Reading-FIB-Fill in the Blanks

E-LEARNING Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet ---(generation/ revolution/ information)---, which has greatly increased the volume and range of course, materials available online in the past five years. "The --- (temptation/ lure/ attraction) --- now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year and, while classes are generally well ---(attended/ absent/ provided/ emptied)--- for the early weeks, it often does not last. "There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping and why students are not coming to lectures," Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and ---(fierce/ rough/ large/ major)--- competition among universities for students - mean few are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are.

Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet ---(generation/ REVOLUTION/ information)---, which has greatly increased the volume and range of course, materials available online in the past five years. "The --- (TEMPTATION/ lure/ attraction) --- now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year and, while classes are generally well ---(ATTENDED/ absent/ provided/ emptied)--- for the early weeks, it often does not last. "There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping and why students are not coming to lectures," Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and ---(FIERCE/ rough/ large/ major)--- competition among universities for students - mean few are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are.

34 GRAY WOLF After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs beneath the night skies of Yellowstone National Park. At 3:45 pm on March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves (also known as the timber wolf) were released from (fenced/restricted/contained/confounded) acclimation pens at Crystal Creek within Yellowstone National Park. The wolf release plan, (involved/calculated/ evaluated/concealed) in an environmental impact statement (EIS) in 1992-1994, is to restore wolves to Yellowstone and central Idaho by establishing experimental populations of gray wolves in both areas. The goal for Yellowstone is to establish 10 packs wolves reproducing in the area for three (following/chronological/consecutive/alternate) years by the year 2002. Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with national park goals to perpetuate all native species and their natural interactions with their environment. As with other park wildlife programs, management emphasizes (exaggerating/introducing/ appreciating/minimizing) human impact on natural animal population dynamics. Yellowstone National Park is a wilderness and wildlife refuge in the United States.

After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs beneath the night skies of Yellowstone National Park. At 3:45 pm on March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves (also known as the timber wolf) were released from (FENCED/restricted/contained/confounded) acclimation pens at Crystal Creek within Yellowstone National Park. The wolf release plan, (INVOLVED/calculated/ evaluated/concealed) in an environmental impact statement (EIS) in 1992-1994, is to restore wolves to Yellowstone and central Idaho by establishing experimental populations of gray wolves in both areas. The goal for Yellowstone is to establish 10 packs wolves reproducing in the area for three (following/chronological/CONSECUTIVE = liên tiếp /alternate) years by the year 2002. Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with national park goals to perpetuate all native species and their natural interactions with their environment. As with other park wildlife programs, management emphasizes (exaggerating/introducing/ appreciating/MINIMIZING) human impact on natural animal population dynamics. Yellowstone National Park is a wilderness and wildlife refuge in the United States.

AN EXOTIC TYPE OF DIAMOND An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or ―black diamonds, the (mysterious/ complex/ complicated/ difficult) stones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are unusual for being the color or charcoal and full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted glass. Because of their (beautiful/ odd/ ugly/ weird) appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study (suggesting/ imposing/ declaring) that the odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. Explosive Theory: The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similarities to tiny nanodiamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're not (identical/ similar/alike/ same)," Haggerty said, "but they're very similar. Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that nanodiamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, (probably/ obviously/ definitely/completely) come from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.

An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or ―black diamonds, the (MYSTERIOUS/ complex/ complicated/ difficult) stones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are unusual for being the color or charcoal and full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted glass. Because of their (beautiful/ ODD/ ugly/ weird) appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study (SUGGESTING/ imposing/ declaring) that the odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. Explosive Theory: The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similarities to tiny nanodiamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're not (IDENTICAL/ similar/alike/ same)," Haggerty said, "but they're very similar. Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that nanodiamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, (PROBABLY/ obviously/ definitely/completely) come from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.

BOOKS AND ARTICLES Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting (so/that/as/in) it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is (intended/intend/ intending/intentional) for a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-Government organisations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor, (has developed/develops/will develop/have developed) an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes (from/in/of/by) aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and (contribute/contributed/contributing/to contribute) to regional security.

Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting (so/that/AS/in) it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is (INTENDED/intend/ intending/intentional) for a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-Government organisations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor, (HAS DEVELOPED/develops/will develop/have developed) an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes (FROM/in/of/by) aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and (CONTRIBUTE/contributed/contributing/to contribute) to regional security.

21 DRESS FOR SUCCESS It's probably one of the most overused phrases in job-hunting, but also one of the most underutilized by jobseekers: dress for success, in job-hunting, first (feeling/ impression/ impact) are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product — yourself — to a potential employer, and the first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a (absolute/ negative/ positive) first impression. Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course, that you are judged. Throughout the entire job-seeking process employers use short-cuts - heuristics or rules of thumb - to save time. With cover letters, it's the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With resumes, it is a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview, it's how you're dressed that sets the (intonation/ accent/ tone/ rhythm) of the interview. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little investigating of your (prospective/ coming/ approaching/ expected) employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or underdress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.

It's probably one of the most overused phrases in job-hunting, but also one of the most underutilized by jobseekers: dress for success, in job-hunting, first (feeling/ IMPRESSION/ impact) are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product — yourself — to a potential employer, and the first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a (absolute/ negative/ POSITIVE) first impression. Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course, that you are judged. Throughout the entire job-seeking process employers use short-cuts - heuristics or rules of thumb - to save time. With cover letters, it's the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With resumes, it is a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview, it's how you're dressed that sets the (intonation/ accent/ TONE/ rhythm) of the interview. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little investigating of your (PROSPECTIVE/ coming/ approaching/ expected) employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or underdress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.

22 CHOMOLUNGMA Called Chomolungma ("goddess mother of the world") in Tibet and Sagarmatha ("goddess of the sky") in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners. That was before (purveyors/surveillance/persuasion/surveyors) established that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise—Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan peaks, many of which gave the (illusion/allusion/anticipation/persuation) of greater height.In 1852 the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest's elevation as 29,002 feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially (excepted/incepted/intercepted/accepted) height for more than one hundred years. In 1955 it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m).The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor General from 1830—1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some (reservations/applications/implications/rejections) about having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies. Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, (surpassed/reduces/surmises/transposed) by about thirty other Andean peaks and several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m), which today ranks third. Everest's status has been unrivaled for the last century-and-a-half, but not without a few threats.

Called Chomolungma ("goddess mother of the world") in Tibet and Sagarmatha ("goddess of the sky") in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners. That was before (purveyors/surveillance/persuasion/SURVEYORS) established that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise—Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan peaks, many of which gave the (ILLUSION/allusion/anticipation/persuation) of greater height.In 1852 the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest's elevation as 29,002 feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially (excepted/incepted/intercepted/ACCEPTED) height for more than one hundred years. In 1955 it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m).The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor General from 1830—1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some (RESERVATIONS/applications/implications/rejections) about having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies. Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, (SURPASSED/reduces/surmises/transposed) by about thirty other Andean peaks and several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m), which today ranks third. Everest's status has been unrivaled for the last century-and-a-half, but not without a few threats.

INTELLIGENCE OF ANIMALS Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that (can/must/does/shall) not require the cooperation of the animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing (over/across/with/in) species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain than a human simple because it is a large beast. (Instead/Moreover/However/Actually) we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, (followed/follows/follow/following) by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general (theory/way/rule/model) animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and have large EQ's than solitary animals.

Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that (can/must/DOES/shall) not require the cooperation of the animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing (over/ACROSS/with/in) species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain than a human simple because it is a large beast. (INSTEAD/Moreover/However/Actually) we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, (FOLLOWED/follows/follow/following) by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general (theory/way/RULE/model) animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and have large EQ's than solitary animals.

44 BURGERS Drive down any highway, and you'll see a proliferation of chain restaurants - most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you'll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's, and Wendy's, the ―big four‖ of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of (claiming/forcing/defying/yielding) the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No.1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No.2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three (contenders/applicants/contestants/participants) have increase. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be (rectified/disorganized/ surpassed/enacted) before a unified, long-term strategy can put in place. The (importance/vitality/impotence/complacency) of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer's order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, ―Have it your way,‖ or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more (reliable/dubious/exhaustive/impervious).

Drive down any highway, and you'll see a proliferation of chain restaurants - most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you'll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's, and Wendy's, the ―big four‖ of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of (CLAIMING/forcing/ defying/yielding) the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No.1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No.2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three (CONTENDERS/applicants/ contestants/participants) have increase. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be (RECTIFIED/disorganized/ surpassed/enacted) before a unified, long-term strategy can put in place. The (IMPORTANCE/vitality/ impotence/complacency) of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer's order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, ―Have it your way,‖ or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more (RELIABLE/dubious/ exhaustive/impervious).

ESSAYS Essays are used as assessment tool. They allow the reader to (value/evaluate/remember/calculate/interpret) your understanding of the subject matters as well as your ability to research a topic and construct an (appreciation/argument/assertion/understanding/exposition). The lecture does not want to read a regurgitation of everything he or she has said (along/within/inside/throughout/about) the course. It is advisable to see the essay as an opportunity to explore in greater (intensity/breadth/profundity/depth/length) aspects of the course - theories, issues or texts, for example - and in some cases to relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas but you must do so in an appropriate way, using a formal academic style.

Essays are used as assessment tool. They allow the reader to (value/EVALUATE/remember/calculate/interpret) your understanding of the subject matters as well as your ability to research a topic and construct an (appreciation/ARGUMENT/assertion/understanding/exposition). The lecture does not want to read a regurgitation of everything he or she has said (along/within/inside/THROUGHOUT/about) the course. It is advisable to see the essay as an opportunity to explore in greater (intensity/breadth/profundity/DEPTH/length) aspects of the course - theories, issues or texts, for example - and in some cases to relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas but you must do so in an appropriate way, using a formal academic style.

31 FRESH WATER Everybody needs fresh water. (Beside/Outside/Without/Under) water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay (fit/good/well/happy) & healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, & most of that is stored as ice & snow at the poles, or is so (deep/much/long/dirty) under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we (can/might/may/will) use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals & people on the planet!

Everybody needs fresh water. (Beside/Outside/WITHOUT/Under) water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay (FIT/good/well/happy) & healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, & most of that is stored as ice & snow at the poles, or is so (DEEP/much/long/dirty) under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we (CAN/might/may/will) use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals & people on the planet!

23 FOREIGN STUDENTS' ENGLISH SKILLS Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students (are graduating/graduate/graduated/has been graduated) from Australian universities with poor English skills. Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell (found/has found/had found/has been found) a third of foreign students are graduating without a competent level of English. But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enroll foreign students (once/because/but/and/that) they have achieved international standards of language (efficiency/fluency/proficiency/progressive). "This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities," she said. "International students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia and they can't get into university without reaching that international standard."University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an English test (after/before/once/when) being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. "There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who don't speak such fantastically good English either. So we're trying to push the standard even higher than present but it's a very useful one already." Ms Bishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by the universities," she said. "I've not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their reputation is at stake."

Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students (ARE GRADUATING/graduate/graduated/has been graduated) from Australian universities with poor English skills. Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell (found/HAS FOUND/had found/has been found) a third of foreign students are graduating without a competent level of English. But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enroll foreign students (ONCE/because/but/and/that) they have achieved international standards of language (efficiency/fluency/PROFICIENCY/progressive). "This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities," she said. "International students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia and they can't get into university without reaching that international standard."University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an English test (after/BEFORE/once/when) being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. "There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who don't speak such fantastically good English either. So we're trying to push the standard even higher than present but it's a very useful one already." Ms Bishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by the universities," she said. "I've not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their reputation is at stake."

FILM Film is where art meets commerce. (So/As/For/What) Orson Welles said: "A painter just needs a brush and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army." And an army needs money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur, we (raise/arise/rise/arouse) money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea often a reasonably small sum. (Besides/However/Certainly/Therefore), to commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of (that/those/these/this) are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or (even/still/both/and) Europe because the economic dynamic is different.

Film is where art meets commerce. (So/AS/For/What) Orson Welles said: "A painter just needs a brush and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army." And an army needs money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur, we (RAISE/arise/rise/arouse) money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea often a reasonably small sum. (BESIDES/However/Certainly/Therefore), to commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of (that/those/THESE/this) are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or (EVEN/still/both/and) Europe because the economic dynamic is different.

UN Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the UN now counts 193 member nations, (including/ especially/possibly/limiting) its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, Montenegro in 2006, and South Sudan in 2011. United Nations Day has been (observed/ watched/monitored/examined) on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN (engages/ connects/absorbs/appoints) in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe. Though some say its (influence/meaningless/consequences/descriptiveness) has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then secretary-general of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping (operations/ transgressions/processes/businesses); 16 are currently under way. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of 31 August 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.

Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the UN now counts 193 member nations, (INCLUDING/ especially/possibly/limiting) its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, Montenegro in 2006, and South Sudan in 2011. United Nations Day has been (OBSERVED/ watched/monitored/examined) on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN (ENGAGES/ connects/absorbs/appoints) in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe. Though some say its (INFLUENCE/meaningless/consequences/descriptiveness) has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then secretary-general of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping (OPERATIONS/ transgressions/processes/businesses); 16 are currently under way. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of 31 August 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.

19 GAS DRILLING Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has (triggered/explored/led/resulted) a "mud volcano" that has killed 13 people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high-pressure water to escape. The water carried mud (to/on/into/from) the surface, where it has spread (to/toward/across/in) a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, the team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as (weak/violent/strong/mild) as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.

Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has (TRIGGERED/explored/led/resulted) a "mud volcano" that has killed 13 people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high-pressure water to escape. The water carried mud (TO/on/into/from) the surface, where it has spread (to/toward/ACROSS/in) a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, the team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as (weak/VIOLENT/strong/mild) as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.

MBA in Arabic Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgn has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a (time/ length/ way/ distance/ depth) for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School (declared/ announced/ maintained/ stated/fulfilled) the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said that it was hoped that the Arabic MBA would (raise/ breed/ extend/ enlarge/rise/stretch) the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world. It is also hoped that a strong network of graduates will be created in the (region/ place/ site/ land/province). The first (intake/ upturn/ upshot/input/outset) of students is expected later this year. My answer

Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgn has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a (time/ length/ way/ DISTANCE/ depth) for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School (declared/ ANNOUNCED/ maintained/ stated/fulfilled) the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said that it was hoped that the Arabic MBA would (RAISE/ breed/ extend/ enlarge/rise/stretch) the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world. It is also hoped that a strong network of graduates will be created in the (REGION/ place/ site/ land/province). The first (INTAKE/ upturn/ upshot/input/outset) of students is expected later this year.

38 SPANISH If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not (necessarily/usually/only/particularly) mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in U.S. schools. The confusion is partly political-the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the U.S. is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the (mountainous/ rocky/ hidden/coastal) areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own (accents/ thoughts/infections/authority) and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its (pronunciation/ collection/ remembering/elucidation) of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed (characteristics/moralities / problems/distinguishes) that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America.) Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to U.S. residents.

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not (NECESSARILY/usually/ only/particularly) mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in U.S. schools. The confusion is partly political-the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the U.S. is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the (MOUNTAINOUS/ rocky/ hidden/coastal) areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own (ACCENTS/ thoughts/infections/authority) and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its (PRONUNCIATION/ collection/ remembering/elucidation) of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed (CHARACTERISTICS/moralities / problems/distinguishes) that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America.) Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to U.S. residents.

35 IMPRESSIONISM Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists, who began exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is (derivation/derivative/derives/derived) from the title of a Claude Mons work impression, Sunrise, which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review. Characteristic of impressionist painting are visible brushstrokes, light colors, open composition, (emphasis/emphatic/emphasize/emphatically) on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing (inspirational/inspiration/inspire/inspiring) from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the (act/acting/active/actor) of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes had usually been painted indoors. The Impressionists found that they could (capture/captivating/ captive/captor) the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting outdoor

Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists, who began exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is (derivation/derivative/derives/DERIVED) from the title of a Claude Mons work impression, Sunrise, which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review. Characteristic of impressionist painting are visible brushstrokes, light colors, open composition, (EMPHASIS/emphatic/emphasize/emphatically) on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing (inspirational/INSPIRATION/inspire/inspiring) from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the (ACT/acting/active/actor) of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes had usually been painted indoors. The Impressionists found that they could (CAPTURE/captivating/ captive/captor) the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting outdoor

JAPANESE USAGE In recent years, an eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage. (All the same/Likewise/For instance/Furthermore), a "Kariya" woman is a career woman, and a "manshon" is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana, or unique Japanese version of Western words, and the younger generation's more casual use of the Japanese language are causing worry in government circles. (As a result/On the contrary/Unless/In other words), an official panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese. Foreign words become katakana Japanese (although/whereas/because/so that) no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling. (Next/Consequently/However/In fact), they don't always retain the same meaning they had in their original language. When the word "cool" traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. (Besides/Nevertheless/For example/Similarity), a hotto person is one who is easily excitable, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment. Researching and monitoring changes in the Japanese language, including the influx of foreign words, has been the responsibility of the National Institute of Japanese Language, established in 1948. According to its president, Seiju Sugito, since the late 1950s the use of Katakana words has tripled. Older people are especially alarmed by this trend. For one thing, they find many of these new words are difficult to understand. (In addition /As a consequence/On the other hand/In conclusion), their casual and ready acceptance by the younger generation has come in tandem with its increasing tendency not to use the more respectful Japanese grammatical forms.

In recent years, an eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage. (All the same/Likewise/FOR INSTANCE/Furthermore), a "Kariya" woman is a career woman, and a "manshon" is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana, or unique Japanese version of Western words, and the younger generation's more casual use of the Japanese language are causing worry in government circles. (AS A RESULT/On the contrary/Unless/In other words), an official panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese. Foreign words become katakana Japanese (although/whereas/BECAUSE/so that) no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling. (Next/Consequently/HOWEVER/In fact), they don't always retain the same meaning they had in their original language. When the word "cool" traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. (Besides/Nevertheless/For example/SIMILARLY), a hotto person is one who is easily excitable, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment. Researching and monitoring changes in the Japanese language, including the influx of foreign words, has been the responsibility of the National Institute of Japanese Language, established in 1948. According to its president, Seiju Sugito, since the late 1950s the use of Katakana words has tripled. Older people are especially alarmed by this trend. For one thing, they find many of these new words are difficult to understand. (IN ADDITION /As a consequence/On the other hand/In conclusion), their casual and ready acceptance by the younger generation has come in tandem with its increasing tendency not to use the more respectful Japanese grammatical forms.

VISUAL ART It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to (understand/ elaborate/ extravagant/ build up), add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the (structures/ mechanics/ procedures/ ways) of the writing process, i.e., fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second (way/ approach/ technique/ method).

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to (understand/ ELABORATE/ extravagant/ build up), add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the (structures/ MECHANICS/ procedures/ ways) of the writing process, i.e., fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second (way/ APPROACH/ technique/ method).

41 PREPARE FOR EXAMS It's that time again: exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the year's gone already. You start (deciding/ wondering/ hoping/ discovering) how you going to cope with it all. Fear and anxiety are insidious things and they can take hold if you don't do something about them. This amounts to a bad type of stress which is just what you don't need, especially at this time of year. This is not to say that all anxiety is bad, however. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to be more motivated and more (intelligent/ excitable/ relaxed/ purposeful). It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and (logically/ continually/ thoroughly/ consistently) about it. In other word, it can help you to stay on top of things. So how can you limit your stress and stay in control? There are a number of practical things you can do, even at this late stage before the exams. Don't give up hope, even if you start to feel ―snowballed‖ when you think of the all the work you have to do. First of all, it's essential to get yourself organised. Sit down at your desk and make a start on writing down all the things you have to do to (provide/arrange/ prepare/order) for the exams. If you feel there's too much to do, then work out priorities for your work. Outstanding assignments should take priority but make sure to leave time for revision of your lecture notes.

It's that time again: exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the year's gone already. You start (deciding/ WONDERING/ hoping/ discovering) how you going to cope with it all. Fear and anxiety are insidious things and they can take hold if you don't do something about them. This amounts to a bad type of stress which is just what you don't need, especially at this time of year. This is not to say that all anxiety is bad, however. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to be more motivated and more (intelligent/ excitable/ relaxed/ PURPOSEFUL). It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and (LOGICALLY/ continually/ thoroughly/ consistently) about it. In other word, it can help you to stay on top of things. So how can you limit your stress and stay in control? There are a number of practical things you can do, even at this late stage before the exams. Don't give up hope, even if you start to feel ―snowballed‖ when you think of the all the work you have to do. First of all, it's essential to get yourself organised. Sit down at your desk and make a start on writing down all the things you have to do to (provide/arrange/ PREPARE/order) for the exams. If you feel there's too much to do, then work out priorities for your work. Outstanding assignments should take priority but make sure to leave time for revision of your lecture notes.

CHILDREN Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who (had been/were/has been/are) doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of (interactions/discussions/treatments/communications) with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it". Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget (has developed/had developed/developed/was developing) several new fields of science: developmental psychology, cognitive theory and that came to be called genetic epistemology. Although not an educational reformer, he (created/championed/generated/invented) a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today's education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages" and "cannibals" by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who (had been/WERE/has been/are) doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of (INTERACTIONS/discussions/treatments/communications) with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it". Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget (has developed/HAD DEVELOPED/developed/was developing) several new fields of science: developmental psychology, cognitive theory and that came to be called genetic epistemology. Although not an educational reformer, he (created/CHAMPIONED/generated/invented) a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today's education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages" and "cannibals" by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.

20 LEONARD LAUDER Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she "was growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year (achieved/ gained/grew/hold) to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business, there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder story (but/because/when/and) it's a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She (has started/had started/starts/started) her enterprise by selling skin creams (led/controlled/concocted/managed) by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good--Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic--but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.

Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she "was growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year (achieved/ gained/GREW/hold) to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business, there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder story (but/BECAUSE/when/and) it's a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She (has started/had started/starts/STARTED) her enterprise by selling skin creams (led/controlled/CONCOCTED/managed) by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good--Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic--but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.

30 MOST RESPECTED COMPANIES Look at the recent ―Most Respected Companies‖ survey by the Financial Times. Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the (current/same/right) time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft (both/neither/all) have achieved their world class status through playing nice. Wetch is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business (out/from/through) and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the (highest/most/finest) profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent times - and Gates has been able to (improve/receive/achieve) the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.

Look at the recent ―Most Respected Companies‖ survey by the Financial Times. Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the (CURRENT/same/right) time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft (BOTH/neither/all) have achieved their world class status through playing nice. Wetch is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business (out/from/THROUGH) and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the (HIGHEST/most/finest) profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent times - and Gates has been able to (improve/receive/ACHIEVE) the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.

43 PINKER Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have (described/resulted/ originated/regarded) as evolutionary adaptations. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is (immune/prevented/ derived/different) from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism small number of women who become mechanical engineers- all may have their (results/roots/ beliefs/definitions) in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious that men and women might (compare/believe/result/differ) in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have (little/small/ some/more) influence on personality. Teacher

Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have (described/resulted/ ORIGINATED/regarded) as evolutionary adaptations. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is (IMMUNE= not affected /prevented/ derived/different) from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism small number of women who become mechanical engineers- all may have their (results/ROOTS/ beliefs/definitions) in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious that men and women might (compare/believe/result/DIFFER) in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have (LITTLE/small/ some/more) influence on personality.

36 VIDEO-CONFERENCING Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to (conduct/have/ attend/ lead/ hold)--- face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting (benefit/strain/ advantage/ disadvantage/ effect) on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time (concern/difficulty/pressure/burden) or environmental burden of international travel. The technology can bring up to five separate locations anywhere in the world- with (perfect/unrivalled/ exceptional/unparalleled) transmission quality.

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to (CONDUCT/have/ attend/ lead/ hold)--- face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting (benefit/STRAIN = stress, sự căng thẳng / advantage/ disadvantage/ effect) on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time (concern/difficulty/PRESSURE/burden) or environmental burden of international travel. The technology can bring up to five separate locations anywhere in the world- with (perfect/UNRIVALLED = không có địch thủ, không có gì sánh được / exceptional/unparalleled) transmission quality.

EXERCISE One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their *(daily/frequent/recurrent/periodic)* routines. All of the advances of modern technology - from *(electric/ electrician/ electrically/ electricity)* can openers to power steering - have made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically (severe/ demanding/ relaxing/ insistent). Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too (many/ little/ less/ much) fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and a commitment. There are two (odd/ main/ large/ substantial) ways to increase the number of calories you expand: Start a regular exercise program if you do not have one already. Increase the amount of physical activity in your daily routine.

One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their (DAILY/frequent/recurrent/periodic) routines. All of the advances of modern technology - from (ELECTRIC/ electrician/ electrically/ electricity) can openers to power steering - have made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically (severe/ DEMANDING/ relaxing/ insistent). Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too (many/ little/ less/ MUCH) fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and a commitment. There are two (odd/ MAIN/ large/ substantial) ways to increase the number of calories you expand: Start a regular exercise program if you do not have one already. Increase the amount of physical activity in your daily routine.

28 SENTIMENTS Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities. (One/It/What/This) is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city (does/marks/is/causes) a new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who (tend to/are used to/ought to/had to) come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city (unless/whenever/whereas/until) its development has been almost completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which (was surveyed/has been surveyed/could be surveyed/had surveyed) in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with an original survey, whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets.

Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities. (ONE/It/What/This) is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city (does/MARKS/is/causes) a new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who (TEND TO/are used to/ought to/had to) come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city (UNLESS/whenever/whereas/until) its development has been almost completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which (WAS SURVEYED = to measure and record the features of an area of land /has been surveyed/ could be surveyed/had surveyed) in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with an original survey, whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets.

25 CULTURAL IDEAS People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because inexplicit ideas are hard to (convey/contact/control/conclude) accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain to another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every word. So it can be only rarely, if (ever/often/true/only), that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in their minds. That is why, when the founder of a political or philosophical movement or a religion dies, or (even before/perhaps after/even though/although), schisms typically happen. The movement's most devoted followers are often shocked to (discover/reveal/know/understand) that they disagree about what its doctrines ―really‖ are.

People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because inexplicit ideas are hard to (CONVEY/contact/control/conclude) accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain to another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every word. So it can be only rarely, if (EVER/often/true/only), that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in their minds. That is why, when the founder of a political or philosophical movement or a religion dies, or (EVEN BEFORE/perhaps after/even though/although), schisms typically happen. The movement's most devoted followers are often shocked to (DISCOVER/reveal/know/understand) that they disagree about what its doctrines ―really‖ are. Convey = truyền đạt; schism = sự ly giáo; sự phân ly; sự chia rẽ; doctrine = Học thuyết, chủ nghĩa, giáo lý

RICHARD MORRIS Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s. "Sometimes in the lectures we've only got about one third of students enrolled attending," he said. "It definitely is a problem. If you don't turn up to class you're missing out on the whole richness of the -----(experience/ lecture/ knowledge)---: you don't think a whole lot, you don't engage in debates with other students - or with your teachers." It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro ViceChancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was ---(transforming/ altering/ changing/ improving)--- the way students access and use information. "It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, --- (interesting /traditional/ old-fashioned)--- lectures seem to persist in our universities."

Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s. "Sometimes in the lectures we've only got about one third of students enrolled attending," he said. "It definitely is a problem. If you don't turn up to class you're missing out on the whole richness of the -----(EXPERIENCE/ lecture/ knowledge)---: you don't think a whole lot, you don't engage in debates with other students - or with your teachers." It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro ViceChancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was ---(TRANSFORMING/ altering/ changing/ improving)--- the way students access and use information. "It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, --- (interesting /TRADITIONAL/ old-fashioned)--- lectures seem to persist in our universities."

29 SALES JOBS Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place (as motive and guide/should motivate and guide/to help motivate and guide/as helping motive and guide) their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they (can perform/must perform/often are performed/might be performing) during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business (hinges on/is set at/lasts until/look ahead) the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into (describing how/producing what/constructing how much/analyzing where) the sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going. hinges on = depends on]

Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place (AS MOTIVE = động cơ AND GUIDE/should motivate and guide/to help motivate and guide/as helping motive and guide) their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they (can perform/MUST PERFORM/often are performed/might be performing) during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business (HINGES ON = Xoay quanh, depends on /is set at/lasts until/look ahead) the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into (describing how/PRODUCING WHAT/constructing how much/analyzing where) the sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going. hinges on = depends on]

NASA Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the ---(ideal/ suitable/ relevant/ correct/ lucky)--- place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. ---(Virtually/ Completely/ Eventually/ Entirely/ Scarcely)--- all the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its mission to study Jupiter and its moons close up before NASA dramatically crashed it into Jupiter in 2003. ---(Because/ Although/ Despite/ Whatever/ Whether)---- the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometres below, researchers studying the most ---- (recent/ unusual/ last/ interesting)--- measurements say light reflected from the moon's icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids. ---(Instead/ Just/ Regardless/ However/ Therefore)--- they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.

Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the ---(IDEAL/ suitable/ relevant/ correct/ lucky)--- place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. ---(VIRTUALLY/ Completely/ Eventually/ Entirely/ Scarcely)--- all the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its mission to study Jupiter and its moons close up before NASA dramatically crashed it into Jupiter in 2003. ---(Because/ ALTHOUGH/ Despite/ Whatever/ Whether)---- the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometres below, researchers studying the most ---- (RECENT/ unusual/ last/ interesting)--- measurements say light reflected from the moon's icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids. ---(Instead/ Just/ Regardless/ HOWEVER/ Therefore)--- they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.

27 STUDENTS PART-TIME JOB Students are increasingly finding it necessary to obtain employment in order to subsidize their income during their time in higher education. The (plus/other/more/super/extra) income helps to pay for necessities, to maintain a social life and to buy clothes, and holding a part-time job helps students to (gain/need/reach/make/train) skills for life after university or college. Using a part-time job to cut down on borrowing is a sound investment, as it reduces the (debt/bank/surplus/account/money) that will be waiting to be paid off after graduation. How many hours students are currently working each week during term-time is not really certain. Some institutions advise that students should not work more than ten hours a week, and there are others that set a higher recommend (boundary/edge/law/limit/border) [set a limit] of fifteen hours a week. There is no doubt that some students (exceed/improve/overdo/raise/increase) even fifteen hours a week.

Students are increasingly finding it necessary to obtain employment in order to subsidize their income during their time in higher education. The (plus/other/more/super/EXTRA) income helps to pay for necessities, to maintain a social life and to buy clothes, and holding a part-time job helps students to (GAIN/need/reach/make/train) skills for life after university or college. Using a part-time job to cut down on borrowing is a sound investment, as it reduces the (DEBT/bank/surplus/account/money) that will be waiting to be paid off after graduation. How many hours students are currently working each week during term-time is not really certain. Some institutions advise that students should not work more than ten hours a week, and there are others that set a higher recommend (boundary/edge /law/LIMIT/border) [set a limit] of fifteen hours a week. There is no doubt that some students (EXCEED/improve/overdo/raise/increase) even fifteen hours a week.

39 EIFFEL TOWER The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1889. It was built for the World's Fair to (demonstrate / implicate/suggest/insinuate) that iron could be as strong as stone while being infinitely lighter. And in fact the wrought-iron tower is twice as tall as the masonry Washington Monument and yet it weighs 70,000 tons less! It is repainted every seven years with 50 tons of dark brown paint. Called "the father of the skyscraper," the Home Insurance Building, (constructed/renovated/ devised/invented) in Chicago in 1885 (and demolished in 1931), was 138 feet tall and 10 stories. It was the first building to effectively employ a supporting (skeleton/ engine/ceiling/concrete) of steel beams and columns, allowing it to have many more windows than traditional masonry structures. But this new construction method made people worry that the building would fall down, leading the city to halt construction until they could (investigate/ exonerate/ ameliorate/consecrate) the structure's safety. In 1929, auto tycoon Walter Chrysler took part in an intense race with the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company to build the world's tallest skyscraper. Just when it looked like the bank had captured the (coveted/ meaningless/ royal/informal) title, workers at the Chrysler Building jacked a thin spire hidden inside the building through the top of the roof to win the contest (subsequently losing the title four months later to the Empire State Building). Chrysler also decorated his building to mirror his cars, with hubcaps, mudguards, and hood ornaments.

The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1889. It was built for the World's Fair to (DEMONSTRATE / implicate/suggest/insinuate) that iron could be as strong as stone while being infinitely lighter. And in fact the wrought-iron tower is twice as tall as the masonry Washington Monument and yet it weighs 70,000 tons less! It is repainted every seven years with 50 tons of dark brown paint. Called "the father of the skyscraper," the Home Insurance Building, (CONSTRUCTED/renovated/ devised/invented) in Chicago in 1885 (and demolished in 1931), was 138 feet tall and 10 stories. It was the first building to effectively employ a supporting (SKELETON = bộ khung / engine/ceiling/concrete) of steel beams and columns, allowing it to have many more windows than traditional masonry structures. But this new construction method made people worry that the building would fall down, leading the city to halt construction until they could (INVESTIGATE/ exonerate/ ameliorate/consecrate) the structure's safety. In 1929, auto tycoon Walter Chrysler took part in an intense race with the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company to build the world's tallest skyscraper. Just when it looked like the bank had captured the (COVETED = strongly desired by many / meaningless/ royal/informal) title, workers at the Chrysler Building jacked a thin spire hidden inside the building through the top of the roof to win the contest (subsequently losing the title four months later to the Empire State Building). Chrysler also decorated his building to mirror his cars, with hubcaps, mudguards, and hood ornaments.

AMOUNT OF SLEEP The amount of sleep you need depends on many (ages/factors/thing/category), especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people, "enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep. As you get older, your sleeping (patterns/habit/time/hour/sometimes) change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But there's no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults. Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your (circulatory/immune/nervous/sleeping) system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance. So how many hours of sleep are enough for you? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day — even during boring activities — you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as (important/much/difficult/frequent/trivial) as quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep. If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to (identify/determines/help/solves) the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night's sleep.

The amount of sleep you need depends on many (ages/FACTORS/thing/category), especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people, "enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep. As you get older, your sleeping (PATTERNS/habit/time/hour/sometimes) change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But there's no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults. Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your (circulatory/IMMUNE/nervous/sleeping) system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance. So how many hours of sleep are enough for you? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day — even during boring activities — you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as (IMPORTANT/much/difficult/frequent/trivial) as quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep. If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to (IDENTIFY/determines/help/solves) the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night's sleep.

VARIOLATION The fall of smallpox began with the realization that (survivors/ people/ victims/ patients) of the disease were immune for the rest of their lives. This led to the practice of variolation - a process of exposing a healthy person to infected material from a person with smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that (contributed/ provided/ gave/ transferred) immunity from further infection. The first written account of variolation describes a Buddhist nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700's, this method of variolation was (same/ common/ usual/ frequent) practice in China, India, and Turkey. In the late 1700's European physicians used this and other methods of variolation, but reported "devastating" results in some cases. Overall, 2% to 3% of people who were variolated died of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total number of smallpox (fatalities/ patients/ diseases/ victims) by 10-fold.

The fall of smallpox began with the realization that (SURVIVORS/ people/ victims/ patients) of the disease were immune for the rest of their lives. This led to the practice of variolation - a process of exposing a healthy person to infected material from a person with smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that (contributed/ PROVIDED/ gave/ transferred) immunity from further infection. The first written account of variolation describes a Buddhist nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700's, this method of variolation was (same/ COMMON/ usual/ frequent) practice in China, India, and Turkey. In the late 1700's European physicians used this and other methods of variolation, but reported "devastating" results in some cases. Overall, 2% to 3% of people who were variolated died of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total number of smallpox (FATALITIES/ patients/ diseases/ victims) by 10-fold.

40 NEW MODES OF ASSESSMENT The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to (critical/ criticizing/ critic/ criticisms) of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative (element/ substance/ situation/ environ) and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design (innovators/ innovations/ innovate/ innovated). The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about ―having, growing, and proving‖ ideas. (Formal/ Conventional/ Colloquial/ Unofficial) judgments are evident in terms such as ―wow‖ and yawn‖ and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, ―sparkiness‖ (p. 28), which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as ―technical‖ and ―aesthetic‖ pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides (examples/ stimulus/ experiences/ systems) of the project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments, and their sketches and hotographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.

The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to (critical/ criticizing/ critic/ CRITICISMS = Lời phê bình) of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative (ELEMENT/ substance/ situation/ environ) and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design (INNOVATORS/ innovations/ innovate/ innovated). The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about ―having, growing, and proving ideas. (Formal/ Conventional/ COLLOQUIAL= Thông tục, informal / Unofficial) judgments are evident in terms such as ―wow and ―yawn and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, ―sparkiness (p. 28), which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as ―technical‖ and ―aesthetic‖ pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides (EXAMPLES/ stimulus/ experiences/ systems) of the project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments, and their sketches and hotographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.

26 INVASION OF NON-INDIGENOUS PLANTS The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or (escritional/experimental/aberrational/aboriginal) evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for (1) lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and (2) management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters (decomposition/decommissions/decompression/decompensation) rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat (suitability/compatibility/unsuitability/correctness) for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to (curb/instruct/crop/encourages) (han che su lay lan cua) the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by (encroachment/evolution/violation/retreat) (giam tu tu cai gi) of L. salicaria. We conclude that (1) negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that (2) (detrimental/despotical/deprival/denormal) effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents.

The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or (escritional/EXPERIMENTAL/ aberrational/aboriginal) evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for (1) lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and (2) management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters (DECOMPOSITION = sự phân huỷ /decommissions/ decompression/decompensation) rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat (SUITABILITY = sự thích hợp /compatibility/ unsuitability/correctness) for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to (CURB = hạn chế /instruct/ crop/encourages) (han che su lay lan cua) the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by (ENCROACHMENT = sự xâm lấn /evolution/ violation/retreat) (giam tu tu cai gi) of L. salicaria. We conclude that (1) negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that (2) (DETRIMENTAL/despotical/deprival/denormal) effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents.

42 OCEAN FLOOR The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km-long coral (formation/constitution/ disposition/consolation) off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth. The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a (frigid/perfect/ temperate/frozen) environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really (a surprise/a potent/a fate/an expectation). Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °C, presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life -- giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that (thrived/languished/ lured/filed) around the hot springs.

The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km-long coral (FORMATION = Sự hình thành /constitution/ disposition/consolation) off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth. The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a (FRIGID= extremely cold /perfect/ temperate/frozen) environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really (A SURPRISE/a potent/a fate/an expectation). Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °C, presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life -- giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that (THRIVED= to grow, develop /languished/ lured/filed) around the hot springs.

24 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS The presentation will cover copyright's position as one of the intellectual property rights and now it (differs/ similar/ similarity/ different/ encompasses) from other intellectual rights it will give (a conclusion/ a summation/ the answer/ an overview / an objective) of what copyright protects as well as what may be done with copyright protected works without permission under permitted acts (sometimes or so-called exception). It is by manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that rights owners (determine/establish/ confirm/ prove/ verify) and exploit commercial markets in contrast to commercial markets, the growth of open source and open content licensing models has(challenged/ opposed/ supported/ objected) established business models. The presentation gives a brief commentary on two of the more (insignificant/prominent/ trivial/ main/ major) open licensing frameworks the GNU Creative Common licenses.

The presentation will cover copyright's position as one of the intellectual property rights and now it (DIFFERS/ similar/ similarity/ different/ encompasses) from other intellectual rights it will give (a conclusion/ a summation/ the answer/ AN OVERVIEW / an objective) of what copyright protects as well as what may be done with copyright protected works without permission under permitted acts (sometimes or so-called exception). It is by manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that rights owners (DETERMINE/establish/ confirm/ prove/ verify) and exploit commercial markets in contrast to commercial markets, the growth of open source and open content licensing models has(CHALLENGED/ opposed/ supported/ objected) established business models. The presentation gives a brief commentary on two of the more (insignificant/PROMINENT/ trivial/ main/ major) open licensing frameworks the GNU Creative Common licenses.

32 ENGLISH There were twenty-six freshmen (majoring/ major/ majored/to major) in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983, I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who had (come/ came/ coming/to come) from big cities in China. I was only the student who had been raised in a small village. On the first day of class, I arrived eager (to begin/beginning/begin/began) I settled myself at a desk and only then did I (realise/to realise/ realising/ realized) I was told that language study required smallness so that we would get more attention from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were already all (talking/ talked/ to talk/ talk) in English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn't (understand/ answered/ replied) it all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them (spoken/to speak/speak/speaking) back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of (beating/ beat/ to beat/ beaten) the city folks was thawing before my eyes.

There were twenty-six freshmen (MAJORING/ major/ majored/to major) in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983, I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who had (COME/ came/ coming/to come) from big cities in China. I was only the student who had been raised in a small village. On the first day of class, I arrived eager (TO BEGIN/beginning/begin/began) I settled myself at a desk and only then did I (REALISE/to realise/ realising/ realized) I was told that language study required smallness so that we would get more attention from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were already all (TALKING/ talked/ to talk/ talk) in English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn't (UNDERSTAND/ answered/ replied) it all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them (SPOKEN/to speak/speak/speaking) back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of (BEATING/ beat/ to beat/ beaten) the city folks was thawing before my eyes.

THOMAS ALVA EDISON Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see (little/ tremendous/ marvelous/every) change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a (novelty/ modification/ souvenir/ toy), a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions. The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. He also (selected/ improved/ preferred/restored) upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. In (memory/ honor/ tribute) to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see (little/ TREMENDOUS/ marvelous/every) change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a (NOVELTY/ modification/ souvenir/ toy), a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions. The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. He also (selected/ IMPROVED/ preferred/restored) upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. In (memory/ honor/ TRIBUTE) to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

RISE IN TEMPERATURE Three degrees does not sound like much but it (undermines/ predicts/ represents/ proves/ explores) a rise in temperature compatible with the global heating that occurred between the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth century. When Earth was cold, giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar-regions as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is three degree hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a climate of often (particular/ unbearable/ historic/ temperate/ comfortable) heat and drought, punctuated with storms and floods. The (achievements/ consequences/ phenomena/ dreams/ considerations) for humanity could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of global heating could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst case scenario, there might - in the 22nd century - be only a remnant of humanity eking out a (old-fashioned/ economical/ successful/ diminished/ peculiar) existence in the polar-regions and the few remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.

Three degrees does not sound like much but it (undermines/ predicts/ REPRESENTS/ proves/ explores) a rise in temperature compatible with the global heating that occurred between the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth century. When Earth was cold, giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar-regions as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is three degree hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a climate of often (particular/ UNBEARABLE/ historic/ temperate/ comfortable) heat and drought, punctuated with storms and floods. The (achievements/ CONSEQUENCES/ phenomena/ dreams/ considerations) for humanity could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of global heating could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst case scenario, there might - in the 22nd century - be only a remnant of humanity eking out a (old-fashioned/ economical/ successful/ DIMINISHED/ peculiar) existence in the polar-regions and the few remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.

33 PLANES WASHINGTON, Jan. 14 — By 2025, government experts say, Americas skies will swarm with three (times/meters/ turns) as many planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be (thousands/many/ enormous) of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding midair (bumps/ collisions/ hits), and with commercially operated rockets carrying (satellites/ planets/ space-crafts/ rockets) and tourists into space. To keep passengers moving safely and on schedule, the Federal Aviation Administration needs to replace a half-century of outmoded technology with a new air traffic control system. But almost everything about the proposed new system is unsettled, not only its digital nuts and bolts, but also the leadership, the financing and the staffing of a modern aviation network.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 14 — By 2025, government experts say, Americas skies will swarm with three (TIMES/meters/ turns) as many planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be (THOUSANDS/many/ enormous) of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding midair (bumps/ COLLISIONS/ hits), and with commercially operated rockets carrying (SATELLITES/ planets/ space-crafts/ rockets) and tourists into space. To keep passengers moving safely and on schedule, the Federal Aviation Administration needs to replace a half-century of outmoded technology with a new air traffic control system. But almost everything about the proposed new system is unsettled, not only its digital nuts and bolts, but also the leadership, the financing and the staffing of a modern aviation network.

37 COUNTRIES When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. (After all/ Although/ Above all/ Finally) we've (explored/ travelled/ researched/ analysed) the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies (according to/ related to/ depending on) whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straight forward answer? The problem (lifts/ arises/ uprises/ rises) because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries (think /find / consider/ figure out) it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.

When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. (AFTER ALL/ Although/ Above all/ Finally) we've (EXPLORED/ travelled/ researched/ analysed) the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies (ACCORDING TO/ related to/ depending on) whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straight forward answer? The problem (lifts/ ARISES/ uprises/ rises) because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries (think /FIND / consider/ figure out) it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.