabilities + equity (capital)
what is the next step after a bill is intro in congress?
assigned to a committee
what is a DRG (diagnostic related group)?
assing fixed costs and lengths of hospital stay to specific illness; stem from medicare; also called prospective payment system
What are tannins?
astringent taste to fruits and veggies; found in teas reduce non-heme iron absorption
Formula for determining fixed order quantity invoice system
average daily use x lead time + safety stock Lead time is the number of days between order and delivery
Wht is the lowest acceptable holding remperature while serving? a. 120 F b. 140 F c. 160 F d. 180 F
b. 140 F
Previously cooked hazardous food must be rehearted to an internal temperature of 165 for fifteen seconds within: a. 1 hour b. 2 hours c. 4 hours d. 30 mins
b. 2 hours
Spaghetti sauce prepared on Monday is to be served on Wednesday. What should you recommend to the cook? a. cool the sauce and store it in a deep pan b. store the sauce in shallow pans in the refrigerator c. store the sauce in a deep pan in the refrigerator quickly d. cool completely on the counter, the refrigerate
b. store the sauce in shallow pans in the refrigerator
What is the difference in % fat of ground beef, ground chuck, ground round
beef - <30% fat chuck - <25% round - <20%
Formula for cost of goods sold
beginning inventory + purchases - ending inventory = cost of goods sold
Storage of veggies
below 45F to delay the action of enzymes. Enzymes cause ripening (starches to sugars)
Advantage of cooking veggies in the microwave
better retention of nutrients
what are the three ingredients found in baking soda?
bicarbonate of soda, an acid, and cornstarch
Which 2 vitamins are synthesized by the gut microflora?
biotin and K
What is the proper heating of canned items? Why?
boil for 10 minutes to prevent botulism
Phenophytin and chlorphyllin
both are products of chlorphyll cooking; Phenophytin causes dull yellow color when cooking in acid. Chlorphyllin causes proght yellow color/ mushy veggies in base
Buttermilk vs whole milk
buttermilk - less kcal, fat, more acidic add backing soda if substituting for whole milk in recipe
Which additive improves crispness in vegetables? a. BHA b. BHT c. calcium d. pectin
c. calcium
Equipment purchases depend on: a. the budget b. what the cooks want c. the menu d. the type of facility
c. the menu
Allium and Cruciferae are to families of vegetables that have strong flavors because of the presents of sulfur containing compounds. Which vegetable is in the Cruciferae group: onions garlic leeks cabbage
cabbage
A preg vegan lacks what nutrients?
cal, zinc, B12
What is the most abundant mineral?
calcium
What nutrient interferes with iron absorption?
calcium - iron def anemia common in kids who consume excess milk
How does calcium affect iron absorption?
calcium binds oxalates and so can increase iron absorption
what should be decreased in the bedridded?
calcium, nitrogen
what is the most accurate way to access food intake?
calorie count
Many food producers have their own brand names and define their own quality. To ensure the desired quality is purchased, you should:
can cutting
K foods
cantaloupe and dried fruits
ability
capability to do work well? training coaching and practice
In order to slow the deterioration process of fruits and vegetables in storage, this gas is added to the environment of the storage facility:
carbon dioxide
what can be caused by hyperkalemia?
caridiac arrythmias
The orange color of carrots is stable during cooking because:
carotenoids are heat stable and fat soluble
faccilitated diffusion
carriers and energy needed
Role of LDL cholesterol
carries chol from liver to tissues---main cause of atherogenesis
Why shouldn't kids drink while lying down?
carries, ear infection, baby bottle tooth
The protein in milk that precipitates at pH 4.6 is:
casein
Glycogenesis
cause of formation of glycogen-- by insulin or anabolic conditions
How does aldosterone affect electrolyte balance?
causes resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidney
what is an osteoclast?
cell that breaks down bone
Who would most benefit from the hedonic scale?
children, non-english speaking --9pt scale often used for food acceptability
Describe winterization of fats?
chilling oil to remove sat fat; used to make liquis consistency in salad dressings
What prep method causes the most vit losses?
chopping and cutting into small pieces
Which 2 minerals are important for glucose metabolism?
chromium and zinc
Moist heat methods (braising and stewing) of cooking are recommended for:
chuck
The plasma lipoprotein which is the richest in triglycerides is:
chylomicron
What influnces iron absorption?
citrus juices increase; tea, coffee, milk decrease
What material is best for kitchen floors?
clay or quarry tiles - easy to clean, limited skidding
What is the benefit of a non-directive interview
client is allowed to answer freely and more info and be obtained
Body weight can be compared to ____
clinical
What are the 3 learning domains
cognative - memory and problem solving psychomotor - physical manipulation and movement affective - emotion and attitudes
Name the three domains of learning.
cognitive, affective, psychomotor
Irridation of meats
cold steralization that breaks up bacteria DNA so it cannot reproduce
The fibrous protein in meats that cause older animals to be tougher and can be converted during cooking gelatin is:
collagen
where in the GI tract is vit K formed?
colon by bacteria
performance appraisal
comparison of an individuals performance with established standards for the job
Workmen's compensation
compensation provided to employees who are injured at work; administered by each state gov
finding Candidates Inside the Organization
computerized records, job postings by notices on bulletin boards, employee publications, special handouts, recall of those laid off.
What is the advantage of having a convection oven over a conventional?
convection needs lower temp and less cooking time; product is more evenly cooked
What is batch cooking?
cooking small batches of food throughout service rather than all at once - enhances quality, reduces waste
what system does lactic acid use to release bound energy?
cori cycle
List some common foods consumed by mexican-americans
corn/ flour tortilla, refried beans, peppers, burritos , rice
A large hospital uses an ingredient room. The best reason for this area is
cost control
What are the advantages of a std recipe?
cost control, quality/ quantity control, inventory
Define cost of sales
cost of raw food and beverage sold
Formula for EP cost/lb?
cost of raw product / cooked edible weight
How to tell inventory turnover rate
cost of sales/ average inventory cost
What are indirect costs?
costs NOT affected by sales volume
Staff on the tray line use gloves to
create a barrier between hands and food
creatinine?
dec value means decreased muscle mass -- is a product of creatine found mainly in muscle, aids in ATP during anaerobic conditions
How do you adjust for baking at high altitudes?
decrease baking powder, increase liquid
If sugar is decreased in a recipe for yeast bread, the result will be:
decreased volume
The temperature at which water boils _____ as elevation increases
decreases
What is the highest energy using equipment?
deep fat fryer
job description vs specification?
desc - duites on the job spec - tells the min qualifications, std needed
Effect of acid on thiamin?
destroys thiamin
Define specification of product
detailed list of characteristics that is desired when purchasing a product
Height compared to previous measurement to
detect errors, growth in children, and height loss in older adults
Orientation training and development
development process beegins with orientation and is continued throughout employment
what is the best diet for peptic ulcers?
diet as tolerated by pt
Why would a child with PKU be a greater risk for cavities?
diet high in simple CHO
What is used to determine food cost?
direct cost, food cost %, cost of raw food, labor costs; NOT included are indirect costs
What are some verbs that can be measured in a goal or objective
discuss, apply, compare, illustrate -- NOT understand, comprehend
What compound is added to quick-cooking cereals to make the particles swell (cook) faster? Which group of people should, therefore, avoid quick-cooking cereals?
disodium phosphate people on low-sodium diets
What are fixed costs?
do not change with sales volume --- utilities
working conditions
do the working conditions interfere with performance? improve them
Heme iron
does not need reducing agent to make absorable in body. In meats and animal tissue
check list
doesnt evaluate performance but records it. yes or no responses
10-State Nutr Survey?
done only once to lower income
maintenence and membership
dont have to join but can be contracted to join for a period of time.
agency shop?
dont have to join union but must contribute money
Function of glycerol monostearate
dough conditioner
Civil rights act of 1964
employees are not allowed to practice obsious forms of descrimination based on color, race, gender, sex, nationality
democratic style of leadership?
employees encouranged to give input and aid in decision making
What is PKU?
enzyme deficiency; phenylalanine isn't converted to tyrosine causing build up on phenylalanine
Hiring considerations
equal employment opportunity law, affirmative action
Fair Labor Stds Act
est min wage, est overtime at 40hours, controls employement of those under 16yo
Strategic Marketing involves strategic planning. Which of the following is not a part of the strategic planning process:
establishing a price for service
The ripening process for fruits and vegetables is initiated by:
ethylene
Etiology vs epidemiology
etiology - study of the cause of a disease epidemiology - study of the frequency of a disease
When should a meat slicer be sanitized
every 2 hours of continuous use
What is the cause of fatty liver in a TPN pt?
excess dextrose
What is Wilson's disease
excessive accumulation of copper in liver, brain, kidney, cornea; inherited disorder of copper metabolism
What is included in the capital budget?
expenditures with returns expected to last > 1 year (e.g. facilities, equipment, repairs, maintenance contracts)
Name the analytical research types
experimental and causal
What is the effect of high Co2 or low O2 on fruit and veggies?
extends life and improves quality
Define anasarca.
extreme, generalized edema
what is the requirement for school lunch program?
family income
Normal fasting and post-prandial blood sugar ranges.
fasting: 70 - 100 post-prandial: <200
what vitamins may be effected with long term laxitive use?
fat sol ADEK
Which provides more energy, fat or CHO, and why?
fat, because fat has more carbon atoms and fewer oxygen atoms than CHO.
who is fredrick taylor?
father of scheduling developed Gantt charts for charting time and tasks
4 forms of iron
ferrous (heme) ferric (non-heme) ferritin (stored iron) transferrin (transport form)
Which form of iron is most absorbable?
ferrous (heme) iron
Ficin is found where? function?
figs; tenderizer
compensation
financial remuneration given by the organization to its employees in exchange for work
when should an emplyee be given performance expectations?
first day
Formula for break even point (in terms of units sold)
fixed costs / (selling price - variable cost)
What is the toughest cut of meat?
flank - long muscle fiber and little fat
What is a tilt-pan fryer?
flat bottomed cooking unit that can be used as a kettle, grill, oven, frying pan, steamer, warmer/ server
All of the following are objective qualities of cake except: volume texture flavor moisture
flavor
Function of MSG?
flavor enhancer
What is the function of salt in baking?
flavor, keeps yeast-dough from being sticky
Basic structure of quick bread
flour and eggs
what do you give a person after a 90min workout?
fluids, CHO
What needs to be supplemented if someone on birth control became preg?
folate, B6
what should be supplemented in women taking birth control?
folate, B6
What are the two nutrients most commonly supplemented during preg?
folate, iron
Describe the ready foods system of production
food are prepared and frozen or chilled to be used later-- advantage of reducing uneven work flow
Formula for inventory turnover rate
food cost / average inventory cost
Formula for food cost percentage
food cost / income
What are the two types of evaluations
formative - "before and after", able to draw a conclusion based on prior testing (pre/post tests) Summative - summary of "after" eval with no basis of priot testing (RD exam)
phytic acid where? inhibits abs of what?
found in husks of cereal grains inhibits calcium abs
The structure of baked goods is provided by:
gluten
Order the protein content (gluten strength)
gluten flour, hard wheat, all purpose, self-rising, pastry, cake
Measurement of the rate at which glucose appears in the blood after the ingestion of a carbohydrate source relative to the rate after ingestion of white breads is done using:
glycemic index
Which lipids are absorbed directly into the portal blood?
glycerol, short chain FA's, medium chain FA's, some phospholipids
What are the three storage forms of energy?
glycogen, fat, and cellular protein
The process by which glycogen can be used for energy is called:
glycogenolysis
Nitrogen balance equation:
gm Nitrogen- (24 hour urine urea nitrogen + 4)
goal vs objective
goal - general purpose statement; broad objective - specific, measurable,
Describe solanine alkaloid production
green tissue formation found under the skin of potatoes stored in sunlight--- bitter taste and buring sentation
Low temperature storage of ice cream promotes the formation of lactose crystals. This will cause the ice cream to be:
gritty
Food Chemical Codex
guide for using and control of food additives
What learning technique offers the most retention
hands- on
What is a line position?
has direct contact with the department (inside dept)
Wht is a staff position?
has indirect contact with the dept (outside dept)
Describe monounsat FA?
has one double bond -- lowers LDL, keeps HDL same
Describe polyunsat FA?
has two or more double bonds -- lowers both LDL and HDL
The factors affecting basal needs include all of the following except:
heart rate
Describe saturated fatty acids?
holds all the hydrogen it can -- raises LDL, lowers HDL
What is a scrambled system?
hollow square with units for food vending- allows for quicker traffic flow
What is the most effective tool for nutr status of elderly?
ht and wt
What is the most important anthropometrics when assessing children?
ht and wt
A 6 month old child is brought to the clinic, the mother is vary concerned that the child is too small for her age. The child is 6.8 kg-the 25th percentile and 67.5 cm-the 75th percentile. You tell the parent:
ht and wt are appropriate for age
What is the initial reaction during acute phase responce (trauma)
hypermetabolism
What is the reaction to metabolic acidosis?
hyperventilation
Hypogeusia is a diagnosis on the transfer record of a 87 year old male being admitted to your long term care facility.
hypogeusia
What does the critical path method do?
identifies the most critical activities to best allocate limited resources; also identifies the longest path necessary for project completion
critical incident
identifying incidents of employee behavior that results in EXTREME succces or failure on some part of the job
The fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in which part of the GI tract?
ileum
Formula for average check
income from meals / people eating meals
What is the result of ketosis?
incomplete fatty acid oxidation; depletion of sodium and potassium
What are possible outcomes of WIC services?
increase h/h, less occurance of anemia, less LBW babies, more knowledgable pts
The school meals initiative updates standards for school meals to assure they:
increase high carb foods.
What effect does fat have on the RQ?
increase in fat decreases the RQ
The cook prepared french fries from potatoes stored in the refrigerator. They will brown unevenly due to:
increase in sugar content
Hydrogenation of vegetable oil will:
increase melting point
To prevent clustering of crystals when making fondant:
increase sugar concentration
How is insulin altered on sick days (fever)
increase the insulin
Define hemosiderosis
increased storage of insoluble iron in the spleen and liver w/o tissue damage
overrun
increased volume that happens when ice cream is agitated during freezing; weight of the product tells % overrun -- 100% is ok, 70-80% is recommended
Independent vs dependent varibles
indep- exposed to experimetnal group dep - outcome or effect of the independent
Who would qualify for medicade?
indigent, blind, mentally/ physically handicapped
An increase in gastrointestinal motility is a healthy benefit of which type of fiber?
insoluble fiber
Identify the hormone that causes an increase in glycogenesis and lipogenesis
insulin
The hormones responsible for moving glucose into and out of the cell, respectively are:
insulin, glucagon
The hormones responsible for moving glucose into the cell and out of it, respectively, are
insulin/glucaon
What nutrient-interaction does the TB drug isoniazid have?
interferes with B6 metabolism
line position
internal position responsible for production
Regulation?
interpretation of a law
Your hospital currently uses the patient one week cycle menu for the cafeteria. Employees are complaining that they are tired of the "same old thing" and want more variety. Administration wants the complaints addressed but they will not willing to spend money. What do you recommend:
introduce a daily special in the cafeteria, leave patient menu as is
Describe the FTC
investigates false advertising claims, oral misrep, promotes free and fair competition
Spoon-shaped nails are a symptom of what mineral deficiency?
iron
What deficiency will show spooned nails?
iron
8yo who doesnt eat much; what should you check?
iron studies (hgb, hct)
Which nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum?
iron, cal, magnesium, chl
What foods high in iron can be recommenced for infants 6-12m
iron-fortified formula, infant cereal
feedback
is adequate feedback recieved? provide it
What is bone density scanning (DEXA-dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry)
is an enhanced form of x-ray technology used to measure bone loss. DEXA is today's established standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD).
extrinisc motivation
is good performance rewarded? arrange pos and neg rewarding
Why is agitation important in ice cream making?
keeps crystals small and product smooth
What is the role of HCl in the stomach?
keeps stomach in acidic environment; needed for protein breakdown
Signs of vit A deficiency
keratinization of skin and mucous membranes Night blindness
Diet tx in epileptic children?
ketogenic diet -- dec seizure
What happens after a period of starvation and uncontrolled DM?
ketones are used for energy in place of glucose
Why would a renal pt be anemic?
kidney make erythropoietin (RBC)
Lactose intolerance is caused by:
lactase insufficiency
What happens during the Cori cycle?
lactate is released from the tissue, transported to the liver, and converted to pyruvate
In the following lists, which one is a disaccharide? Glucose Lactose Fructose Galactose
lactose
What are the three disaccharides?
lactose (galactose +glucose) maltose (glucose + glucose) sucrose (fructose + glucose)
How do you cook cabbage to improve the flavor?
large amount of water short time lid off initially to allow acids to escape
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act?
law requiring accomodations to be made for handicapped employees
What is the best souce of vit K?
leafy greens (broccoli, cabbage, turnip greens, lettuce)
What determines BMR?
lean body mass, body surface area, age, gender
A naturally occurring emulsifying agent in a common food is:
lecithin in egg yolk
Name the branched-chain amino acids.
leucine, isoleucine, valine (Lucy is so valant.)
proper way to cook broccoli and cauliflower
lid off first 2-3 min to remove volatile acids
Define the counseling skill of clarification
listening responce from counselor - posing a question, often after an unclear message is given from the client
Define the counseling skill of summarization
listening responce from the counselor - paying attention to both the client and thier feelings using both paraphrasing and refletion responses
Define the counseling skill of paraphrasing
listening responce from the counselor-- restatement of client's message in your own words
Define the counseling skill of reflection
listening response - reflections of feelings are used to re-phrase emotional part of the message
Refrigerated ready to eat foods are a potential source of:
listeria
The plasma lipoprotein richest in cholesterol is:
low density (LDL)
What lab vaules are altered with iron def anemia?
low h/h, MCV, MCHC RBC may be normal
What lab values are altered with pernicious anemia?
low h/h, RBC High MCV, normal MCHC
What lab vaules are altered with anemia of chronic disease?
low h/h, RBC normal MCV, MCHC commonly seen is children
What is a low cariogenic food?
low in sugar - -grilled cheese sandwich
What is the enrollment criteria of WIC
low income, nutr risk, preg, post-partum(up to 6m), lactating (up to 1yr), child under 5yo
what is the most commonly seen indicator oof malnutrition in the us ?
low iron stores--- low h/h
Marasmus
low kcal intake muscle and fat wasting - starved appearance antropometric dx - dec triceps skin fold, arm circum alb normal, no edema
Braising and stewing tenderize tough cuts of meat by:
maintaining low cooking temperature to reduce toughening of protein fibers while extending cooking times to allow collagen to convert to gelatin
Bone absorption?
making of new bone
What waist circumference identifies males/females as at-risk?
males: > 40 in females: > 35 in
What waist:hip ratio identifies males/females as at-risk?
males: >1 females: >0.8
UDSA and meat inspection
mandatory (if sold across state lines), ensures wholesomeness (not quality), slaughtered under sanitary conditions
what questions cannot be asked during an interview?
marital stats, children, age, race, religion
Cost- effectiveness analysis
measure of benefit of a progrma in monetary terms; $1 per pt of chol lowered
Cost - benefit analysis
measures the amt of money saved due to programs outcome; cost of program/ savings in cost = benefit
What foods would be restriced in lactovegetarian?
meat, fish, poultry, eggs -- allowed are milk and dairy
Who is responsible for inspection of meat, fish, poultry?
meat, poultry -- USDA fish -- US Dept of Commerce
Frequent foods of Native Americans?
meats, nuts, berries, corn, jerky, maple syrup, tomatoes, sqush -- high prev of lactose intolerance in this population
autocratic style of leadership
mgt makes decisions and announces them to employees; time saving
laissez-faire style of leadership
mgt permits subordinates to function within limits defined by supervision
participative style of leadership
mgt present problem, gets employee suggestions and makes decision
Monoglycerides and free fatty acids are carried across the intestinal mucosal cells by:
micelles
What is colostrum?
milk that is produced just before and after childbirth rich in antibodies
What food may be included in school lunch program? Who funds?
milk, fruits, veggies, bread, meats USDA
How to figure out kcal in dextrose IV
ml x % x 3.4kcal 2L of D5W = 2000x 5%x 3.4 = 340kcal
What is revenue
money obtained from goods or services
Name the end products of fat metabolism.
mono & diglycerides + glycerol + fatty acids
What is ABC analysis in inventory control?
most costly is A - need careful control B is less costly C is least and needs little control
Transfer
moving from one job to another at the same organizaitonal level
Halon?
multi-purpose dry chemical used to put out fires-- can be used for all types of fires
What is the function of NSF
national sanitation foundation - to establish min sanitation std for manufacturing equipment
Natural vs processed cheese
natural - no additives processed - emulsifiers added to make it softer and easier to cook
Active transport
needs energy
collective bargaining
negotiations between union and mgt concerning pay, working condition...
optimal growing conditions for bacteria
neutral pH, moisture, warm temp
When can foods containing whey be added to the diet of someone with galactosemia?
never
What nutrients are needed for the end product of glycolysis to enter Kreb's cycle?
niacin, thiamin, panthothenic acid, lipoic acid
Are protein needs different for athletes?
no (.8 -1.0)
Mormon food practices?
no alcohol or caffiene beverages
Food restriction of Jewish?
no pork, fish need scales (NO seafood), no meat/ poultry and dairy at the same meal, no foods containing blood
Food practices of Seventh Day Adventists?
no pork, no shellfish, no alcohol, no caffiene beverages, no meat broth
why would you see kwashiorkow in a TPN pt on only D5W for an extended time?
no protein in the mixture
What is the maillard reaction?
non-enzymatic browning occurs between combo of amino group with a reducing sugar-- baking bread, frying potatoes
What is the value for a normal renal solute load? What would indicate renal failure?
normal = >55ml/min failure = 12.5-30ml/ min
What is normal alb, the half life, reasons why may be decreased?
normal =3.5 or higher Half-life = 15-19days Dec - post-op, overhydration, protein malnutr, nephroic syndrome (chronic loss)
open shop
not required ot join union, but can at any time
open shop
not required to join union and dont pay fees
How to tell popularity index
number of servings of item / total number of all items in that catagory
best type of food for a child with atheoid CP?
nutr dense foods that can be eaten by hand
What services are provided by the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)
nutr edu to families with children under 19yrs who are at greatest nutr risk and are low income
what are the most prevalent nutr problems among American kids?
obesity, anemia, dental carries
Acculturation
ocurrs when one culture adopts cultural habits of another
Define winterization of oil.
oil is chilled to 45 F, allowed to crystallize, and the crystals are filtered out; allows oil to stay liquid under refrigeration; usually done to corn, soy, cottonseed oils
What should be assess if a formula fed infant has low iron?
on an iron fortified formula? normal hgb is 11.2 in infants
What is the feeding regimen for breastfed infants?
on demand
unity of command
one main boss
bonus
one time stipend
Examples of fruits that will not ripen after they are picked are:
oranges and grapes
closed shop
org can only hire union employees -- illegal due to discrimination!
management represetation
organizational staff, management, top management, attorney
Formula for determining number of kcals in a glass of alcohol.
ounces served x proof x 0.8
Who would qualify for medicare?
over 65yrs for have paid into SS for 40 quarters or 10 years
What is the cause of browning in fruit?
oxidation (respiration)
More than 2000 additives are used today, as important ingredients of processed and convenience foods. Which of the following additives are meat tenderizers?
papin and bromelin
Papain is found where? function?
papya; tenderizer
Trichinosis poisoning
parasite in pork and wild game
What is the role of pantothenic acid?
part of coenzyme A; needed for cellular metabolism
According to Maslow, needs must be met in the following order:
physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization
Bromelin is found where? function?
pineapple; tenderizer
what is the human relations school of mgt?
ppl motivated through respect, responsibility emphasis on employees
Theory Y by McGregor
ppl thrived while working, exersice self-control, revel in responsibility -- humanistic thought
what is the best way to assese if a TF if working?
pre-alb
Calcium propionate and calcium sorbate are what?
preservatives
What are the objectives of HMO's
preventative medical care
Erythorbate as an additive
prevents nitrate from forming nitroamine (cancer causing)
what are the 8 quality grades of meat?
prime, choice, good, standard, commercial, utility, cutter, canner
What nutrietns are most important in HIV/AIDS population?
pro, kcal
Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
pro-mgt act stating that certain union practices are unfair (like refusing to bargain, charing initiation fees)
Insulin
produced by beta cells in the islets of langerhans -- decreases BGL
Describe the conventional system of production
product is made and served on site -- disadvantage is uneven work flow
Where are hand sinks manditory in the kitchen/ serving line?
production areas
Describe the commissary system of production
production at a central site and then it is transported to satalite units -- concern of food saftey
If the breakeven point increases, what happens to the profits?
profits decrease-- your product is costing more to produce the same amount
What hormone stimulates placental development after implantation?
progesterone
Development
programs desgined to improve employees technical, human and conceptual skills.
Age Descrimiination act
prohibits employers with more then 20 workers from descriminating against employees over 40yo
Equal Employment Opportunity Legislation
prohibits employment or advancement descrimination based on race, colore, religion, sex, nationality Based on Title VII of civil rights act of 1964
What is the hormone that produces the production of milk?
prolactin; oxytocin stimulates the let-down of milk
Describe collagen formation
proline (with the aid of vit C) yeilds hydroxyproline which yeilds collagen
by reading the local paper, you will find out about what stage of a bill?
proposal
National Labor Relations Board
protects employees bargaining rights, investigates labor disputes that affect interstate commerce
Norris-LaGuarida Act
protects employees from discrimination during a strike
The enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase are vital in the digestion of:
protein
What deficiency will show pluckable hair?
protein
What macronutrient should be increased with pressure ulcers?
protein
what nutrients delay gastric emptying?
protein and fat
What is the effect of protein on fluid balance?
protein exerts colloidal osmotic pressure on vessel walls, retaining the fluid inside the vessel. When blood protein is low, water moves outside of the vessel, into the third space, and edema ensues.
What is avidin?
protein in egg that bind biotin and prevents its absorption; avidin is destroyed by heat
What is the best indicator of proper growth and development in kids?
regualr and consistent increments on growth charts
what are the onset times for normal, NPH, ultralente insulin?
regular - .5 - 1hr NPH (intermediate) - 2-4hrs Ultralente (long acting) - 6-10 hrs
aldosterone
regulates sodium reabsorption
high co2 and low pH means?
respiratory acidosis
A patient has a blood pH of 7.2 and a high pCO2. What is going on? What is the compensatory behavior?
respiratory acidosis compensation: decreased excretion of bicarbonate (base) by the kidney.
A patient has a blood pH of 7.6 and a low pCO2. What is going on? What is the compensatory behavior?
respiratory alkalosis compensation: increased excretion of bicarbonate (base) by the kidney.
Define RQ.
respiratory quotient; VCO2 expired / VO2 consumed
Define nyctalopia.
reversible night blindness caused by early-stages of vitamin A deficiency
Post interview
review the selection criteria and personal notes
Nutrients killed by light
riboflavin and vit C
Which vitamins are needed for energy production?
riboflavin, thiamin, pantothenic acid, niacin
Gluten can be extracted from dough made from flour and water by:
rinsing with water
Why should infants not consume honey in the first year?
risk of botulism -- immature GI tract
Links can be found between fat and heart disease, cancer, etc. Why do we recommend eating a variety of foods?
role of nutrients is not specific to a disease but to a body function
Formula for average check
sales/ number of customers
A patient with an ileostomy would have an above-average need for:
salt and water- An ileostomy will cause excessive losses in the stool of water and salt. (Since the small intestine has not been removed, the water-soluble vitamins should be adequately absorbed in the jejunum.) Patients should drink at least 2 quarts of water daily and should consume a normal diet, which provides adequate sodium.
Pre-interview
scheduing interview time and setting. Review applicant material and job description.
span of control
scope of responsibility or the number of employees under a supervisor; narrow span is best for new/ untrained
Median
score in the midpoint
Mode
score the occurs most frequently
To determine the brand of pudding preferred by customers, use
sensory evaluation
To determine the brand of pudding preferred by customers, use:
sensory evaluation
What should be altered when food consistency is?
serving size -- to yeild similar nutrient values
tell me about sanitizing agents
should be chlorine, iodine, ammonia based (not in hard water) 50ppm at 75 degreese for 60 seconds
When making biscuits a hard fat should be sued instead of oil because biscuits:
should be flaky
Glucostatic theory
signs sents to the hypothalamus indicating satiety
if planning a community program, who should you collaborate with?
similar programs
Describe blanching
small amounts of food are plunged in boiling water to stop enzymatic action
What is a co-op (cooperative)?
small facilites purchase items together to have larger buying power and decrease in costs
What diet is good for dumping syndrome?
small frequent meals, dec CHO, limited fluids with meals
where is lactose broken down?
small intestine
What is the primary extracellular cation?
sodium
The electrolytes which exist as ions in body fluids are:
sodium, potassium and chloride
A wedding cake is to be baked tomorrow. The cook will need five pounds of _____ flour.
soft wheat
What is the toxin sometimes present in green potato skins?
solanine
List spy protein concentrates, soy flour, and soy protein isolates in order of increasing protein content.
soy flour soy protein concentrates soy protein isolates
what is the proper lifting technique?
square body with object, bend knees
Formual to determine economic order quantity
square root of 2 FS/CP F = fixed costs S = sales/usage C = carrying cost of inventory P= purchase price per unit
Best metal to use for frying?
stainless steel--- least breakdown of fat while frying
The amount of time that a food is allowed to stand so that the residual heat can be transferred by conduction is known as:
standing time
Sneeze guards are placed on salad bars to protect the food from which of the following:
staph
What is the null hypothesis
states that there is no significant difference between the control and experiment groups
What are the safe minimum temperatures for steak, pork chops, fish, ground beef, and poultry?
steak, pork chops & fish = 145 F ground beef = 160 F poultry = 165 F
Name the types of moist heat cooking?
stewing, braising -- intended for less tender cuts
What is the role of vitamin K in blood clotting?
stimulates liver to make prothrombin
diciplinary considerations
straightforward, calm, private, inform employee of grievance procedure
What are catecholamines
stress hormones made within the body; leads to increased metabolic rate, hyperglycemia, glucagon release-- epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine
Union exercise power
strike - work stopage picket - publicly airing complaint boycott - refusal to do business with company
When a natural cheese is heated to a high temperature, the result will be:
stringiness, toughness, and a separation of fat.
What is the coorelation coefficient
strong at -1.0 and 1.0; as the coorelation gets closer to 0, it becomes weaker
Name the strongest and the weakest flours.
strongest=bread flour weakest=cake flour
Symptoms of essential FA deficiency?
stunted growth, eczema -- in infants
performance appraisal success
success or failure of a performance appraisal depends upon its philosophy and the attitudes and skill of those who manage it
Most frequently used additive in food
sugar
What can slow browning of fruits?
sugar, antioxdants, acid, covering items, cooking
Drucker's Mgt by Objectives
supervisor and employee determine together performance objectives and criteria
Name the descriptive reseach types
surveys and coorelation
The chef prepared pudding for the satellite kitchen and when it was served it had liquid on top of the gel. This is:
syneresis
When a gel is cut, free liquid drains out. This is due to:
syneresis
contract negotiation
take on characteristics of a game where all submitted proposals or positions of both sides are presented for trading purposes
Off the hob training
takes place our side the wokplace such as lab experience, case studies, role playing, seminars, lecures, films, and computers. Employees recieve extra compensation for time.
Training
teaching of technical skills to employees. Helps organizaiton meet goals.
Ouchi's theory Z
teamwork and job family is impt loyality to job is key
Mgt skills
techinal, human, conceptual
what population's diet is often lacking in cal, iron, vit C
teen girls
What population is at greatest risk during preg?
teens; esp anemic, obese, underwt
most effect on cooking loss in meat
temp and length of cooking
How does acid affect egg white foam?
tenderizes the protein, allows it to extend, and stiffens the foam
What is the function of fat in baking?
tenderness, coats gluten particles
What is the function of sugar in baking?
tenderness, flavor, prevents over-development of gluten
What TVP?
textured vegetable protein; meat extender, decreases total amount of fat in meat dishes
Describe lipid metabolism
tg brokendown to FA and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase; in liver FA metabolized by beta-oxidation with the final product being acetyl-coA
What is syneresis?
the "weeping", or leaking of water, from a coagulated product
What does the surgeon general report provide
the 10 leading causes of death in the us heart disease, stroke, cancer -- top 3
Management by objectives (MBO) is a method for performance evaluation characterized by:
the administrator establishing the objectives based on the organization's goals
What does the "finish" of a meat refer to?
the amount of fat covering the carcass
Vegetables that have thiols are considered to be the most protective against cancer. Thiols are found in:
the cabbage family
performance
the degree of accomplishment of the tasks that make up an indiviuals job
Gross margin:
the difference b/w revenue and cost before accounting for certain other costs
chain of command
the formal line of authority and communication
What is the overrun in ice cream?
the increase in volume from freezing/whipping
what is the primary control of a food service system?
the menu - make the menu to meet the needs of the patient, staff, family
What does the scoop size indicate?
the number of servings from 1 quart
What is the smoke point of fats?
the temp at which fat smokes and acrolein apprears . acrolein an mucous membrane irritant
What does gauge refer to?
the thickness of metal -- smaller the gauge, the thicker the metal
An increase in energy expenditure associated with the consumption of food is called:
thermic effect of food
Describe the effects of cooking on thiamin.
thiamin is destroyed by heat, but heat-stable in an acid
What nutrients are required to be added into enriched breads?
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron
Where (anatomically) do chylomicrons enter the blood stream?
thoracic duct
Essential AA (tv till pm ha)
threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, lecine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionone, histidine (TV TILL PM HA)
Why would you take iron with meals?
to avoid GI upset
What is the purpose of Dietary Guidelines?
to prevent chronic disease, aid in planning community nutr programs
why is it important for a quadraplegic to have a high fiber, fluid diet?
to prevent constipation
What is the role of sugar in gelatinization?
to reduce viscosity, decrease gel strength, and increase translucency
If a cake has a fallen center and a very dark crust, the cause is:
too much sugar
cost of profit pricing
total food cost / desired food cost percentage
Major function of folate?
transport single carbon fragments in AA metabolism and nucleic synthesis; needed for cell division and RBC formation
what shoukld be considered when planning nutr program for the elderly?
transportation, food myths, lack of exercise
What stimulates BEE?
tropical climate, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine
AA that is lacking in gelatin?
tryptophan
The amino acid that is converted to teh neurotransmitter serotonin is:
tryptophan
Which AA can synthesize serotonin?
tryptophan
Which amino acid is the precursor for seratonin and niacin?
tryptophan
What happens when an acid (cream of tartar) is added to an angel food cake?
turns pale green- yellow pigment to white; makes grain of cake thinner
What is considered a low birth wt?
under 5.5#, 1500-2500g VLBW - <1500g NBW - 2500 - 4000g
Types of unions
union shop, open shop, closed shop, agency shop, maintenence or membership
Disciplinary procedure
unrecorded oral warning oral warning with documentation in file written reprimand suspension discharge
Urea vs creatinine excretion
urea - related to protein intake creat - related to muscle mass
Correct way to store leftovers?
use container with increased surface area, cover container, label and date
Gantt chart
used for simple tasks. aids in scehduling
Surveillance
used to assess and id the nutr related prob in a community
What is the Delphi Technique
uses 3 surveys to get group to reach an agreement
what is the best way to train new employees?
using pre-planned programs that are std for all
Which herb should be avoided during liver disease?
valerian root
Validity vs. reliability
validity- measure of adequacy reliability - measure of consistency
Formula for straight line depreciation
value or cost - salvage value / # of years of useful life left
Why should veal be cooked in moist heat?
veal isnt tender, has little fat, high amount of connective tissue
Filled milk?
vegetable fat replaces butterfat - lower cholesterol
Because of the intake of seafood, the most common source of foodborne illness in Japan is:
vibrio
Flow/ process chart
visual representation of the steps in a process; useful to examine how steps are related to eachother
What aids in the absorption of iron from non-heme sources?
vit C ascorbic acid forms chelating agent with iron
Which is the most easily destroyed vitamin?
vitamin C
Separation
voluntary resignation or involuntary termination of employment
UDSA and grading
voluntary, paid for by processors, tells quality of meat
_____ predicts mortality better than any other anthropometric measurement
waist circumference
Metabolic syndrome is a Cluster of abnormal metabolic & health indicators. It is diagnosed if 3 of 5 conditions exist. What are they?
waist circumference, blood triglyceride, HDL, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (all under a certain amt)
What are some anticoagulants that interfere with vit K?
warfin, coumadin, heparin; act as vit K antagonists
What are flavonois?
water-soluble color pigments in fruit and veggies
Whey
watery part of milk left after seperation of curd in cheese making
What type of starch would be best for a gravy in an entree that is to be produced in a cook chill system:
waxy corn
Syneresis
weeping of fluid from a gel caused by over-stirring, dehydration, too much sugar
What is the formula to calculate BMI with the English system?
weight (lb)/[height(inc)]**2 x 703
prospectus
well thought out plans to insure completeness
What is the purpose of a wetting agent in dishwashing? drying agent?
wetting - helps penetrate soil on dishes drying - assist with shorter drying time
observations not inferences
what i see and hear NOT what i think and feel = bias
Requisition
what is requested from the storeroom to be used in production
Purchase order
what the buyer orders
Invoice
what the vendor says they have delivered
what food items are excluded in celiac sprue diet?
wheat, rye, barley, oats
When should you replace equipment?
when maintence bill exceeds original purchase costs
When making lemon pie, the lemon juice should be added:
when the filling is removed from the heat
Bureau of Labor Statistics
where to look for reliable wage info
B6 source
whole grain, cereals, yeast, legumes, liver, oatmeal
Retail cuts of meat are prepared from:
wholesale cuts
what diease alters copper metabolsim?
wilson's
Because some cooking oils turn cloudy when refrigerated oils intended for salad dresing are treated by:
winterization
What is the best way to intoduce a new food?
with an activity get kid involved with prep
Where should stainless steel be used in the kitchen?
work tables, counter tops
What does the RD need in order to release pt records to the dr.
written consent
what is a good anthropometric of FTT?
wt for ht
What is the main disadvantage of taking anti-depressants?
wt gain, increased appetite
what are some side effects of CHO loading?
wt gain, sore muscles, fatigue
Clinical/Dietetics is an individual-level assessment. What does it include?
•Anthropometric assessment •Biochemical assessment data •Clinical/physical assessment •Dietary assessment
What are the standard waist measurement for men and women?
•Men: waist measurement greater than 40 inches (102 cm). •Women: waist measurement greater than 35 inches (88 cm).
