Reformation an Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century: Chapter 13
What was the Diet of Worms? What was the conclusion that came from it? What happened to Luther immediately after?
"The diet of the holy roman empire" (according to Luther the empire was on the verge of collapse), Luther refused to recant, and as a result was outlawed
How did the church increase its revenues? What is pluralism?
- Indulgences, taxes, and pluralism - Pluralism is when non-government groups use their influence to gain power
Who held the highest positions among the clergy? What is the bourgeoisie?
- Nobles and Wealthy people held the highest positions, then the bourgeoisie and inhabitants of the towns/cities, followed by the middle and lower classes - The bourgeoisie is the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes
What was the significance of the three pamphlets Luther published in 1520? What did he say in them? How did it turn out for him?
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Desiderius Erasmus vs. Thomas More -location -years active -famous works
Erasmus - Holland - 1466-1536 - The Praise of Folly More - London - 1478-1535 - Utopia
Desiderius Erasmus vs. Thomas More: core beliefs
Erasmus 1. He believed that christianity's practices were distorted in the medieval times 2. He believed that the Latin bible was flawed 3. He put emphasis on inner purity 4. He disliked corruption (mostly in the church and society) More 1. He worried about the economy's problems as well as political and social ones 2. He believed that cooperation was greater than the power of fame 3. Devoted to religion 4. Intolerant to heresy
What was Luther's biggest achievement at Wartburg Castle? Why was it slightly ironic?
He translated the Latin bible into German, it's ironic because Warburg Castle was catholic
What does "when a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs" mean? Who said it? Did Luther like or dislike this idea? Why?
It means that when you give the church money (to buy an indulgence) a dead person (whomever you pick) immediately gets out of purgatory and gets sent to heaven. This was said by Johann Tetzel. Luther disliked this idea because he believed that the indulgence was just a piece of paper that held no meaning, and that the church was tricking the poor into giving away most of their money
Describe the background of Martin Luther. Who was he? Where was he from? What did he grow up believing? When did he live? Upon entering adulthood, what did he become?
Martin Luther was born in London, he studied to become a lawyer, but after almost dying in a lighting stop became a monk (because of a promise to god). He knew latin, read the bible, and thought that the church was corrupt and interpreted the bible wrongly. He hated indulgences because it was an abuse of power, he later preceded to writing 95 thesis and nailing them to the churches door. He lived from 1478 to 1535. He grew up christian but formed lutheran and gained many followers.
What was the primary doctrine of Lutheranism? What was the only way one could attain religious truth.
Sola Scriptura: The only way to have religious truth was to read the bible, he believed that salvation was decided by faith alone.
What were the major differences of the Northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance?
The Northern Renaissance was more based around religion, market, christian humanism, and science/technology. The Italian renaissance was culturally based, focusing on the arts.
How was the Northern Renaissance, in some ways, similar to the Italian Renaissance?
They both took ideas and culture from the Greek and Roman classics.