Reformation and religious wars

Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy

Salvation by faith alone

Based on the imagery and intended audience of Vasari's painting, the artist's most likely purpose was to portray the events in the painting as

an example of divine retribution

Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to

become a wife and mother

A major difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism relates to

emphasis on predestination

Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the early seventeenth century?

Amsterdam

Which of the following best describes an overall trend in the data?

Disputes and quarrels made up approximately half of offenses in both periods, while the percentage of behavioral and ecclesiastical offenses changed significantly.

Which of the following is true of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden?

He was a major participant in the Thirty Years' War

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against

Huguenots in France

Which of the following best explains why the printing press was a significant factor in spreading Protestant ideas?

It greatly decreased the cost and increased the quantity of written materials

The most influential religious order associated with the Catholic Reformation was the

Jesuits

"In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of

John Calvin

The map above shows which of the following about luxury shops in seventeenth-century Madrid?

Merchants selling similar goods grouped their shops next to one another

"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 Which of the following is best supported by the passage?

Owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain.

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following

Recognized the rights of French Protestants

Which of the following was most directly intended to resolve the conflict illustrated in Vasari's painting

The Edict of Nantes

By the early seventeenth century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe?

The Netherlands

A historian might use data such as those in the table to attempt to determine actual literacy rates in Spain in the period 1500-1700. All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would LEAST limit the value of the data in the tables as a means of determining literacy rates?

The data in the tables cover a period of about 120 years (1540-1661)

Concern over which of the following best explains Steen's decision to portray The Dissolute Household as shown in image 2

The effects of Dutch material property on morality in the Netherlands

Incidents such as the one depicted in Vasari's painting contributed most directly to which of the following?

The exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and carious noble factions

Which of the following best accounts for the consistent difference between the male and the female literacy rates recorded in the tables?

The expectation that women would engage in different social and economic actives than men

Which of the following best explains why Steen produced paintings like the one in image 1 for wealthy Dutch merchants

The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did to compromise their moral beliefs

Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525?

The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stressed the use of vernacular (non-Latin) languages for religious texts and instruction?

They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible

Religious change in the seventeenth-century Netherlands led to

a great vitality in intellectual and artistic life

Usury: That no one shall take interest or profit of more than five percent, upon penalty of confiscation of the principal and of being condemned to make restitution as the case may demand." A historian could best use the ordinance about usury as an example of

a traditional restriction on market activities

Major protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the anabaptists because anabaptists

advocated a complete separation of church and state

The long-term effect of the Thirty Years' war on the German states was to

devastate the German states', economies

During the great witchcraft persecutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those most often tried as witches were

older women

The Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-1563) had as its primary result

reform within the Catholic Church and reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine

The most important political and military result of the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia was the

rise of France as a great power

family relations in Western Europe in the period 1500-1750 were generally similar to modern ones in that

the core of the family was nuclear

Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic Church on the grounds that it

used indulgences as a fund-raising device

"At about this time there came to my notice the harm and havoc that were being wrought in France by these Lutherans [Protestants] and the way in which their unhappy sect was increasing. This troubled me very much, and, as though I could do anything, or be of any help in the matter, I wept before the Lord and entreated Him to remedy this great evil. I felt that I would have laid down a thousand lives to save a single one of all the souls that were being lost there. And, seeing that I was a woman, and a sinner, and incapable of doing all I should like in the Lord's service, and as my whole yearning was, and still is, that, as He has so many enemies and so few friends, these last should be trusty ones, I determined to do the little that was in me—namely, to follow the evangelical counsels as perfectly as I could, and to see that these few nuns who are here should do the same, confiding in the great goodness of God, Who never fails to help those who resolve to forsake everything for his sake. . . . Thou, o God, did not despise women, but did always help them and show great compassion. Thou did find more faith and no less love in them than in men, and one of them was Thy most sacred Mother, from whose merits we derive merit, and whose habit we wear, though our sins make us unworthy to do so." St. Teresa of Ávila, Spanish nun, The Way of Perfection, 1577 St. Teresa's discussion of God's attitude toward women best reflects

debates during the Reformation regarding proper gender roles

The map above, showing religious divisions in Europe around 1600, illustrates which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism?

Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans

"At about this time there came to my notice the harm and havoc that were being wrought in France by these Lutherans [Protestants] and the way in which their unhappy sect was increasing. This troubled me very much, and, as though I could do anything, or be of any help in the matter, I wept before the Lord and entreated Him to remedy this great evil. I felt that I would have laid down a thousand lives to save a single one of all the souls that were being lost there. And, seeing that I was a woman, and a sinner, and incapable of doing all I should like in the Lord's service, and as my whole yearning was, and still is, that, as He has so many enemies and so few friends, these last should be trusty ones, I determined to do the little that was in me—namely, to follow the evangelical counsels as perfectly as I could, and to see that these few nuns who are here should do the same, confiding in the great goodness of God, Who never fails to help those who resolve to forsake everything for his sake. . . . Thou, o God, did not despise women, but did always help them and show great compassion. Thou did find more faith and no less love in them than in men, and one of them was Thy most sacred Mother, from whose merits we derive merit, and whose habit we wear, though our sins make us unworthy to do so." St. Teresa of Ávila, Spanish nun, The Way of Perfection, 1577 St. Teresa's text is best understood as a direct part of the

Catholic Reformation

"Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can be no Cortes. Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years. Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom. War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war." All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain the rebels' demands in the passage concerning money?

Charles election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 involved him in many expensive commitments outside of Spain.

The features of seventeenth-century Dutch life reflected in the painting were largely a result of which of the following

Dutch financial innovation and overseas trade

John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in

Geneva

"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." Based on the passage, which of the following can be safely inferred about Herberle's religious affiliation?

He was not Roman Catholic

Which of the following best descries the French Edict of Nantes (1598)?

It provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots

"If the [Catholic clergy], so long paid and honored for abusing the human species, ordered us today to believe that...the world is immovable on its foundations,... that the tides are not a natural effect of gravitation, that the rainbow is not formed by the refraction and the reflection of rays of light, and so on, and if they based their [arguments] on passages poorly understood from the Holy Bible, how would educated men regard these commands? And if they used force and persecution to enforce their insolent stupidity, would the term 'wild beasts' seem too extreme [to describe them]?... This little globe of ours, which is no more than a point, rolls, together with many other globes, in that immensity of space in which we are lost. Man, who is an animal about five feet high, is certainly a very inconsiderable part of the creation; but one of those hardly visible beings says to another of the same kind who inhabits another spot on the globe: 'Listen to me, for the God of all these worlds has enlightened me. There are about nine hundred millions of us little insects who inhabit the earth, but my ant-hill alone is cherished by God who holds all the rest in horror for all eternity; those who live with me upon my spot will alone be happy, and all the rest eternally wretched.' . . . What madman could have made so ridiculous a speech?" Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration, 1763 Compared with Luther's sixteenth-century critique of the Roman Catholic Church, Voltaire's critique in the first paragraph of the passage is

Less reliant on using scripture to challenge catholic tradition

"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs." Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492 Celtis' discussion of Italian influence in the German lands is most similar to which of the following?

Martin Luthers criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Thesis

"Our sins have their source in Adam, and because Adam ate the apple, we have inherited sin from him. But Christ has shattered death in order that we might be saved by His works and not by our works. Christ says: I am your justification." Martin Luther Which of the following best describes Luther's meaning in the excerpt above?

Only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works.

"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European monarchs?

Phillip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time

"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 The events described in the passage best illustrate which of the following aspects of the religious conflicts in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas

Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic o the seventeenth century?

Rule by wealthy merchants

"Concerning the Times of Assembling at Church: That the churches be closed for the rest of the time [outside the time of services], in order that no one shall enter therein out of hours, impelled there to by superstition; and if anyone be found engaged in any special act of devotion therein or nearby he shall be admonished for it; if it be found to be of a superstitious nature for which simple correction is inadequate, then he shall be chastised. Drunkenness: That taverns shall be closed during the sermon, under penalty that the tavern-keeper shall pay three sous, and whoever may be found therein shall pay the same amount. If anyone be found intoxicated he shall pay for the first offense three sous and shall be remanded to the consistory [church council or governing body]. That no one shall make roiaumes [popular festivals] under penalty of 10 sous. Songs and Dances: If anyone sings immoral, dissolute or outrageous songs, or dances the virollet or otherdance, he shall be put in prison for three days and then sent to the consistory. Usury: That no one shall take interest or profit of more than five percent, upon penalty of confiscation of the principal and of being condemned to make restitution as the case may demand." In the sixteenth century, Geneva and most other European towns and cities experienced which of the following demographic transformations?

Significant migration from the countryside

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers sometimes came into conflict with Protestant rulers of the states in which they lived?

Some reforms believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state

Source 1 "Let London manufacture those fabrics of hers to her heart's content; Holland her chambrays [a fine lightweight woven fabric]; Florence her cloth; the Indies their beaver and vicuña [wool]; Milan her brocades; Italy and Flanders their linens, so long as our capital can enjoy them. The only thing it proves is that all nations train journeymen for Madrid and that Madrid is the queen of Parliaments, for all the world serves her and she serves nobody." Source 2 "The Spanish nation today possesses the greatest wealth and the largest income of all the Christians. But the love of luxury and the comforts of civilization have overcome them, and you will rarely find one of this nation who engages in trade or travels abroad for commerce as do the other Christian nations such as the Dutch, the English, the French, the Genoese and their like. Similarly, the handicrafts practiced by the lower classes and common people are despised by this nation, which regards itself as superior to the other Christian nations. Most of those who practice these crafts in Spain are Frenchmen who flock to Spain to look for work and in a short time make great fortunes." Which of the following best describes the impact that the economic and political processes described in the passages would have in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

Spain would fall behind England, France, and the Netherlands in economic development

"I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling." The author's conclusion regarding the significance of the ThirtyYears'War most directly challenged which of the following historical interpretations?

The Thirty Years' War marked a decisive turning point in European history

"Concerning the Times of Assembling at Church: That the churches be closed for the rest of the time [outside the time of services], in order that no one shall enter therein out of hours, impelled there to by superstition; and if anyone be found engaged in any special act of devotion therein or nearby he shall be admonished for it; if it be found to be of a superstitious nature for which simple correction is inadequate, then he shall be chastised. Drunkenness: That taverns shall be closed during the sermon, under penalty that the tavern-keeper shall pay three sous, and whoever may be found therein shall pay the same amount. If anyone be found intoxicated he shall pay for the first offense three sous and shall be remanded to the consistory [church council or governing body]. That no one shall make roiaumes [popular festivals] under penalty of 10 sous. Songs and Dances: If anyone sings immoral, dissolute or outrageous songs, or dances the virollet or otherdance, he shall be put in prison for three days and then sent to the consistory. Usury: That no one shall take interest or profit of more than five percent, upon penalty of confiscation of the principal and of being condemned to make restitution as the case may demand." The ordinances in the passage best exemplify which of the following aspects of calvinism?

The belief that laws must be based on religious principles

"Albeit we have at all times borne with that which we could not amend in this book [the Anglican Book of Common Prayer]...yet we must needs say as followeth, that this book is an unperfect book, culled and picked out of that popish dunghill, the Mass book full of all abominations. For...many of the contents therein be such as are against the word of God [the Bible], as by His grace shall be proved unto you....By the word of God, [ministry] is an office of preaching, yet they [the Anglicans] make it an office of reading. In the Scriptures there is attributed unto the minister of God the knowledge of the heavenly mysteries, and therefore as the greatest token of God's love they are enjoined to feed God's lambs, and yet with these [Anglican clergymen], such as are admitted and accepted...are only mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer] that are able to say service and minister a sacrament. And that this is not the feeding that Christ spake of, the scriptures are plain.... These are empty feeders... [and] messengers that cannot call." Petition by English Puritans to Parliament, 1572 The petitioners' accusation that Anglican preachers are "mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer]" is a reflection of which of the following Protestant beliefs?

The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation

"The European reformation was not a simple revolution, a protest movement with a single leader, a defined set of objectives, or a coherent organization. Yet neither was it a floppy or fragmented mess of anarchic or contradictory ambitions. It was a series of parallel movements; within each of which various sorts of people with differing perspectives for a crucial period in history combined forces to pursue objectives which they only partly understood. First of all, the Reformation was a protest by churchmen and scholars, privileged classes in medieval society, against their own superiors. Those superiors, the Roman papacy and its agents, had attacked the teachings of a few sincere, respected academic churchmen which had seemed to threaten the prestige and privilege of clergy and papacy. Martin Luther, the first of these protesting clerics, had attacked 'the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies,' and they fought back, to defend their status. The protesting churchmen—the 'reformers'— responded to the Roman counter-attack not by silence or by furtive [hidden] opposition, but by publicly denouncing their accusers in print. Not only that: they developed their teachings to make their protest more coherent, and to justify their disobedience. Then the most surprising thing of all, in the context of medieval lay people's usual response to religious dissent, took place. Politically active laymen, not (at first) political rulers with axes to grind, but rather ordinary, moderately prosperous householders, took up the reformers' protests, identified them (perhaps mistakenly) as their own, and pressed them upon their governors. This blending and coalition—of reformers' protests and laymen's political ambitions—is the essence of the Reformation." Euan Cameron, historian, The European Reformation, 1991 Which of the following does the author use as evidence for the argument that the Reformation was a series of parallel movements?

The blending of religious reformers' protest with those of laymen

Vasari's interpretation of the events depicted in the painting would most likely have been shared by which of the following groups in the sixteenth century?

The delegates at the Council of Trent

"The European reformation was not a simple revolution, a protest movement with a single leader, a defined set of objectives, or a coherent organization. Yet neither was it a floppy or fragmented mess of anarchic or contradictory ambitions. It was a series of parallel movements; within each of which various sorts of people with differing perspectives for a crucial period in history combined forces to pursue objectives which they only partly understood. First of all, the Reformation was a protest by churchmen and scholars, privileged classes in medieval society, against their own superiors. Those superiors, the Roman papacy and its agents, had attacked the teachings of a few sincere, respected academic churchmen which had seemed to threaten the prestige and privilege of clergy and papacy. Martin Luther, the first of these protesting clerics, had attacked 'the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies,' and they fought back, to defend their status. The protesting churchmen—the 'reformers'— responded to the Roman counter-attack not by silence or by furtive [hidden] opposition, but by publicly denouncing their accusers in print. Not only that: they developed their teachings to make their protest more coherent, and to justify their disobedience. Then the most surprising thing of all, in the context of medieval lay people's usual response to religious dissent, took place. Politically active laymen, not (at first) political rulers with axes to grind, but rather ordinary, moderately prosperous householders, took up the reformers' protests, identified them (perhaps mistakenly) as their own, and pressed them upon their governors. This blending and coalition—of reformers' protests and laymen's political ambitions—is the essence of the Reformation." Euan Cameron, historian, The European Reformation, 1991 Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of a shift in political attitudes toward authority?

The demands of lay people for their leaders to adopt Protestant reforms

The choice of subject matter in the two paintings is best explained by which of the following historical developments during the artist's life?

The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

The peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following

The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states

"I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling Which of the following most directly undermines the author's argument that the Thirty Years' War "settled nothing worth settling"?

The ideal of a universal Christendom was effectively abandoned as religion largely ceased to be the major cause for warfare between European states

"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 Which of the following events marked the effective end of Spain's ability to act as a champion of Catholicism in Europe?

The outcome of the Thirty Years' war (1648)

"Albeit we have at all times borne with that which we could not amend in this book [the Anglican Book of Common Prayer]...yet we must needs say as followeth, that this book is an unperfect book, culled and picked out of that popish dunghill, the Mass book full of all abominations. For...many of the contents therein be such as are against the word of God [the Bible], as by His grace shall be proved unto you....By the word of God, [ministry] is an office of preaching, yet they [the Anglicans] make it an office of reading. In the Scriptures there is attributed unto the minister of God the knowledge of the heavenly mysteries, and therefore as the greatest token of God's love they are enjoined to feed God's lambs, and yet with these [Anglican clergymen], such as are admitted and accepted...are only mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer] that are able to say service and minister a sacrament. And that this is not the feeding that Christ spake of, the scriptures are plain.... These are empty feeders... [and] messengers that cannot call." Petition by English Puritans to Parliament, 1572 In the seventeenth century, adherents to the beliefs expressed in the passage most strongly supported which of the following?

The parliamentary rebellion that started the English Civil War

Which of the following best describes the trend in the first two categories from the first period to the second period?

The percentage of crimes categorized as disputes and quarrels remained relatively steady, while the percentage of behavioral offenses increased

Which of the following best describes the trend in categories three and four from the first period to the second period?

The percentage of crimes categorized as ecclesiastical matters decreased, while the percentage of crimes categorized as sexual misconduct increased

Source 1 "It is said that people have no more reason to fear forestalling, engrossing, and regrating* than they have to fear witchcraft. It is easy for a man to write a treatise in his closet; but if he would go to the distance of 200 miles from London and observe people at every avenue of a country town buying up butter, cheese, and all the necessaries of life they can lay hold of in order to prevent them from coming to market (which has happened to my knowledge), he would find that this is something more real and substantial than the crime of witchcraft. The country suffers most grievously by it." *Crimes relating to price manipulation and hoarding under English Common Law Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of England, in the court case of The King v. Waddington, 1800 A historian could best use Lord Kenyon's attitude toward witchcraft in Source 1 as evidence of which of the following?

The spread of Enlightenment thought

Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation?

The suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy

"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following?

The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries

"The European reformation was not a simple revolution, a protest movement with a single leader, a defined set of objectives, or a coherent organization. Yet neither was it a floppy or fragmented mess of anarchic or contradictory ambitions. It was a series of parallel movements; within each of which various sorts of people with differing perspectives for a crucial period in history combined forces to pursue objectives which they only partly understood. First of all, the Reformation was a protest by churchmen and scholars, privileged classes in medieval society, against their own superiors. Those superiors, the Roman papacy and its agents, had attacked the teachings of a few sincere, respected academic churchmen which had seemed to threaten the prestige and privilege of clergy and papacy. Martin Luther, the first of these protesting clerics, had attacked 'the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies,' and they fought back, to defend their status. The protesting churchmen—the 'reformers'— responded to the Roman counter-attack not by silence or by furtive [hidden] opposition, but by publicly denouncing their accusers in print. Not only that: they developed their teachings to make their protest more coherent, and to justify their disobedience. Then the most surprising thing of all, in the context of medieval lay people's usual response to religious dissent, took place. Politically active laymen, not (at first) political rulers with axes to grind, but rather ordinary, moderately prosperous householders, took up the reformers' protests, identified them (perhaps mistakenly) as their own, and pressed them upon their governors. This blending and coalition—of reformers' protests and laymen's political ambitions—is the essence of the Reformation." Euan Cameron, historian, The European Reformation, 1991 Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence for the persistence of the religious reformers?

Their use of the printing press to denounce their accusers

"At about this time there came to my notice the harm and havoc that were being wrought in France by these Lutherans [Protestants] and the way in which their unhappy sect was increasing. This troubled me very much, and, as though I could do anything, or be of any help in the matter, I wept before the Lord and entreated Him to remedy this great evil. I felt that I would have laid down a thousand lives to save a single one of all the souls that were being lost there. And, seeing that I was a woman, and a sinner, and incapable of doing all I should like in the Lord's service, and as my whole yearning was, and still is, that, as He has so many enemies and so few friends, these last should be trusty ones, I determined to do the little that was in me—namely, to follow the evangelical counsels as perfectly as I could, and to see that these few nuns who are here should do the same, confiding in the great goodness of God, Who never fails to help those who resolve to forsake everything for his sake. . . . Thou, o God, did not despise women, but did always help them and show great compassion. Thou did find more faith and no less love in them than in men, and one of them was Thy most sacred Mother, from whose merits we derive merit, and whose habit we wear, though our sins make us unworthy to do so." St. Teresa of Ávila, Spanish nun, The Way of Perfection, 1577 Which of the following was the likely purpose of St. Teresa's Way of Perfection?

To justify the reform of a Catholic religious order, the Carmelites

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as

leading to dangerous civil disorder

"Concerning the Times of Assembling at Church: That the churches be closed for the rest of the time [outside the time of services], in order that no one shall enter therein out of hours, impelled there to by superstition; and if anyone be found engaged in any special act of devotion therein or nearby he shall be admonished for it; if it be found to be of a superstitious nature for which simple correction is inadequate, then he shall be chastised. Drunkenness: That taverns shall be closed during the sermon, under penalty that the tavern-keeper shall pay three sous, and whoever may be found therein shall pay the same amount. If anyone be found intoxicated he shall pay for the first offense three sous and shall be remanded to the consistory [church council or governing body]. That no one shall make roiaumes [popular festivals] under penalty of 10 sous. Songs and Dances: If anyone sings immoral, dissolute or outrageous songs, or dances the virollet or otherdance, he shall be put in prison for three days and then sent to the consistory. Usury: That no one shall take interest or profit of more than five percent, upon penalty of confiscation of the principal and of being condemned to make restitution as the case may demand." In non-Calvinist areas, many early modern town and city ordinances were similar to the Geneva ordinances in their

regulation of public morals and behavior

The most important goal of the Council of Trent was the

strengthen of internal Church discipline

Martin Luther's response to the German Peasants' War of 1524-1525 demonstrated his

support of the prevailing social and political order

during the thirty years war, France pursued a policy of

supporting the protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs

The Dutch church represented in the painting above can be identified as Protestant because of

the plainness of the interior