reading 5002 form 1

Discussing a proposed argumentative writing topic with peers who have different viewpoints on the issue will best help a writer to A. develop counterclaims B. write in alternative genres C. improve oral communication skills D. communicate effectively using visual aids

A. develop counterclaims Option (A) is correct. Discussing a topic with those who have a different point of view will help the writer consider other stances on the issue and will thus help the writer develop counterclaims.

The clouds rolled in very slowly that afternoon. In the sentence, the word "very" functions as A. a verb B. an adjective C. an adverb D. a noun

C. an adverb Option (C) is correct. This question tests your ability to identify the functions of different parts of speech. In the sentence, "very" is modifying "slowly." "Slowly" is an adverb. Since adverbs modify other adverbs, the word "very" is functioning as an adverb.

An effective introduction to an informational oral presentation will include which of the following? A. A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech B. A succinct discussion of the research that supports the speech's thesis C. An enumeration of details that confirm the speaker's credibility D. An enumeration of details that explain the topic's relevance to the speaker and society

A. A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech Option (A) is correct because an effective introduction to an informational oral presentation should include the thesis and a brief statement of the ideas that will be discussed in the speech following the introduction.

Which of the following questions should writers ask themselves during the revision process to address the coherence of a composition? A. Are all my details related to the main idea? B. Are commas placed correctly in complex sentences? C. Do I need to conduct further research to support my claim? D. Did I use appropriate transitions to show relationships between ideas?

A. Are all my details related to the main idea? Option (A) is correct. This question tests your understanding of the steps in the revision process of writing. A composition with coherence contains ideas and details that are all related to the main idea. The question asked in option (A) is an appropriate question to ask during the revision stage of the writing process, where changes to content and organization are made.

Alex baits a hook, attaches a heavy sinker, and hangs the fishing line overboard. It drops to the bottom. He waits and feels with his fingers for a tug on the line. He feels a nibble. He pulls. Nothing. He feels another nibble and tugs hard. He has it. The hook is set. Alex holds on and starts pulling it in. Which of the following is the predominant pattern of organization in the passage? A. Chronological order B. Cause and effect C. Spatial order D. Problem and solution

A. Chronological order Option (A) is correct. This question asks you to recognize the predominant pattern of text structure. The writer organizes events in the order in which they happened — that is, in chronological order — using simple descriptive language to help the reader visualize the process.

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a fluent reader? A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy B. Determines definitions of unfamiliar words with ease C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation E. Paraphrases new information presented in a text without difficulty

A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. A fluent reader must be able to apply phonics concepts to non-sight words to accurately decode them. A fluent reader must also be able to read smoothly and at an appropriate rate and be mindful of phrasing and punctuation as he or she injects expression into oral reading.

An English-language learner (ELL) participates in a small collaborative group to read and discuss a magazine article. Which of the following best identifies how the group activity supports the reading comprehension development of the ELL? A. It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information. B. It sets a purpose for the student to read an authentic, meaningful text of personal interest. C. It improves the student's knowledge of the prosodic features and spelling conventions of written language. D. It gives the student an opportunity to apply word-recognition skills to decode content vocabulary.

A. It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information. Option (A) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of effective activities to support the development of ELLs. Through collaborative learning, an ELL can observe and gain insight into how others use print resources to learn new information. The student in the scenario learns by watching and participating in the small-group collaborative learning activity.

A beginning reader is learning to read and spell the following words. - five - dime - gave - cute - hope The reader is able to visualize and remember the letter patterns in the words and transfer this knowledge to reading and writing new words such as "hide," "take," and "robe." Which of the following best identifies the processing system the reader is using to extend learning? A. Orthographic B. Syntactic C. Phonological D. Semantic

A. Orthographic Option (A) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the processing systems a reader uses to extend learning. The reader in this scenario uses the orthographic word processing system because he or she uses visualization (has a visual awareness) of the letter pattern in the words. Although these words can be phonologically decoded, the reader is not using this system, because he or she is not "sounding out" the words letter by letter.

When giving an oral report, a speaker changes the relative highness or lowness of a sound to communicate meaning and emotion to listeners. Which of the following elements is the speaker adjusting? A. Pitch B. Volume C. Rate D. Articulation

A. Pitch Option (A) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of pitch as it pertains to oral presentations. Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. Changes in pitch, also known as inflections, communicate meaning and emotion to the audience.

Before reading a new text, a reader identifies the purpose for reading, examines the genre and difficulty of the material, and considers prior knowledge on the topic. These strategies will best help the reader focus on which of the following elements of fluency? A. Rate B. Accuracy C. Prosody D. Automaticity

A. Rate Option (A) is correct. The rate refers to the speed at which a text is read. Purpose, genre, difficulty, and prior knowledge all affect how quickly a text is read.

Which of the following concepts is best supported by research on emergent literacy? A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways. B. Literacy learning has distinct beginning and ending points. C. Children begin their literacy learning when they enter school. D. Children begin their literacy learning after having mastered basic letter-sound skills.

A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways. Option (A) is correct. This question asks you to recognize research conclusions related to emergent literacy. Emergent literacy is the idea that children grow into reading and writing with no real beginning or ending point, that reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways, and that this learning process starts long before children enter school and does not depend on mastery of letter-sound skills.

The sample analysis of a student's spelling test shown best demonstrates which of the following characteristics of spelling development? Word~ student's spelling coat~ coet bought~ baught right~ rite hitch~ hich A. The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds B. The ability to represent words phonetically, with a single letter representing each sound C. The ability to recognize sound-letter correspondence for single letters only D. The ability to represent words with random letters that have no letter-sound correspondence GOOGLE DRIVE

A. The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds Option (A) is correct. This question requires an analysis of a student's work and a correct interpretation of the student's stage in spelling development. The student has progressed through the random-letter stage, the simple phonetic stage, and the stage in which students rely on single letters to represent combinations of consonants. The student's spelling of "coat" ("coet"), "bought" ("baught"), "right" ("rite"), and "hitch" ("hich") indicates that he or she recognizes that letter patterns represent sounds.

Once upon a time, a beggar woman went to the house of a poor peasant and asked for something to eat. The peasant's wife gave her some bread and milk. When she had eaten it, she took a barley-corn out of her pocket, and said, "This will I give thee; set it in a flowerpot, and see what will come out of it." The woman set the barley-corn in an old flowerpot, and the next day the most beautiful plant had shot up, which looked just like a tulip, but the leaves were shut close together, as if it still were in bud. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the passage? A. The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action. B. The passage emphasizes themes surrounding differences between the rich and the poor. C. The setting in the passage is described using rich and vivid vocabulary. D. The melancholy tone of the passage is developed through the use of repetitive sentence structures.

A. The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action. Option (A) is correct. This question asks you to recognize structural and stylistic elements characteristic of a particular genre, the fairy tale. In this selection, the action moves very quickly, and the characters are developed with minimal description. None of the other choices accurately describe what is going on in the passage.

Which of the following statements best describes a student who has acquired proficiency in reading automaticity? A. The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text. B. The student reads sustained text with natural expression and appropriate phrasing. C. The student recognizes text structure, apprehends meaning, and understands author's purpose. D. The student adjusts reading rate based on comprehension demands and genre of the text.

A. The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text. Option (A) is correct. Automaticity refers to a student's ability to process, decode, and understand written words without effort.

In the word "Internet," the segment "inter-" is best defined as which of the following? A. Root word B. Syllable C. Affix D. Phoneme

C. Affix Option (C) is correct. An affix is a word part that is placed at the beginning or end of a word to alter its meaning. In the example, "inter-" which means "between" or "among," modifies the root word "net." Although "inter" is also a Latin root, it is not the root word here.

In which THREE of the following ways do graphic novels support reading comprehension? A. They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B. They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. C. They present simplified vocabulary and sentence structure to the reader. D. They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. E. They task the reader with evaluating a small number of pages and images.

A. They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B. They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. D. They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. Options (A), (B), and (D) are correct. The images in graphic novels act much like a storyboard, dividing the story into frames. The division supports readers in identifying various story elements. Graphic novels use speech bubbles to convey dialogue, so readers are able to visually differentiate between dialogue and narration. Illustrations in graphic novels help the reader identify the mood and tone of the text.

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. The passage is primarily concerned with A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place B. the tools that various insects use to secure their offspring C. how scientists secure the safety of insects and their eggs D. the special glue that the sawfly produces to secure its eggs in place

A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place Option (A) is correct. The passage provides information about the special tools that the sawfly has for creating and securing a place to store its eggs. Although the passage discusses the special glue that the sawfly uses (option D), it is not the primary purpose of the passage.

Students' phonological awareness can be assessed by evaluating their ability to A. understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables B. make personal connections to characters within a text C. understand unfamiliar words by using the surrounding text D. read with varied intonation based on story elements

A. understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables Option (A) is correct. This question tests your ability to understand the developmental process of phonological awareness. The ability to understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables is the definition of phonological awareness.

Tara always enjoyed a vacation on a tropical island after she endured a long, cold winter at home. Select the part of speech that best describes how each of the underlined words is functioning in the sentence. For each word, select one part of speech. Conjunction, Adverb, or Preposition Always On After

Always- adverb On- preposition After- conjunction An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. In the sentence in this item, "always" is an adverb. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in the sentence. In the sentence in this item, "on" is a preposition. A conjunction is a part of speech or word class that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. In the sentence in this item, "after" is a subordinating conjunction.

A cat came fiddling Out of a barn, With a pair of bagpipes Under her arm; She could sing nothing But fiddle cum dee, The mouse has married The bumble-bee; Pipe, cat; dance, mouse: We'll have a wedding At our good house. The structure and cadence of this selection is characteristic of a A. fable B. nursery rhyme C. limerick D. fairy tale

B. nursery rhyme Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to recognize typical characteristics of a nursery rhyme. Nursery rhymes are verses traditionally told or sung to small children. They are characterized by a lively and slightly unpredictable meter, regular rhyme schemes, playful and nonsense situations, and nonsense words.

Which of the following is the best example of a primary source? A. A textbook in a specific discipline B. A magazine account of interviews conducted by researchers C. A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations D. An article in a scientific journal reporting the results of several research studies

C. A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations Option (C) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the difference between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original documents such as a researcher's data. Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.

It is important to plan for emergencies and slack periods when operating a business. Many small businesses fail because of a lack of capital, or a certain amount of working money, being available. Which of the following explains how the author uses context clues to provide the meaning of the word "capital"? A. By using examples B. By providing a definition C. By using descriptive words D. By using opposites

B. By providing a definition Option (B) is correct because the use of the term "that is" indicates the introduction of a definition and "a certain amount of working money" completes the definition.

A narrative poem must include which of the following literary elements? A. Flashbacks and foreshadowing B. Characters and plot C. Rhythm and rhyme D. Onomatopoeia and alliteration

B. Characters and plot Option (B) is correct. The question tests your knowledge of the defining part of narrative poetry, which is the fact that it, like a story or a novel, contains basic story elements such as characters and plot.

During a presentation, the speaker grimaces apologetically and then pauses to allow the audience to react to the message. In this situation, the speaker best demonstrates which of the following skills? A. Enunciating words to ensure clear delivery of a message B. Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message C. Explaining details thoroughly to ensure understanding of a message D. Sharing personal anecdotes so the audience can relate to a message

B. Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of verbal and physical cues and their translation. Facial expressions and pauses are examples of nonverbal communication that can support or enhance the delivery of a message.

A reader who has demonstrated fluency while reading an informational text can now use available cognitive resources to focus on which of the following? A. Decoding difficult words in the text B. Comprehending the main ideas in the text C. Engaging with the text at a fast reading rate D. Transferring knowledge of domain-specific vocabulary to other texts

B. Comprehending the main ideas in the text Option (B) is correct. If a reader does not need to concentrate on word recognition demands while reading, most of the cognitive resources a reader brings to the task can be used to comprehend the text.

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. The student rewrites sentence 4 to the following. The only reward I have is a million painful blisters on my hands. The student has improved the sentence by adding which of the following? A. Analogy B. Hyperbole C. Simile D. Onomatopoeia

B. Hyperbole Option (B) is correct because hyperbole, or exaggeration, is added to the sentence by changing "some pretty painful blisters" to "a million painful blisters."

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Which of the following revisions most improves the flow of the narrative by blending two sentences? A. I've heard that hard work is its own reward, and I'm not so sure that's true. B. I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. C. The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands, and I don't know who made up that saying. D. I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards, because the only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands.

B. I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Option (B) is correct because the two sentences contain related ideas, and are combined using an appropriate conjunction.

In which of the following sentences does the word "hollow" function as a noun? A. Jack's camera captured the raccoons trying to hollow out an old log. B. Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains. C. Lilly's footsteps echoed with a hollow sound as she entered the old general store. D. Ashley's hollow cheeks made her seem much more mature than she actually was.

B. Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains. Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to figure out a word's meaning in context. The word "hollow" can be used as a noun, adjective, or verb with different meanings. A skillful reader can usually use the context to figure out which meaning and part of speech is intended in a given sentence.

After a speaker gives an oral report, a member of the audience asks the speaker the following questions. -Could you tell me more about . . . ? -Why do you think this . . . is important to understanding the topic? -At the beginning of your speech, you said . . . Can you say more about that idea? The questions best demonstrate that the audience member has an understanding of which of the following components of active listening? A. Empathizing B. Probing C. Accepting D. Paraphrasing

B. Probing Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the components of active listening. The listener in the scenario is showing that he or she wants to know more about the topic and so asks probing questions to learn more information.

Singing nursery songs primarily develops students' phonological awareness by helping them identify which of the following? A. Main ideas B. Rhyming words C. Descriptive details D. High-frequency words

B. Rhyming words Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the role that rhyme plays in a child's development of phonological awareness. When children hear rhymes in songs or stories, they hear the sounds that vowels and consonants make and learn how to put those sounds together to make words. Children can also use rhyme to practice pitch, volume, and voice inflection, as well as the rhythm of language.

Which of the following terms best describes a series of events that build tension from conflict in a story? A. Exposition B. Rising action C. Climax D. Falling action

B. Rising action Option (B) is correct. The rising action of a plot occurs after the exposition, or introduction, and contains a series of events that build from the conflict and end at the climax of the story.

Reading a text orally in small groups provides an opportunity for students to develop skills primarily in which of the following areas of effective oral presentation? A. Using body language to communicate emotion B. Speaking clearly and expressively C. Listening and responding to the audience D. Maintaining engagement through eye contact

B. Speaking clearly and expressively Option (B) is correct. This questions tests your ability identify the primary benefit of oral reading. Oral reading provides readers with an opportunity to practice reading from a text in a "natural" way; i.e., with appropriate expression and clarity.

Which of the following sentences appropriately integrates the sentence fragment "The Italian restaurant that recently reopened" into a complex sentence? A. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food. B. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. C. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened and that continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. D. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened; it is continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food.

B. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to use your knowledge of the construction of a complex sentence. The given sentence fragment contains a subordinate adjective clause ("that recently reopened") that cannot stand on its own to complete the sentence begun by "The Italian restaurant." When the fragment "the Italian restaurant that recently opened" is combined with the continuation in (B), the result is a correct complex sentence.

Which of the following is a true statement about phonological awareness in literacy development? A. The visual recognition of sight words depends on the ability to recognize sound blends. B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters. C. The development of reading fluency depends on the ability to connect letter names to sounds. D. The development of reading comprehension depends on the ability to identify written letters by name.

B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters. Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the foundational element of decoding. The ability to match sounds to individual letters provides the foundation for more complex decoding tasks. Understanding the relationship between the letters in a word and the sound of a word is required for decoding unfamiliar words.

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. Which of the following best identifies the student's primary purpose in writing the piece? A. To inform B. To persuade C. To explain D. To describe

B. To persuade Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of types of writing. Persuasive writing is used to convince others of an opinion or position. The writer of this piece is attempting to convince a major league baseball team to hire him or her when he or she is an adult.

The writing in the sample is best characterized as occurring during which of the following stages of writing development? A. Early emergent B. Transitional C. Conventional D. Proficient GOOGLE DRIVE

B. Transitional Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the stages of writing development. As with the word "funne," children at the transitional stage rely on the most obvious sounds in words for spelling. They also experiment with words with which they are most familiar. They often write about personal experiences, and their writing can be understood.

Which THREE of the following words contain an open syllable? A. Different B. Vehicle C. Jungle D. Fantastic E. Remembering F. Apron

B. Vehicle E. Remembering F. Apron Options (B), (E), and (F) are correct. This question tests your knowledge of syllable types. An open syllable ends in a vowel and the sound is long. In "vehicle," the first syllable ("ve") is open. In "remembering," the first syllable ("re") is open. In "apron," the first syllable ("a") is open.

The word "predict" is classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word primarily because it is A. used in everyday conversation B. a frequently used general academic term C. rarely used in scholarly writing D. used primarily in one academic domain

B. a frequently used general academic term Option (B) is correct. The word "predict" appears in many contexts and across topics of science, English, and history. Tier 2 words are high frequency, meaning they will appear often in language and play an important role in determining meaning across the curriculum.

A group research task involves the following steps. 1. Formulate a research question. 2. Gather information and organize the findings. 3. Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. 4. Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. 5. Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids. A primary benefit of using a wiki for step 3 is that a wiki A. allows contributors to track changes made to the project B. allows multiple users to modify the written material C. restricts students' access to the written material D. restricts outside contributors to the project

B. allows multiple users to modify the written material Option (B) is correct. This question tests knowledge of wikis. A wiki is a collaborative tool that allows students to contribute and modify the content of the site. A wiki is designed to allow multiple users to collaborate and edit a work in progress.

The following are the first and second drafts of the opening paragraph of a story about a spooky old house. First draft:I was walking down the street on a very dark night. Up ahead I saw a large, old house. I decided to go in. I heard a noise as I slowly climbed the stairs to enter the house. I heard many different sounds when I got into the house. I turned and tried to leave, but the wind shut the front door behind me and I was trapped. Second draft:It was an eerie, moonless night as I walked down the deserted street. Out of the corner of my eye, a monstrous, spooky-looking house taunted me. My curiosity overcame my fear, and I approached the house to investigate. As I climbed the creaking staircase to the dilapidated porch, the howling wind, screeching birds, and rustling trees seemed to whisper in my ear "Don't go in! Turn around!" but I kept climbing. I opened the heavy front door and stepped into the dark, dusty house. Suddenly, my fears made me turn to leave, but the wind swirled around me and blew the heavy door shut with a deafening thud. I was trapped. The revisions made between the first and second drafts best demonstrate the writer's understanding of the relationship between word choice and ____ A. plot development B. mood C. character development D. theme

B. mood Option (B) is correct. Mood is the feeling or emotion that a text evokes in the reader. The writer's changes most impact the mood of the paragraph, as they contribute to the audience's feelings of fright.

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Based on the passage, the reader can infer that the A. old mouse is angry at the young mouse for proposing the plan B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal C. old mouse has proposed many possible solutions to the cat problem D. young mouse will become the leader of the group as a result of his innovative plan

B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal Option (B) is correct. This question tests your ability to infer. The young mouse proposed his plan very confidently, but when the old mouse questioned him, the whole group fell silent, showing that they were forced to rethink the young mouse's plan.

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate. Which of the following excerpts most strongly supports the claim that Alexander Graham Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone we know today? A. " ... he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity." B. " ... he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire." C. "After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone." D. "Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate."

C. "After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone." Option (C) is correct. The phrase "After many failed attempts . . . " supports the claim that Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone of today.

German shepherds are the most familiar of the dogs employed as guides for the visually impaired, but collies, boxers, Labrador retrievers, and several other breeds have also been trained successfully for this job. It is not only the dog that must be trained. The person who is visually impaired and who will become the dog's master must also go to a special school, where the two can develop trust and a close understanding. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the paragraph? A. Describing different breeds of dogs so that people can choose a suitable guide dog B. Expressing an opinion about the preferred breed of dog to work with people who are visually impaired C. Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together D. Illustrating the process and steps involved in training guide dogs

C. Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together Option (C) is correct. This question asks you to identify the primary purpose of a nonfiction paragraph. While types of dogs that are typically used as guides are mentioned in the beginning of the paragraph, this is simply a lead-in to the primary focus that both guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to learn how to work together.

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. The excerpt is best described as which of the following types of writing? A. Argumentative B. Descriptive C. Expository D. Narrative

C. Expository Option (C) is correct. The purpose of expository writing is to provide information about a topic. The passage provides the reader with a broad overview of the importance of the scarab beetle in Ancient Egyptian culture.

Which of the following word parts occurs in the word "agonize"? A. Prefix B. Base word C. Greek root D. Inflectional suffix

C. Greek root Option (C) is correct. Greek roots are the simple elements out of which many English words are formed. In this case, "agon," which means contest or struggle, is used to create the English word "agonize."

For more than four hundred years, the Akan people of Ghana in West Africa used a currency based on tiny grains of gold called gold dust. This desirable currency made the Akan very valued trading partners for the North African traders who crossed the Sahara Desert by camel caravan and for the seafaring Europeans who arrived on Africa's Atlantic Coast in ships laden with goods. The Akan were able to enrich their own lives by trading for goods with people of vastly different climates and cultures. Which of the following best describes the type of writing used in this excerpt? A. Descriptive B. Persuasive C. Informative D. Narrative

C. Informative Option (C) is correct. The paragraphs provide information on the history of trade involving currency.

Which THREE of the following are considered reliable sources for research? A. Blogs B. Forums C. Newspapers D. Scholarly articles E. Educational institutions

C. Newspapers D. Scholarly articles E. Educational institutions Options (C), (D), and (E) are correct. This question tests your ability to evaluate research sources. Option (C) is reliable because the information is timely and most publishers are reputable. Option (D) is correct because the information is provided by authors who have established credentials and expertise in the field. Option (E) is correct because educational institutions are reputable and information is provided by experts in the field. For these reasons, these are all recognized as reliable research sources.

Which of the following types of writing is most effective to use for a letter to the local government about why a certain neighborhood needs sidewalks? A. Narrative B. Expository C. Persuasive D. Descriptive

C. Persuasive Option (C) is correct. The writer is trying to persuade the local government to put in sidewalks.

Which of the following tasks requires a reader to process Tier 3 vocabulary? A. Reading a descriptive passage that uses precise vocabulary words to describe familiar things B. Reading a narrative passage that uses high-frequency, single-meaning vocabulary words to describe a character C. Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes D. Reading an argumentative passage that uses challenging conversational vocabulary words to describe a problem

C. Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes Option (C) is correct. Tier 3 vocabulary contains content- and domain-specific words.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Which of the following sentences best states the main idea of the excerpt? A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 4 D. Sentence 6

C. Sentence 4 Option (C) is correct. The author of the excerpt presents the definition of a free-market economy and goes on to provide examples of why regulation within a free-market economy is important. Sentence 4 best captures the author's main point.

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. Which sentence of the passage explains how the sawfly secures its eggs? A. Sentence 2 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 8 D. Sentence 9

C. Sentence 8 Option (C) is correct. Sentence 8 explains that the sawfly uses homemade glue to affix its eggs to where they are laid.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Which of the following pairs of sentences most strongly imply that people sometimes act irresponsibly when no one is watching? A. Sentences 2 and 3 B. Sentences 3 and 4 C. Sentences 5 and 6 D. Sentences 6 and 7

C. Sentences 5 and 6 Option (C) is correct. Sentences 5 and 6 both contain examples of things that could happen in business if there were no government oversight and therefore support the inference that people have the potential to act irresponsibly when no one is watching.

Which of the following statements about English-language learners is best supported by current research? A. Instruction is most beneficial to students learning English as a second language when it is delivered consistently and repeatedly according to a single instructional strategy. B. Teaching students explicitly how to use learning strategies shows little correlation with the students' success in learning English as a second language. C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language. D. Students of English as a second language learn the language most effectively in an environment with little social interaction to distract them.

C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language. Option (C) is correct. The question asks you to recognize a major trend in current research surrounding new-language learning. Current research suggests that when English learners receive instruction with explicit teaching of learning strategies, the learners become more efficient and effective learners in the second language. Teachers also need to be open to a multitude of learning styles among the learners in the classroom and present instruction in many different ways. Students need large amounts of meaning-focused practice of the language along with form-focused instruction at appropriate times.

Following an oral presentation, a listener responds by restating the three key points of the speech. Which of the following components of active listening is the listener demonstrating? A. Encouraging B. Clarifying C. Summarizing D. Reflecting

C. Summarizing Option (C) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of active listening skills. By stating the three key points of the speech, the listener is summarizing the speaker's message.

"Reckon I have," said Walter. "Almost died first year I come to school and et them pecans—folks say he pizened 'em and put 'em over on the school side of the fence." — Harper Lee, from To Kill a Mockingbird Which of the following best describes how the language in the excerpt is used to characterize Walter? A. The imagery in the passage allows the reader to visualize Walter's appearance. B. The allusion in the passage informs the reader of an event that influenced Walter's life. C. The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from. D. The dialogue in the passage makes the reader aware of Walter's feelings about his community.

C. The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from. Option (C) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of dialect in literature. Dialect refers to the language used by the people in a specific area, class, or other group of people. Dialect involves the distinct spelling, sounds, grammar, and pronunciation used by a particular group of people. Harper Lee uses dialect to support the reader's understanding of Walter Cunningham, who is a poor southern farmer.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following statements supports the observation that the passage is written in first-person point-of-view? A. The thoughts of the speaker and the dog are included in the passage. B. The events are arranged in sequential order in the passage. C. The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage. D. There is a combination of dialogue and description in the passage.

C. The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage. Option (C) is correct. The narrator is the main character and is therefore able to describe events and her emotions at the same time.

After locating basic information on a topic for a research report, the next best step to take in the process is to A. use an outline to organize the information gathered B. search for graphics to illustrate the report C. determine which information is most relevant to the research topic D. write a first draft of the research report

C. determine which information is most relevant to the research topic Option (C) is correct. This question asks you to apply your knowledge of proper research techniques. After a student has located and accessed information, it is necessary to analyze, interpret, and evaluate that information for its usefulness and reliability before synthesizing it.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following quotations from the passage best supports the claim that the novel's overall theme is acceptance? A. "I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi." B. "I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, . . ." C. "Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail." D. "He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart."

D. "He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart." Option (D) is correct. The sentence indicates that the speaker accepts the dog even though it has some flaws.

Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous amount that was left over frightened her. In the sentence, "although" serves as which of the following parts of speech? A. An adjective B. An interjection C. A preposition D. A conjunction

D. A conjunction Option (D) is correct. In a complex sentence such as this one, a subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship with the independent clause.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Which of the following details should be inserted between sentences 6 and 7 to best facilitate the flow of ideas? A. A list of countries with free-market economies B. The name of a law that protects consumers in a free-market economy C. An example of a benefit of government oversight in a free-market economy D. An example of the types of choices that business owners hav

D. An example of the types of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy Option (D) is correct because sentence 7 specifically references the "great deal of freedom" that business owners in a free-market economy have, but there are no examples to support that statement. Providing an example of the business-owner benefits in a free-market economy would be an appropriate organizational and rhetorical tool for bridging the ideas between sentences 6 and 7.

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. Which of the following can best be inferred from the excerpt? A. Images of insects were often featured on the currency of ancient cultures. B. Modern Egyptian society is still fascinated by the scarab beetle. C. The scarab beetle was an ancient insect that became extinct hundreds of years ago. D. Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items.

D. Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items. Option (D) is correct because the excerpt explains that ancient Egyptians revered the scarab beetle and frequently adorned everyday items with its image.

Daniel a very talented art student agreed to paint the scenery for the class play and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. Which of the following revisions corrects the grammatical errors contained in the sentence? A. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. B. Daniel, a very talented art student agrees to paint the scenery for the class play since Katherine offered to sew the costumes. C. Daniel is a very talented art student who agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. D. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes.

D. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes. Option (D) is correct. There are three grammatical errors in the student's sentence (i.e., punctuating an appositive, punctuating a compound sentence, and consistency of verb tense). This option has corrected all three of these errors.

After conducting research on a Web site, a writer consults several alternative sources, both print and digital, to verify the information from the site. The writer's actions best demonstrate an understanding of which of the following aspects of evaluating online resources? A. Identifying the criteria for inclusion of information found on a Web site B. Labeling a Web site as a primary or secondary source C. Synthesizing details from a Web site in a meaningful way D. Determining the accuracy of information found on a Web site

D. Determining the accuracy of information found on a Web site Option (D) is correct. The accuracy of information found on a Web site can be determined by consulting other reliable sources and confirming that the information is consistent.

When students engage in conversation about a novel they are reading, their comprehension of the novel improves. Which of the following best explains the increase in reading comprehension? A. Communicating orally with others enables readers to confirm their ideas about the theme B. Talking about the text gives readers an opportunity to summarize the details of the plot C. Interacting orally with others encourages readers to use academic vocabulary to extend the meaning of a text D. Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others

D. Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others Option (D) is correct. This question tests understanding of the benefits of collaborative communication. After reading a novel, students need to challenge themselves to communicate their thoughts and ideas about the text to others. Speaking, an expressive form of language, requires the students to think again, organize their thoughts, and communicate clearly to other readers.

Which of the following words contains a root that means "different"? A. Ambivalent B. Dysfunction C. Morphological D. Heterogeneous

D. Heterogeneous Option (D) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the definitions of common roots. The root "hetero" means different, giving "heterogeneous" the meaning of something being composed of different or diverse parts.

To best promote collaboration during group work, students should be grouped in which of the following ways? A. Homogeneously according to their ability levels B. Randomly, without consideration of their backgrounds C. Homogeneously according to their similar interests D. Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds

D. Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds Option (D) is correct because by grouping students heterogeneously but with purposeful consideration of their backgrounds, the teacher is able to create an appropriate cross-section of ability levels and interests. This type of diversity within the grouping promotes a variety of interactions and collaborations.

I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, it was making a funny noise. Which of the following is the most effective and grammatically correct revision of the sentence? A. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, since it was making a funny noise. B. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired it was making a funny noise. C. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, my car was making a funny noise. D. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise.

D. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise. Option (D) is correct. The original sentence contains a comma splice and is a run-on sentence. Inserting "because" and eliminating the comma corrects both of these problems.

Stephanie and her mother did not see eye to eye about plans for the weekend. The sentence contains an example of which of the following types of figurative language? A. Personification B. Irony C. Paradox D. Idiom

D. Idiom Option (D) is correct. An idiom is an expression with a meaning that differs from the literal meaning of the individual words. The sentence contains an idiom, "see eye to eye," which means to agree on something.

The following excerpt from a science journal is about searching for life on Mars. Detecting molecules as complex as a protein or a polysaccharide would be strong evidence of life, widely defined; a biological system that encodes information and uses this information to build complex molecules. These complex molecules would stand out against a background of simple prebiotic molecules like a skyscraper would stand out against a field of skyscrapers. Which of the following best describes the tone of the last sentence of the excerpt? A. Accusatory B. Quizzical C. Cynical D. Ironic

D. Ironic Option (D) is correct. Ironic tone is the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. An ironic tone often indicates sarcasm. In the sentence, the author uses the image of contrasting skyscrapers against a sea of skyscrapers to suggest that finding life on Mars is nearly impossible.

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Which of the following best paraphrases the moral of the fable? A. Older usually means wiser. B. Outsmarting an enemy is a task best left to older generations. C. It is best to go with group consensus. D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem.

D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem. Option (D) is correct. A moral is the lesson derived from a story. The moral of the fable is "it is easy to propose impossible remedies." This means that it is easy to find unrealistic solutions to problems; therefore, it is important to be realistic when proposing solutions to problems.

A group research task involves the following steps. 1. Formulate a research question. 2. Gather information and organize the findings. 3. Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. 4. Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. 5. Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids. Question:Which of the following types of digital formats will best allow students to meet both publishing requirements in step 4 ? A. GIF B. MOV C. JPEG D. PDF

D. PDF Option (D) is correct. When documents, forms, graphics, and Web pages are converted into a portable document format, they look just as they would if printed. This type of document is easy to print and to upload to a Web site.

The ability to identify four distinct sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates competence in which of the following phonemic awareness skills? A. Phoneme identity B. Phoneme categorization C. Phoneme blending D. Phoneme segmentation

D. Phoneme segmentation Option (D) is correct. This question tests your ability to recognize the application of the skill of phonemic segmentation. Phonemic segmentation refers to the ability to break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound as it is counted. The ability to identify four sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates an understanding of phonemic segmentation.

Which of the following factors of text complexity addresses the visuals or pictures in a text? A. Quantitative measures B. Reader and the reading task C. Grade level D. Qualitative measures

D. Qualitative measures Option (D) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the qualitative measures of text complexity. Qualitative measures include levels of meaning, structure, language conventions, and knowledge demands. Visual aids and pictures contribute to the structure of a text.

Which of the following is a quantitative feature of text complexity? A. Students' motivation to read a text B. The intricacy of the analogies in a text C. Students' prior knowledge related to a text's subject matter D. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text

D. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text Option (D) is correct. The factors involved in text complexity include the length and structure of sentences. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text is a quantitative factor because it involves an amount, or quantity.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that "the preacher" is the speaker's father? A. The preacher cares for people who are suffering. B. The preacher was too busy to go to the grocery store. C. The speaker describes the preacher to Winn-Dixie. D. The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie.

D. The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie. Option (D) is correct. This statement indicates that the main character will have to ask the preacher if she can keep the dog, supporting the inference that the preacher is her father.

Question:The following is an excerpt from Otto Leland Bohanan's poem "The Dawn's Awake!" A flash of smoldering flame and fireIgnites the East. Then, higher, higher,O'er all the sky so gray, forlorn,The torch of gold is borne. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the last line of the poem ("The torch of gold is borne.") ? A. There is new life created. B. A prize is being awarded. C. A treasure is carried away. D. The sun's light is appearing.

D. The sun's light is appearing. Option (D) is correct. The figurative language is used to communicate the glories of a sunrise, with "torch of gold" being used as a form of metonymy to refer to the sun and "borne" being used to explain that the torch is figuratively being held up in the sky by some force.

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. The student writing sample best shows an understanding of which of the following components of effective writing? A. The sample is clearly and logically organized and includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. B. The writer's arguments and support in the sample are presented in a logical order that makes it easy for the reader to follow. C. There are a variety of transitions that clearly show how ideas are connected, and the sample includes a variety of sentence types. D. The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced.

D. The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced. Option (D) is correct. The writer does have a thesis statement at the beginning of the sample—"I believe that a major league team should hire me . . ." followed by three main points that are discussed to support the position. Organization of ideas and the inclusion of effective transitions are not strengths of the essay.

As Arctic ice continues to melt, the polar bear's quest for food often leads to swimming long distances, ultimately ending in starvation. Last year, a policy paper outlined a multi-step plan to save the ever-declining polar bear population, which included the risky suggestion to feed the bears directly. There are many endangered species on this planet, and it is not the case that one is more important or critical than another. However, when we see candid images of these majestic creatures in their environment, it becomes apparent how desperately they need saving. The author of the passage can best be described as having a point of view similar to A. a politician discussing climate change B. an educator teaching a class about animal behavior C. a company executive arranging a wildlife benefit D. a conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species

D. a conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species Option (D) is correct. The excerpt is from an article that was likely written by someone with very strong feelings for vulnerable or endangered species, specifically polar bears. The tone of the article is pleading and passionate, citing other works and research the author has done to support his or her case, asking rhetorical questions, and advocating the polar bear's cause over those of other animals.

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate. Although both passages discuss Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, passage 1 is primarily concerned with __________________, while passage 2 is mostly concerned with __________________. A. the first sound transmitted via telephone / world interest in telephones B. Bell's interest in the telegraph / the first switching station C. Watson's contribution to the telephone / Bell's failures with the telegraph D. the invention of the telephone / the installation of the first telephone lines

D. the invention of the telephone / the installation of the first telephone lines Option (D) is correct. The first passage is mainly concerned with the way in which Bell invented the telephone, and the second passage, while it mentions the invention of the telephone, is also more concerned with the early installation and mechanics of the telephone.

Indicate whether each of the following words is best identified as a high-frequency sight word or a decodable word. For each word listed, select one word type. High- Frequency Sight Word OR Decodable word Forgot Because Was Sleepy GOOGLE DRIVE

Forgot- Decodable Because- High-Frequency Was- High-Frequency Sleepy- Decodable "Forgot" is a decodable word for a second-grade student. By breaking the word down into recognizable syllable patterns, the student will be able to identify the word. "Because" is identified as a high-frequency sight word for a second-grade student because it is regularly encountered in reading. The word does not follow typically decodable syllable patterns, so students also benefit from being able to identify the word by sight. "Was" is identified as a high-frequency sight word for a second-grade student because it is regularly encountered in reading. The word does not follow typically decodable syllable patterns, so students also benefit from being able to identify the word by sight. "Sleepy" is a decodable word for a second-grade student. By breaking the word down into recognizable syllable patterns, the student will be able to identify the word.