RE Relations

The top ______ percent of the population owns a very large proportion of our nation's wealth.

1

Women comprise ______ of the armed forces in the United States.

15%

About ______ percent of low-income families are not connected to formal financial institutions.

22

The U.S. military consists of ______ branches of armed forces.

5

Which of the following is considered a phenotypical trait?

All of the choices: skin color, hair texture, and facial features

Which of the following is a health disparity found between low and high income populations?

All of these: Access to healthcare, Quality of health care, Care Coordination

Changes in population demographics impact ______.

All of these: college admissions, political voting blocks, the need for medical services

Which of the following was a key factor in shaping the contemporary educational system in the United States?

All of these: establishment of separate schools for black and white children, development of the university system, treatment of Native Americans

While ______ women lead all other women in education, all women experience income gaps relative to white men.

Asian

______ Rebellion of 1676 threatened the heart of the colonial system by challenging the power of the Anglo-American slave-owning elite.

Bacon's

Which of the following is a way in which the military preserves social values?

Both "encouraging patriotism" and "encouraging compliance to normative expectations"

Which of the following is true about the concept of race?

Both "it is socially constructed" and "there is a great biological variation within racial groups"

______ are associations based on kinship and lineage and open to people with the same last name.

Clans

______ theorists argue that economic interests play the most significant role in determining health care outcomes.

Conflict

______ capital refers to meanings, codes, and practices. Individuals can use these tools in exchange for economic and social goods.

Cultural

Passed by Congress in 1887, the ______ required Native American nations to divide their communal reservations into individual plots. The remaining land was given to white homesteaders, companies, and corporations.

Dawes Act

______ is the differential allocation of goods and resources based on an individual's membership in a particular social category.

Discrimination

Frontiers refer to the contested spaces or borders between Spanish, French, and ______ colonies.

English

refers to the cultural differences between groups of people, including religion, tradition, language, ancestry, nation, geography, history, belief, and practice.

Ethnicity

How are race and ethnicity socially constructed? What two terms are much more nuanced and layered concepts than those reflected in typical race categories?

Ethnicity and panethnicity

Assimilation theory is largely based on the experiences of ______ ethnic groups.

European American

Affirmative action is a form of occupational segregation.

False

Affirmative action is a form of reverse racism intended to place unqualified applicants in schools and jobs.

False

As more and more students pursue a college education, tuition costs have gradually decreased.

False

Beginning in the early 1870s, the federal government set up Native American boarding schools to educate Native students. These schools adopted traditional cultural norms to tailor their curriculum.

False

Biological determinism rejects the notion that behavior is innately affected by brain size or some component of a person's physiology.

False

Black and Latino children are more likely to attend preschool when compared to white counterparts. This is due to the fact that white parents frequently homeschool their young children.

False

Children growing up in financially stable environments are less likely to develop the skills of persistence that are basic to sport success.

False

Conflict theorists are often opponents of affirmative action.

False

Conflict theory asserts that the military socializes individuals to facilitate their entry into a specific community whose ultimate goal is to engage in war.

False

Conflict theory asserts that the socialization process of education is intended to teach students how to be competent members of society.

False

Conversion therapy is meant to change the sexual orientation of gay and lesbian people. It is now illegal in all U.S. states.

False

Drug abuse among the middle class is more likely to be criminalized when compared to other classes.

False

Educational opportunities are the same for all; non-white students are simply less likely to participate in classes due to fear of stigmatization.

False

Eugenics is a rare and unique example of how medicine is penetrated by social prejudices.

False

Evidence suggests that policies targeting inequality at the micro-level may help to reduce the national health gap.

False

Female sports journalists are held in higher public regard when compared to their male counterparts.

False

Fifty percent of low-income families are not connected to formal financial institutions.

False

Formal racism is subtle and often ignored. It is assumed to be the natural and legitimate workings of society and its institutions.

False

Geographic and social locations across time have little impact on how sport and athleticism develops.

False

Historical accounts and stock stories often provide us with an accurate depiction of American history.

False

If the United States can create more jobs, minorities will have an easier time finding and keeping them than others.

False

In 1924, the Racial Integrity Act failed to define anyone with Native American ancestry as colored persons.

False

In a sanctuary city, if a person is arrested for driving without a license and then identified as an immigrant who entered the country illegally, they must serve time for the state charges prior to being deported.

False

Karl Marx asserts that individuals dissatisfied with their careers can easily find themselves in a new field if they work hard enough and network with the right people.

False

Lower-class whites do not benefit from white privilege.

False

Many of today's outsider groups were insider groups in the past.

False

Many stock stories depicting familial inequality are progressive and representative of current social institutions.

False

Many women of color are tasked with caring for disabled or aging family members. Based on these responsibilities, it is unlikely that these women are employed outside of the home.

False

Microaggressions are direct, intentional insults directed toward individuals of oppressed social groups.

False

Millennials are most likely to vote for political parties, rather than specific issues.

False

Millennials are the least ethnically and racially diverse cohort in our nation's history.

False

Missionaries worked to help indigenous communities preserve their family formations.

False

Native American gender systems were uniform across all tribal groups prior to the arrival of Columbus.

False

Native American tribes are considered sovereign nationals and subsequently do not qualify as U.S. citizens.

False

Privilege is not derived from group membership, but rather it is the result of our individual actions.

False

Race and ethnicity are interchangeable.

False

Racial profiling violates US Constitution guarantees of equal protection and it is no longer utilized in the United States.

False

Recent research has found that white women are much more likely to die from breast cancer than black women.

False

Republican candidates hold significant advantages among voting blacks, Asians, and Hispanics.

False

Rising tuition costs and weak job markets are solely responsible for unequal outcomes post college graduation.

False

Since the 1960s, the income gap between whites, blacks, and Hispanics has decreased.

False

Social institutions and race relations may influence one another, but they are not inherently linked.

False

Sports in the United States are an equal opportunity employer.

False

Surviving Native Americans accepted European assimilation and viewed these new norms as a sign of advancement.

False

Symbolic interaction provides a significant amount of insight into the structural processes that create, preserve, and distribute inequalities between various identity groups within sport.

False

Teenage pregnancy provides young moms with greater cultural capital. This trend often results in higher educational attainment for teen moms when compared to their counterparts.

False

The Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 welcomed Chinese immigrants into the workforce by reducing taxes and eliminated labor restrictions.

False

The Colonial Ordinance of 1685 allowed slaves to choose whether or not they were to be baptized in the Catholic faith.

False

The Spanish Inquisition and Franciscan order determined that as long as blacks and Native Americans were baptized, they were allowed to marry whites.

False

The knowledge we gain from the educational system has great relevance to the specific skills we need in the workforce.

False

The majority of individuals subjected to stop-and-frisk are white inner-city males.

False

The marriage squeeze was caused by a baby boom during the 20th century, which forced many African American men and women to marry.

False

The nuclear family is often viewed as an alternative to traditional familial structures.

False

The original Native inhabitants of the Americas constitute ONE race.

False

The presidential election of 2016 revealed that people with and without college degrees voted similarly on many social issues.

False

The prison-industrial complex refers to policies that work to greatly reduce the U.S. inmate population.

False

Today's disparities in health and mortality are NOT empirically evidenced by structural racism.

False

Traditional stock theories provide significant understanding regarding sport and athleticism.

False

Unlike physical relationships, online relationships are more likely to be structured by common activities, interests, and traits.

False

When the War Brides Act was instituted after World War II, Chinese wives and children of U.S. soldiers were prohibited from living in the United States.

False

While the U.S. population is growing at a fast pace, demographics are unlikely to change.

False

Women of color are less likely to be reflected in the army or the navy when compared to other branches of the military.

False

Young people have historically voted in much higher numbers across the United States compared to other age groups.

False

Pan-ethnicity represents large groups that are placed into small categories.

False because they are placed into a large category from regional groups.

______ racism occurs when discriminatory practices and behaviors are sanctioned by official rules.

Formal

This theory assumes that institutions come into being to meet specific and basic societal needs.

Functional

This approach to studying the military argues that war and terrorism serve specific and important tasks, or functions, within society.

Functionalist

refers to large-scale, systematic destruction of a people or nation.

Genocide

DuBois and other black scholars aimed to reject the negative characterizations of blackness and assert the existence of the "New Negro." From their criticism of an unjust education system, the ______ Renaissance was born.

Harlem

The Irish experienced a tremendous amount of prejudice and were not considered "white." The ______ hypothesis purported that the "Black Irish" were descendants of Africans and those from the Gaelic Island.

Iberian

______ consists of the flow of all incoming funds, such as what we earn for our work and the return on our investments.

Income

______ racism can adversely affect one's health due to increased exposure to traditional stressors, for example, reduced access to goods and services.

Internalized

How are race and ethnicity socially constructed? How does race change?

It changes over time and across geographical spaces. It is an unstable and shifting concept.

What is the relationship between social contexts and race? How does the matrix of the race help us?

It helps us see how the social construction of our society is realized.

What is the relationship between social contexts and race? How does focusing on race help us?

It helps us understand how it shapes our identities, institutions, societies and prospects for change.

Which of the following is true about the category of "Hispanic" that the U.S. Census Bureau created?

It includes all people who speak Spanish.

Which of the following is true of the concept of the "cult of domesticity"?

It was limited to the experience of white middle- and upper-class women.

______ students are more likely than their counterparts to experience hostile school climates, absenteeism, and poor psychological well-being. They are also exposed to greater verbal and physical harassment.

LGBT

_______ people of color are more likely to be victimized than their white counterparts.

LGBT

______ thesis attempted to shift the focus from black people themselves as pathological to the argument that pathological family structures are a result of a history of inequality.

Legacy of slavery

Unless centered on class inequality, many ______ theorists fail to explain ongoing racial discrimination.

Marxist

the group in South America claims both indigenous and Hispanic ancestry.

Mestizos

This refers to the number of deaths in a given population

Mortality

What are the concepts and operation of racism? Stock stories do what?

Narrate how reality works. These stories obscure or legitimate various types of oppression.

Since black physicians were excluded from the American Medical Association, they created their own professional organization in 1908 titled ______.

National Medical Association

Wage disparities affect all women but are greatest among Hispanic and Latina, African American, American Indian, and ______ women.

Native Hawaiian

______ theory sees the world in terms of individual choice, a level playing field, and assumes the market is objective.

Neoliberal

In 1900, W.E.B. DuBois and the black civil rights group he founded, titled ______, called for free education for all.

Niagara Movement

______ families are defined as a mother, father, and children living together.

Nuclear

represents regional groups that are placed into a large category, such as Asia.

Panethnicity

______ traits refer to physical traits such as skin color and facial features typically used to characterize people into racial groups.

Phenotypical

Left-handed marriages were referred to as ______ among free people of color.

Plaçage

________ posits that power within society is decentralized, widely shared, diffused and fragmented.

Pluralism

What are the concepts and operation of racism? What is a part of racism? What is it?

Prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Racism is systematic and institutional because it is a system of oppression, organized into our culture.

Microstructures

Profs friend sending him that email when she got it from someone who got it from someone and then him getting the job by applying for it after getting that email.

Which of the following is NOT a concept associated with the matrix perspective on race and racism?

Race is biological.

What is the relationship between social contexts and race? What do our identities intersect along?

Race, gender, and other axes.

______ wealth gap is much wider than the income gap, and it reflects the fact that wealth is transmitted over generations.

Racial

_________ refers to the awareness of race shared by members of both a group and the wider society.

Racial consciousness

______ scholars restore agency to African Americans, seeing their families as not merely unfortunate results of slavery, but as viable structures formed to improve their quality of life.

Revisionist

______ thesis is a direct response to stereotypes by researching and redirecting attention to the strengths of black families.

Revisionist

This is the NFL rule that requires interviewing minority candidates for either head coaching or senor football operation jobs.

Rooney Rule

______ colonies were distinguished by control of political, economic, social, and cultural mechanisms by creating a colonial "elite."

Settler

______ perspective focuses on the inheritance of genetic traits, which were believed to include everything from physical characteristics to moral behavior.

Social Darwinism

______ is the process whereby members of society are taught society's dominant roles, norms, and values.

Socialization

Which of the following is true about home health care workers?

Some lack the protection of a guaranteed minimum wage.

Which country instituted the apartheid until 1994 that dictated where different racial groups could live, work, and behave?

South Africa

What is sociology?

The study of human behavior in society. Social behavior and social change. A scientific way to think about society and its influence on humans. Patterns and regularities of social life. Social relations to explain human behavior. The structure of our society dictates our choices in life.

What action did the black medalists take in the 1968 Olympics to demonstrate their protest of racism?

They raised their fists when on the medal podium.

A U.S. citizen dying is 253 times more likely from ordinary homicide than from a terrorist attack carried out by a foreigner in the United States.

True

A recent Pew study showed that in 2012, Latinos' higher education enrollment surpassed that of whites.

True

According to Lombroso, all non-Europeans were more likely to be criminals because they were lower on the "evolutionary scale."

True

According to The Code, any children born of sexual relationships between whites and blacks were to become wards of the state and held in slavery.

True

According to the pluralist perspective, the essential democratic function of political institutions is to regulate conflict among various groups.

True

Across American history, the United States has engaged in 29 major wars with Native American populations.

True

African Americans are twice likely to die due to race-based factors than due to car, motorcycle, plane, train, or bicycle accidents combined.

True

American primary and secondary schools are more segregated by race and class today than they were in the late 1950s.

True

As we look at how deviance is constructed and enforced we find that people of color are most likely to be racially profiled by police.

True

Binary constructions of diversity only account for two major racial or ethnic groups.

True

Biological determinism argues that human behavior, intelligence, or athleticism are determined by their genes or some aspect of their physiology.

True

Black Studies programs provide a story of resistance and reframe socialization stock stories.

True

Blue-collar jobs refer to occupations involving manual labor, such as manufacturing and farming positions.

True

Close to a third of all enlisted personnel are members of racial minority groups.

True

College enrollment among Hispanics is now the largest and fastest growing of all student groups.

True

Colorblindness informs many of our most prevalent stock stories today.

True

Community service has replaced incarceration for many youth as a means of holding juveniles accountable for their actions.

True

Critics say that the functionalist theory of sport tends to overemphasize the positive consequences of sport and assumes that all identity groups benefit equally from sport.

True

Cultural racism asserts that inherent cultural differences serve to separate racialized groups.

True

During the 20th century's Great Migration, millions of blacks moved to northern cities from the rural south.

True

Employment, education, housing quality, and community safety are important determinants of health.

True

For Jewish immigrants marriage was a step in the direction of Americanization.

True

For the first time in U.S. history, the 2016 Republican presidential candidate garnered more votes among low-income whites than among affluent whites.

True

From a critical matrix perspective, education may be viewed as a site of class construction.

True

General Strain theory proposes that racism produces stressful events and environments, which in turn leads to criminal and deviant acts.

True

Grandfather clauses permitted anyone whose grandfather was qualified prior to the Civil War the right to vote.

True

Hispanic is not listed as a race on the U.S. Census. It is instead defined as an ethnic group.

True

Historically, educational equity has NOT led to more income equality.

True

In 2014, the number of Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans combined exceeded the number of whites in public grade-school classrooms.

True

In the antebellum south sports sometimes provided a direct route to emancipation.

True

Industrialization served to transform the U.S. sport landscape as it drew an increasingly large number of immigrants into urban centers.

True

Many early labor unions embraced discriminatory practices.

True

Many geneticists, anthropologists, and sociologists believe that all humans derived from Africans.

True

Many stock stories about health and health care ignore the role of institutional class and race inequity.

True

Most professional sports are segregated by race, ethnicity, and gender.

True

Mothers with only high school education are five times less likely to enroll their children in preschool when compared to their counterparts.

True

Non-whites are more likely to experience environmental health risks when compared to white counterparts due to complications associated with neighborhood segregation.

True

Our current Senate and House of Representatives are a direct result of whether and how to count slaves as part of the population.

True

People of color and low-income whites are significantly more likely to suffer from asthma.

True

Prior to Columbus, many Native American communities were highly stratified, hierarchical, and technologically sophisticated.

True

Prior to the middle of the 19th century, medicine as an organized and institutionalized discipline did not exist.

True

Racial categorizations are social creations that have been constructed to categorize people and assign meaning to those categories.

True

Research finds that every non-white racial group experiences harm and health risks as a result of microaggressions.

True

Research on white privilege is referred to as "whiteness studies."

True

Slavery was closely linked to economic prosperity and development in northern states.

True

Social media helps facilitate social activism and change.

True

Stock stories about the ideal traditional family are rooted in the separate spheres.

True

Stock stories regarding American families are often predicated on common assumptions such as heterosexuality.

True

The Association of American Medical Colleges now requires students taking the MCAT exam to have background knowledge in the social sciences.

True

The Public Sphere accompanied industrialization and created a public/private dichotomy.

True

The United States does not have a single pathway for immigrants to gain work visas or become U.S. citizens.

True

The first black professional baseball team was called the Cuban Giants.

True

The first group of non-Natives to be indentured servants in New England were poor whites, primarily from Ireland.

True

The functionalist perspective sees society as an ordered system that the family helps to reproduce through assimilation and socialization.

True

The implementation of student-teaching programs has encouraged many students to embrace diverse perspectives in schools.

True

The key force driving mass incarceration in the United States today is the war on drugs.

True

The legacy of slavery thesis asserts family structures are a result of a long history of structural inequality.

True

The matrix approach reveals that certain persons occupying certain social spaces or identities may find their actions differentially circumscribed and labeled deviant.

True

The matrix of race and the intersecting realities of race, identities, institutions, and space are a byproduct of European colonialism.

True

The pedagogy of liberation asserts education can free people, not confine them.

True

The rise of health care and modern medical practice was shaped and reinforced by institutionalized racism.

True

The social matrix of race depicts the intersecting worlds of identity, social institutions, and cultural context.

True

Those in occupations where people of color are already underrepresented limit the number who apply, making it particularly difficult for them to move into these fields.

True

Today's racial wealth gap has been significantly shaped by historical patterns of racial inequality.

True

Under Marxism, class is seen as the root of other systems of inequality.

True

Unmarried African American fathers are more likely to contribute to costs during pregnancy and to offer care-taking of their children compared to white counterparts.

True

When comparing the United States with other developed nations, we rank last in terms of workers' benefits.

True

While English is a dominant language, the United States does not have an official language.

True

While white people do not experience racism, they may face oppression based on other social categorizations such as social class.

True

White gang members tend to be more prevalent in smaller, more rural areas.

True

Whites are less likely to view themselves racially and more likely to view class as the dominant feature of their identity.

True

Women across all racial groups are more likely to vote in political elections when compared to their male counterparts.

True

Women are twice as likely as men to avoid incarceration, even when convicted.

True

The ______ Act permitted Chinese wives and children of U.S. soldiers into the United States.

War Brides

What is the link between our personal narratives and the broader story of race?

We all have stories. Understanding our own narratives helps us examine how race, the matrix, and intersectionality operate within our lives.

How are race and ethnicity socially constructed? Which ethnics have been more dominant in the United States in terms of power and numbers?

White because of its origins to practices, ideologies and institutions that derive from our colonial past.

Which of the following best describes gender relationships in colonial America between the colonists?

Women's sphere was limited to homemaking and childrearing practices.

Social institutions hold order and facilitative social interactions. Which of the following is NOT an example of a social institution?

a local fire department

For almost 50 years, ______ action has been implemented to eliminate job discrimination.

affirmative

The ability to effect change, to act independently, and to exercise free choices may be referred to as ______.

agency

According to the functionalist theory of sports, sports fulfill this need.

all of these: shared values, socio-emotional function, life skills

The GLSEN report offers several solutions to harassment in schools. Which of the following is NOT a suggested solution mentioned within the text?

an increase in the amount of afterschool programs

Many high schools, colleges, and universities are working to give their students the "skills they need for the global economy." This theory invokes what we might call a(n) ______ model of education.

apprenticeship

When immigrants learn the language of their new country they are practicing ______.

assimilation

When new racial and ethnic groups enter the United States, they are expected to adapt to the dominant culture through the process known as ______.

assimilation

What are the concepts and operation of racism? Concealed stories help us...

attempt to understand the actual ways in which race operates as we uncover them. By uncovering these narratives we often become aware of stories of resistance (where individuals or groups have attempted to circumvent or overcome racial structures) and or changes to race.

The ecological approach situated human behavior within social structures external to the individual. Several theoretical strands derive from this approach. Which of the following is NOT a derivative of the ecological approach?

biological determinism

Which of the following is true of U.S. military recruits?

both "Army recruits on average are older than Air Force recruits" and "Air Force recruits on average are older than army recruits"

According to Bonilla-Silva (2010), ______ is a component of colorblind racism.

both "abstract liberalism" and "minimization of racism"

Which of the following is true about the Black Codes of France?

both "it prohibited whites and free-blacks from having sexual relations with slaves" and "children born to slave mothers were considered slaves"

Which of the following is true of traditional healers?

both "the World Health Organization recognizes their importance" and "they have provided much of our current understanding of the medicinal qualities of plans and herbs"

Which of the following is true of sports reporters, writers, and editors?

both "they are overwhelmingly male" and "they are mostly white"

Providing international funding for start-up businesses run by women in poverty stricken countries illustrates ______.

both "working toward sustainable jobs" and "working toward sustainable economies"

This ethnicity was an acceptable status during the club movement that was encouraged by Industrialism.

both English immigrants and Scottish immigrants

Voluntary acts of protest where individuals or groups refuse to purchase, invest, or interact with corporations may be referred to as ______.

boycotts

Wilson and Kelling argued that a significant way of decreasing serious crime was to halt vandalism. This is an example of _______.

broken windows

Theorists employing a matrix or intersectional approach have characterized sports as a mirror of ______ as it has become increasingly globally commercialized.

capitalism

In the United States, the means of production are often held and controlled by private owners instead of the government. This ______ economy is said to perpetuate inequality and lower economic growth.

capitalist

The power elite model suggests that power is concentrated among a discrete group of elites who control the resources of significant institutions. Which of the following is NOT a realm associated with the power elite?

celebrity philanthropists

Hate crimes are defined as the use of violence and intimidation to further stigmatize individuals and groups. These offences most often protect and preserve hegemonic hierarchies associated with race, gender, sexuality and _______.

class

The triple glass ceiling refers to the three-fold discrimination based on race, gender, and ______.

class

In the ______ movement, elite white ethnics formed exclusive clubs in urban industrial areas to promote group identity and enhance status.

club

______ politics represent political alliances of various identity groups whose purpose is to establish a specific political agenda.

coalitional

The Turner Thesis argued that American identity was forged by the American frontier experience. Which of the following is NOT a component of Turner's American identity narrative?

collective behavior

______ refers to a set of hierarchical relationships where groups are defined culturally, ethnically, and/or racially. These relationships serve to guarantee the political, social, and economic interests of the dominant group.

colonialism

Many white parents embrace a ______ perspective to race, assuming that if they do not talk about race, their children will grow up to see everyone as equal and the same.

color-blind

The statement, "I don't see race because we're all the same on the inside" is an example of ______.

color-blindness

Lee Ann Bell (2010) provides a model for analyzing stories about race. She argues that there are different kinds of stories we encounter. Which of the following is NOT one of these stories mentioned in Chapter 1?

colorblind

Some scholars suggest that European Americans did not equally welcome all minorities to assimilate as a means of maintaining control. This relates to the ______ perspective, in which dominant groups benefit from inequality.

conflict

Which of the following is NOT a theoretical perspective that has traditionally been supported regarding U.S. sport?

conflict theory

In the landmark Plessy v. Ferguson case, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that racial segregation in public facilities was ______.

constitutional

Race and ethnicity are examples of social ______.

constructs

The functionalist theory of sport argues that sports fulfill a multitude of needs. Which of the following is NOT a need mentioned in Chapter 9?

creation of sport heroes

Poverty is a set of choices made by unwed mothers that perpetuates crime, deviance, and other pathologies across generations. This statement is an example of ______.

culture of poverty

Poll taxes are an example of ______ enactments that used a two year tax paid in advance to qualify one to vote.

de jure

How are race and ethnicity socially constructed? What is the process of "othering"?

defining a race

Which mental illness was invented by whites in an attempt to explain why slaves sought to escape from slavery?

drapetomania

Domesticity ideology is also known as ______.

eparate spheres ideology

In his analysis of capitalist development, Karl Marx argued that all institutions in capitalist societies are ______ to social class.

epiphenomenal

"If evolution works by preserving the fittest, why not aid that process by helping to eliminate some of the unfit?" This is an example of ______.

eugenics

The ______ movement argued that natural selection should be hastened by policies encouraging "fit" Northern Europeans to reproduce, while sterilizing "unfit" populations such as people of color.

eugenics

Which of the following is NOT an example of cultural capital?

financial investments

In societies characterized by racial hierarchies, racial ______ are the ideological justifications and procedures that structure society.

frames

The contested spaces or borders between Spanish, French, and English colonies may be referred to as ______.

frontiers

"Society is composed of a system of interrelated institutions that are structured according to which community needs they perform." This is an example of the ______ theory.

functionalist

According to ______ perspective, war helps citizens develop a form of bonding or solidarity.

functionalist

The large-scale, systematic destruction of a people or nation may be referred to as______.

genocide

Alternatives to detention have been demonstrated to effectively defer further criminality. Which of the following is NOT a common alternative?

hard labor

This provision of skills that are exchangeable within a social structure for other forms of capital has been described as the development of ______ capital.

human

This includes the provision of skills that are exchangeable within a social structure or market for other forms of capital.

human capital

Political sociology is the study of power, politics and _______.

identity

In the early 1800s, men began moving into the public sphere to work for money, while women predominantly performed unpaid household labor. This leads to what is now referred to as ______.

ideology of domesticity

Which of the following is NOT a result of redlining?

increased motivation to succeed

Health disparities reflect many social ______ that are often interconnected with other institutional structures.

inequalities

The state is dominated by an elite class that controls both the political and economic spheres. The members of this class may be referred to as ______.

instrumentalists

Modern alternatives to the U.S. education system must recognize ______ realities.

intersectional

Race, gender, and other salient social identities are inherently connected. This sentiment is an example of ______ theory.

intersectional

The ______ paradox describes contradictory research findings regarding the interactions of race, class, and gender in American society.

intersectionality

"There is a fundamental incompatibility between Islam and Western values associated with democracy, tolerance, and civility." This is an example of ______.

islamophobia

In ______ marriages, women were often married but not legally recognized as wives.

left-handed

______ historically required a person seeking to vote to read and interpret a section of the state constitution to their county court.

literacy tests

Families who couldn't support multiple dependents often sent their children to ______.

live with other families as apprentices

C. Wright Mills argued that education functions to ______.

maintain the social hierarchy by creating workers

Funded by federal and state funds, ______ programs assume that marriage is a solution to poverty for single mothers.

marriage for promotion

These programs teach relationship and communication skills and assume that marriage is a solution to poverty for single mothers.

marriage promotion programs

According to the ______ perspective, sports are a major institutional space where race, class, and gender intersections are manifested.

matrix

As we look at how deviance is both constructed and enforced, we find that ______ are most likely to be racially profiled by police and are incarcerated at higher levels.

men of color

These are brief, verbal, nonverbal, and behavioral insults to a person or group, whether intentional or unintentional.

microaggressions

______ sociology is the sociological analysis of armed forces and war.

military

This represents an informal alliance consisting of the nation's military and major industries producing arms or other military materials that seek to influence public policy.

military-industrial alliance

Placage constituted a socially sanctioned form of ______.

miscegenation

Naturalization reframes ongoing inequality as the result of ______.

natural processes

The ______ perspective posits that biological differences between genders, racial, cultural, and national groups account for variation in ability, performance, and success.

nature

This perspective on sport posits that biological differences between genders, racial, cultural, and national groups account for variations in ability, performance, and success.

nature perspective

The stock story of the American Dream is based on ______ theory, which is a foundational perspective that embraces individualism, free markets, free trade, and limited government intervention or regulation.

neo-liberal

Individuals or organizations with economic, political, or social power that allow them to influence both national and international events with violence may be referred to as ______.

non-state actors

The ______ perspective views gender, racial, cultural, and national group differences in athleticism as products of socialization and environment.

nurture

Which of the following best supports the idea that race is socially constructed?

one drop rule

Two types of groups are associated with the pluralist model. Of the two, ______ groups are marginalized and have limited power.

outsider

Macrostructures

overarching patterns of social relations that lie outside and above one's circle of intimates and acquaintances ex: the individuals or group of individuals who are in charge of placing students in a classroom effect your network, who you see around school

______ usually represents regional groups that are placed into a large category.

panethnicity

______ refers to governments or social structures that grant political power based on hierarchies of those of certain skin tone, regardless of race or social status.

pigmentocracies

Broken Windows theory asserts that ________ may be a means of controlling crime, but it does not eliminate or curtail it.

police surveillance

Critical race theory is an attempt by scholars and activists to transform the relationship between race, racism and _____.

power

The first major criticism of the ______ model is that it erroneously assumes equality among the economic, political, and military elites.

power elite

The systematic favoring, valuing, and including of certain social identities over others is called ______.

privilege

White ______ refers to laws, practices, and behaviors that preserve and (re)create societal benefits that benefit people identified as white.

privilege

Urban Gangs associated with organized crime over the past decade have expanded their operations to include alien smuggling, human trafficking, and _______.

prostitution

______ refers to a social and cultural system by which we categorize people based on presumed biological differences.

race

Looking at race in the social matrix, we can see that

race is a social construct. Humans have the role as active agents in the process of racialization.

Violence that pits one racial group against another may be referred to as ______.

racial violence

The historical period following the Civil War was known as ______.

reconstruction

Race

refers to a social and cultural system by which we categorize people based on presumed biological differences.

______ ideology was used to justify wars of aggression, exploitation, enslavement, and colonization.

religous

The right to have children, not have children, and to parent children in healthy environments is referred to as ______.

reproductive justice

The goal of ______ schools was to keep blacks subservient with very limited skills exchangeable in the urban labor market.

separate but equal

The group of individuals born between 1925 and 1945 is referred to as the ______ generation.

silent

________ were organized groups of what men with police powers used to systematically regulate a specific population by enforcing the Slave Codes.

slave patrols

One of the foundational arguments of a sociological perspective on health and medicine is that scientific knowledge constitutes what is known as ______ enterprise.

social

This is the process by which members of society are taught society's dominant roles, norms, and values.

socialization

Higher paid white workers often protect their wages by excluding minority groups from entering the labor market. This leads to a ______ market, where ethnic workers must disproportionately compete for jobs.

split labor

Many U.S. states historically adopted laws allowing eugenic ______. This was intended to decrease "unfit" genetic traits.

sterilization

Sociologists argue that examining disparities in health and mortality provides clear evidence regarding the long-term effects of ______ racism.

structural

Using the matric lens, we understand that some differences in life outcomes are rooted in ______.

structural inequalities

The state and all political institutions exist relatively independent of each other and are a byproduct of conflict between and within class groups. This is an example of:

structuralism

An increasing amount of American Indian families are moving away from reservations and into urban areas. For American Indian youth, this has been accompanied by an increase in ______.

suicide rates

Generally, a matrix describes the ______ environment in which something originates, develops, and grows.

surrounding

Sports are created and maintained by shared meanings and social interaction. This is an example of a ______ perspective of sports.

symbolic interaction

The symbolism associated with the military's use of the term "collateral damage" instead of "innocent victims" illustrates this approach to studying the military.

symbolic interactionism

This theory of sports posits that sports are created and maintained by shared meanings and social interaction.

symbolic interactionist theory

Which of the following is NOT a key factor that helped shape the contemporary education system?

targeted social cohesion programs

Many economists and sociologists recommend revision to the ______ code to help level the playing field for those just starting out in the world.

tax

Which of the following is a counter-narrative to the Turner thesis?

that the frontier was made up of sovereign lands controlled by other nations

This terrorist action prompted the first use of the phrase "war on terrorism" in 1984.

the Beirut barracks bombing

"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." This is an example of ______.

title IX

People who live their lives across borders while maintaining connectivity with their home country via making phone calls, visiting, and sending money are called ______.

transmigrants

Many indigenous tribes were fairly egalitarian, even recognizing some tribal women as warriors.

true

______, defined as the use of organized force, represents a state of armed conflict between different nations, states, or groups within a nation or state.

war

The racial income gap is much smaller than the racial ______ gap.

wealth

______ measures the market value of all the assets we own, such as a home, a car, retirement, and savings.

wealth

Food stamps, social security, Medicare, and Medicaid are all examples of ______.

welfare

The illegal use of state welfare systems to knowingly withhold or make false statements for the purposes of obtaining more funds than allowed is referred to as ______.

welfare fraud

Wealth can be transmitted in many ways. Which of the following is NOT an example of a way in which wealth can be transmitted?

working overtime