regents living environment
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(1) Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, typically beginning with photosynthetic organisms. (2) In any particular environment, the growth and survival of organisms is affected by physical conditions. (3) Plants on land are higher up the food chain than plants under water. (4) Plant cells and some one-celled organisms contain chloroplasts.
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1 Which two cell structures work together in the process of protein synthesis? (1) nucleus and chloroplast (2) ribosome and vacuole (3) nucleus and ribosome (4) mitochondrion and cell membrane
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A certain fungus can be harmful when it infects the outermost layers of the human foot, while another type of fungus can be beneficial when it recycles nutrients by breaking down dead organisms. Which terms identify these two roles of fungi? (1) producer, prey (2) host, autotroph (3) parasite, decomposer (4) herbivore, predator
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A community is trying to decide on the location for a new shopping center. Two possible locations have been proposed, with each location having some benefits and some problems. The proper approach to deciding the best location would be to (1) select the site that could hold the most stores (2) select the site that would be the least expensive to develop (3) compare the problems, but not the benefits (4) compare the trade-offs of building at either location
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A deletion of a DNA segment alters a gene in a single skin cell of an individual. Which statement best describes a result of this mutation? (1) Any cell produced from this skin cell will have the same mutation. (2) All offspring of the individual will have a skin cell mutation. (3) The mutation will spread into other types of cells. (4) The gametes of this individual will have the same mutation.
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A laboratory technique is represented in the diagram below. Letter A represents a process. Which specific chemicals are needed to successfully carry out the process shown at A? (DNA inserterted) (1) receptor molecules (3) enzymes (2) carbohydrates (4) starch molecules
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A person exercises and body temperature increases. Body temperature decreases. Small blood vessels near the surface of the skin increase in diameter. This diagram best illustrates (1) active transport (3) synthesis of nutrients (2) maintenance of homeostasis (4) differentiation
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A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering with the production of proteins in the insect would most directly affect the activity of (1) ribosomes (3) chloroplasts (2) minerals (4) mitochondria
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A population of white moths lives in a forest near a factory. This factory burns coal and pollutes the air with black dust. Over time, this dust has settled on the trees in the area, making them darker in color. This could result in (1) an increase in the white moth population (2) a decrease in the white moth population (3) an increase in the number of trees in the area (4) a decrease in the air pollution affecting the area
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A relationship between a consumer and producer is best illustrated by a (1) snake eating a bird (2) tree absorbing minerals (3) fungus breaking down wastes (4) deer eating grass
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A scientist claimed that he had cloned a guinea pig to produce two offspring, a male and a female. The claim is not valid because (1) guinea pigs can reproduce both sexually and asexually (2) the two offspring are not identical copies of the original guinea pig (3) each of the offspring had half the genetic information of the original guinea pig (4) none of the genetic information came from the original guinea pig
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A scientist was studying a population of fish in a pond over a period of 10 years. He observed that the population increased each year for 3 years, and then remained nearly constant for the rest of the study. The best explanation for this observation is that the population had (1) stopped reproducing (2) reached carrying capacity (3) mutated into a different species (4) run out of food and migrated to a different pond
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A ski resort installed a wind turbine similar to those represented below to supply some of its energy needs. This turbine was most likely installed because wind power is (1) renewable and does substantial damage to the atmosphere (2) renewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere (3) nonrenewable and does substantial damage to the atmosphere (4) nonrenewable and does minimal damage to the atmosphere
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A towel placed on a lawn for a length of time can cause the grass beneath it to lose its green color. The most probable explanation for this is that darkness (1) affects the expression of certain genes in the grass (2) causes a mutation in the plants (3) affects the structure of cell membranes in the grass (4) causes plants to switch to heterotrophic nutrition
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A wetland provides a variety of services for an ecosystem, such as filtering pollutants from the water, allowing animals to lay eggs and reproduce, and producing fertile soils for plants. When humans build houses on wetland areas, they always (1) change this area so these processes can still take place (2) create new habitats for the wetland species (3) transport the wetland species to a new area (4) make changes that might not be reversible
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ATTCAGACG ------ ATTCGGACG Which process is represented in the diagram? (1) cell reproduction (3) mutation (2) meiosis (4) gene replication
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According to the fossil record, which statement is accurate? (1) Most of the species that have lived on Earth no longer exist. (2) Most of the species that have lived on Earth still exist today. (3) Fossils of species that never existed can be found. (4) Fossils of species that never existed, but will exist in the future, can be found.
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Although a liver cell and a muscle cell in a human developed from the same single cell, their appearance and functions are different. This is because the liver cell (1) contains different genes than the muscle cell (2) expresses different genes than the muscle cell (3) destroys the muscle cell genes it contains (4) lacks the genes found in muscle cells
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An alteration of genetic information is shown below. A-G-T-A-C-C-G-A-T → A-G-T-G-A-T This type of alteration of the genetic information is an example of (1) deletion (3) substitution (2) insertion (4) recombination
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An increase in the amount of ultraviolet light entering the atmosphere through holes in the ozone layer will most likely (1) reduce the rate of photosynthesis in fungi (2) result in rapid recycling of finite resources (3) prevent animal migration (4) cause an increase in the rate of certain mutations
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An organism that reproduces asexually will have offspring that have (1) the same genetic information as both of its parents (2) different genetic information from either of its parents (3) the same genes as its parent (4) different genes from its parent
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As water flows downhill, its energy can be used to generate electricity. Later, this water may evaporate, fall as rain, and be used again to generate electricity in the same way. This explains why electricity generated with water is considered (1) a source of water pollution (2) a renewable form of energy (3) more expensive than nuclear energy (4) responsible for global warming
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Breathing rate is constantly being monitored and adjusted in the human body, which results in (1) the differentiation of mature body cells (2) feedback mechanisms removing damaged cells (3) modification of gene activity in cells (4) the internal environment being kept within certain limits
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Cell A protects the body by producing specific chemicals in response to pathogens. Cell A is (1) a red blood cell (3) an insulin-producing cell (2) a bacteria cell (4) a white blood cell
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Changing one base in a gene could have the most direct effect on the (1) function of the membrane of a cell (2) sequence of building blocks of a protein found in a cell (3) number of mitochondria in a cell (4) type of carbohydrates synthesized by a cell
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Characteristics that are harmful to a species tend to decrease in frequency from generation to generation because these characteristics usually (1) have a high survival value for the species (2) have a low survival value for the species (3) are inherited by more individuals (4) affect only the older members of the population
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Domestic horses have a greater diversity of coat colors than that of wild horses. The process that led to a greater diversity of coat colors in domestic horses is (1) selective breeding (3) gene alteration (2) random mutation (4) natural selection
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Due to overfishing, the number of fish in the ocean could drastically decrease. This will cause (1) an increase in the stability of the oceans (2) an increase in the salt content of the oceans (3) a decrease in the stability of the oceans (4) a decrease in the oxygen available in the oceans
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During the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is converted into (1) chemical energy in the bonds of inorganic molecules (2) chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules (3) enzymes used to produce inorganic molecules (4) enzymes used to produce organic molecules
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Environmentalists are hoping to protect endangered organisms by calling for a reduction in the use of pesticides, because loss of these organisms would (1) increase the mutation rate in plants (2) cause pesticides to become more toxic to insects (3) reduce biodiversity in various ecosystems (4) decrease the space and resources available to other organisms
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Examination of ancient rock layers at a certain location reveals many different fossils. Which conclusion can be drawn concerning the species that formed these fossils? (1) Only the predators are still present. (2) Many of them are now extinct. (3) They produced offspring that were all genetically identical. (4) They had no variations due to mutations.
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Exposure to toxins during early stages of pregnancy is more likely to cause birth defects than exposure in late pregnancy because (1) essential organs form during early development (2) the uterus provides more protection in late pregnancy (3) the placenta forms during late pregnancy (4) meiosis occurs rapidly during early development
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For those individuals who have an allergic reaction to cats, a company in Los Angeles promises relief. They offer a new line of cats genetically modified to eliminate or reduce their allergy-causing properties. The development of this new line of cats most likely involved (1) using natural selection to produce a new variety of cat (2) altering the reproductive rate of cats (3) changing the behavior of cats (4) manipulating the DNA of cats
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Four levels of an energy pyramid are represented below. Which statement about this energy pyramid is correct? (1) Organisms in level 4 receive their energy directly from the Sun. (2) Organisms in level 2 are carnivores. (3) Organisms in level 2 receive their energy from level 3. (4) Organisms in level 1 are autotrophic.
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Growing exotic (nonnative) plant species in parks and gardens could lead directly to an increase in the (1) biodiversity of the autotrophs that feed on them (2) populations of native carnivores (3) competition between them and native producers (4) breeding between them and native herbivores
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Homeostasis is maintained in a single-celled organism by the interaction of (1) organs (3) tissues (2) systems (4) organelles
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In 1970, a deadly disease spread through corn crops in the United States. Scientists discovered that 80 percent of the corn contained the gene that made the plants more likely to be infected with the disease. This problem might have been avoided if the cornfields across the country had had more (1) large predators to control parasite populations (2) selective mutations (3) genetic diversity (4) breeding of infected plants
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In 2007, scientists broke open a fossil of a dinosaur bone and found some preserved tissues. Analysis showed that some proteins in these tissues are very similar to proteins found in modern chickens. The conclusion that these dinosaurs are related to modern chickens is based on (1) molecular similarities (2) natural selection (3) similarities in behavior (4) the occurrence of mutations
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In order for a species to evolve, it must be able to (1) consume a large quantity of food (2) reproduce successfully (3) maintain a constant body temperature (4) be domesticated
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In order for an ecosystem to remain stable there must be (1) drastic modifications to the environment (2) interrelationships and interdependencies among organisms (3) limited biodiversity (4) gradual changes in the climate
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In the summer, the arctic fox appears brown because its cells produce a dark pigment. However, in the winter, the arctic fox appears white because the dark pigment is not produced. The color change is most likely due to the effect of (1) different genes produced in the different seasons (2) increased pollution on genetic mutations (3) environmental conditions on gene expression (4) poor nutrition on cell growth and development
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In which row in the chart below is a human action correctly paired with its environmental impact? Row Human Action Environmental Impact (1) deforestation increased biodiversity (2) population growth increased number of species (3) industrialization increased global temperature (4) overharvesting increased mineral resources
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Increased human population growth usually results in (1) a decrease in the need for farming (2) a need for stronger environmental protection laws (3) lower levels of air and water pollution (4) an increase in natural wildlife habitats
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Just say 1
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Many scientists suggest that billions of years ago, life on Earth began with (1) simple, single-celled organisms (2) simple, multicellular organisms (3) complex, single-celled organisms (4) complex, multicellular organisms
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Many years ago, a scientist grew pea plants that produced wrinkled peas. The peas from these plants produced new plants that also produced wrinkled peas. The scientist concluded that something in the parent plants was being transmitted to the next generation. This discovery is now known as (1) genetic engineering (3) heredity (2) biological evolution (4) natural selection
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Modern technology could be used to clone pet dogs and cats. The cloned animals would resemble the original pets because (1) the genes of the new animals are different from those of the original pets (2) half of the genetic information of the new animals is the same as that of the original pets (3) the new animals have mutations not found in the original pets (4) the new animals have the same genetic information as the original pets
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More energy can be released from a fat molecule than from a glucose molecule because the fat molecule contains more (1) genes (3) chemical bonds (2) organic compounds (4) mitochondria
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One characteristic of all living things is that they (1) develop organ systems (2) produce identical offspring (3) maintain internal stability (4) synthesize only inorganic matter
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One way humans can promote the survival of organisms in an ecosystem is to (1) decrease diversity in plant habitats (2) introduce new consumers to control autotrophs (3) release extra CO2 into the atmosphere to help autotrophs (4) learn about the interactions of populations
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Organism Environment Adaptation desert rat hot and dry comes out of burrow only at night Arctic poppy plant cold and windy grows low to ground next to rocks The presence of these adaptations is most likely the result of (1) reproductive technology (3) asexual reproduction (2) natural selection (4) human interference
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Over a long period of time, the stages represented in the diagram below were each present in a particular ecosystem. After a forest fire, what is the most likely order in which these stages appeared? (1) D → C → A → B (3) A → B → C → D (2) B → D → C → A (4) B → C → D → A A Forest B Charred stumps C Young evergreens and shrubs D Grasses and shrubs
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Parrots are tropical birds. However, in some areas of New York City, some parrots have been able to survive outdoors year-round. These parrots survive, while most others cannot, due to (1) overproduction of offspring (2) extinction of previous species (3) asexual reproduction of parrots with a mutation (4) a variation that allows these parrots to live in colder climates
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People have been warned about the dangers of excessive exposure to radiation during certain medical procedures. The most likely reason for this warning is that radiation exposure might (1) result in gene mutations and uncontrolled cell growth (2) cause the rejection of transplanted organs (3) increase body temperature by two to five degrees (4) prevent the transport of materials into cells
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People who have AIDS are more likely than others to become ill with multiple infections because the pathogen that causes AIDS (1) targets many body systems (2) mutates, releasing toxins directly into the bloodstream (3) increases the rate of enzyme activity in different types of body cells (4) damages the immune system
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Plant cells can synthesize energy-rich organic molecules, and later break them down to extract that energy for performing life processes. These activities require direct interaction between the (1) chloroplasts and vacuoles (2) cell walls and ribosomes (3) chloroplasts and mitochondria (4) ribosomes and mitochondria
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Plants are green because they contain the protein chlorophyll. A bucket was left on the lawn for one week. When the bucket was removed, the grass under the bucket had turned from green to a yellowish white color. This change is due to the interaction between the grass and (1) decomposer organisms in the soil, an abiotic factor (2) the amount of sunlight, an abiotic factor (3) increased moisture under the bucket, a biotic factor (4) the metal composition of the bucket, a biotic factor
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Prions are proteins that act as an infectious agent. They cause a variety of diseases, including "Mad Cow" disease. Prions cannot produce more prions on their own, but cause the host organism to replicate more prions. Most scientists do not consider prions to be alive. A valid reason for accepting that prions are nonliving things is that (1) no living thing can cause a disease (2) proteins are inorganic molecules (3) prions contain all of the material needed to reproduce (4) prions cannot carry out reproduction independently
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Researchers use a variety of techniques to learn more about the function of a specific gene in an organism. In one type of experiment, called a loss-of-function experiment, the gene being investigated is eliminated. In a gain-of-function experiment, extra copies of the gene being investigated are inserted. The cell process most directly affected in both experiments is (1) protein synthesis (2) waste disposal (3) transport of materials (4) breakdown of nutrients
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Responses of the immune system to usually harmless environmental substances are known as (1) antigen production (2) chromosomal mutations (3) pathogens (4) allergies
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Scientists have been concerned about the reduction of shark populations due to overfishing off the east coast of the United States. Sharks feed on rays, which feed on scallops. Scallops feed on microscopic algae, which they filter from seawater. Without sharks, the rays consume and eliminate scallop beds, harming the scallop fishing industry. This situation demonstrates that (1) sharks are not important for the stability of this ecosystem (2) reducing the shark population increases the quantity of scallops that can be harvested (3) humans can upset ecosystem stability by removing species (4) humans improve ecosystem diversity by removing predators
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Scientists have found that although plants require light to carry on photosynthesis, very high levels of sunlight can kill some plants. This illustrates that many biochemical processes may occur (1) more rapidly when temperatures are very high (2) within a specific range of conditions (3) best in the absence of abiotic factors (4) even if homeostasis is disrupted
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Selective breeding has been used for thousands of years to (1) develop bacteria that produce human insulin (2) clone desirable plant varieties (3) develop viruses that protect against diseases (4) produce new varieties of domestic animals
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Sexual reproduction in a species usually results in (1) an increase in the chromosome number in the offspring (2) offspring genetically identical to the parent (3) recombination of genes (4) a decrease in biodiversity
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Shawangunk Grasslands National Wildlife Refuge has been developed from an abandoned airport to restore habitat for six species of birds that require an area rich in tall grasses. Workers must continually remove trees that are beginning to invade the area as a result of (1) direct harvesting (2) genetic engineering (3) evolutionary change (4) ecological succession
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Show bacteria being engulfed by an amoeba This process represents a step in (1) asexual reproduction (3) photosynthesis (2) heterotrophic nutrition
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Shows a diagnol line going from lower left to upper right Which statement concerning this trait is a valid inference? (1) As time passed, an increasing number of individuals with this trait survived and reproduced. (2) Individuals can acquire new survival characteristics over time and pass them on to their offspring. (3) The longer a species is in an environment, the less likely it is that mutations will occur within the species. (4) The number of traits a species possesses has a direct relationship to the amount of time the species will exist.
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Some bacteria are unable to survive unless a certain nutrient is present in their food supply. After exposure to ultraviolet radiation, some of these bacteria are able to synthesize this nutrient. This change is most likely due to (1) increased respiration (2) exposure to an antigen (3) an alteration in a gene (4) gamete formation
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Some data suggest that the average global temperature will increase by 1°C-2°C by the year 2050. If this occurs, a major concern for humans would most likely be that (1) sea levels might rise enough to flood some coastal areas (2) long-term stability of the climate will benefit ecosystems (3) the availability of salt water for agricultural use will increase (4) the threat of extinction of land organisms will decrease
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Some goats have been genetically modified with a human gene that codes for a blood anticlotting factor. The anticlotting factor can then be extracted from the goat milk and used during surgery. To produce these genetically modified goats, scientists most likely (1) injected the anticlotting factor into the milkproducing glands of the animals (2) added modified DNA into the milk of the animals (3) inserted the human gene into the egg cells of goats (4) altered the nutritional requirements of newborn goats
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Some people see the benefit of wind energy as a clean alternative to fossil fuels for energy production. Others believe it is dangerous for migratory birds. These opinions best illustrate that decisions about alternate energy sources (1) will usually favor older methods of energy production over newer methods (2) must be made by weighing the risks and costs against the benefits (3) must be made by taking into account the present needs of the citizens without looking toward the future (4) should be the responsibility of each individua
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Some sea slugs store chloroplasts obtained from algae they have ingested. The chloroplasts continue to carry out photosynthesis within the slugs. What advantage would this activity be to these sea slugs? (1) The slugs with chloroplasts can synthesize some of their own food. (2) The slugs with chloroplasts no longer need to carry out respiration. (3) The chloroplasts provide the slugs with camouflage that protects them from UV radiation. (4) The chloroplasts contain enzymes that allow the slugs to digest starch.
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Structure X carries out a function most similar to which structure in a human? (1) lung (3) ovary (2) brain (4) heart
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The DNA of a fly and the DNA of a gorilla are made up of subunits that are (1) arranged in the same order in both species (2) arranged in chains of the same length in both species (3) different bases in each of the two species (4) in different sequences in each of the two species
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The Old English Bulldog is extinct. To produce a new English Bulldog, dogs having the desired physical features, but not the aggressive nature of the old bulldogs, were mated. The result was a bulldog that was similar in appearance to the extinct bulldog, but without its fierce nature. Which technique was most likely used to develop this new variety of dog? (1) cloning (2) inducing mutations (3) genetic engineering (4) selective breeding
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The ability to produce increased amounts of lycopene will be passed on to new tomato cells as a direct result of (1) recycling (3) enzyme action (2) mitosis (4) gene expression
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The calcium concentration in the root cells of certain plants is higher than in the surrounding soil. Calcium may continue to enter the root cells of the plant by the process of (1) diffusion (3) active transport (2) respiration (4) protein synthesis
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The cell represented below produces oxygen. Which structure allows the passage of this oxygen to the environment? (1) Nucleus (3) Vacuole (2) Cell Membrane (4) Chloroplast
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The chart below summarizes the effect of commercial fishing on a local Atlantic cod population over an 9-year period. Local Cod Population Study According to the chart, it can be concluded that (1) the number of fishing boats has less effect on the local cod population than pollution (2) more fishing boats make the cod population estimates more accurate (3) an increase in fishing boats has had a positive impact on cod population growth (4) commercial fishing is having a negative effect on the local cod population Year Number of Commercial Fishing Boats Estimated Population of Atlantic Cod (in thousands) 1995 4 14.0 1997 6 12.5 1999 12 11.5 2001 14 9.0 2003 17 4.5
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The colors and scents of plants attract helpful insects and repel insects that feed on them. The production of the proteins that provide these colors and scents is the direct result of the (1) behavior learned from parent plants (2) presence of specific genes (3) the genetic makeup of the surrounding vegetation (4) inability of plants to move as animals do
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The crucian carp, a Scandinavian fish, thrives in shallow ponds that freeze over during winter. While other creatures in the pond die from lack of oxygen, these carp are able to obtain energy through a biochemical pathway that does not require oxygen. This characteristic is an example of a (1) feedback mechanism common to carnivores that inhabit shallow pond ecosystems (2) favorable adaptive trait that has led to increased survival (3) stage of succession that leads to a new community (4) gene mutation that occurred because carp need to survive to maintain ecological stability
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The diagram below represents a change in guard cells that open and close pores in a plant. This change directly helps to (1) increase heterotrophic nutrition (3) regulate water loss (2) absorb minerals (4) reduce seed production
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The diagram below represents a sequence of events that occurs in the human body throughout the day. These events can best be described as an example of (1) an energy cycle (3) a feedback mechanism (2) recycling of inorganic materials (4) a learned behavior Insulin secretion Glucagon secretion Raises blood glucose level Lowers blood glucose level If glucose level rises above set point If glucose level falls below set point
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The diagram below represents changes in the sizes of openings present in leaves as a result of the actions of cells X and Y. The actions of cells X and Y help the plant to (1) maintain homeostasis by controlling water loss (2) store excess heat during the day and remove the heat at night (3) absorb light energy necessary for cellular respiration (4) detect changes in the biotic factors present in the environment
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The diagram below represents genetic material. The expression of the section labeled X may be modified by (1) temperature, only (2) asexual reproduction (3) the environment (4) pH, only
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The diagram below represents how HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, interacts with a certain type of white blood cell called a helper T-cell. What is one possible result of the cellular activity represented in the diagram? (1) Immune responses of an infected individual will be weakened. (2) The red blood cells of a person infected with AIDS will no longer be able to make antibodies. (3) This virus will strengthen future immune responses against blood-related diseases. (4) Immune responses will prevent the spread of AIDS in humans.
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The diagram below represents some stages that occur in the formation of an embryo. Which statement best describes stage X? (1) Stage X is a zygote and contains half the number of chromosomes as the body cells of the parents. (2) Stage X is formed by the process of meiosis and is known as a gamete. (3) Stage X is a zygote and is formed as a result of the process of fertilization. (4) Stage X is formed by mitosis and is known as an egg cell.
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The diagram below represents the relationship between natural selection and variation. The arrow between them is labeled X. Natural selection X Variations Which phrase best indicates the meaning of the arrow labeled X? (1) is dependent on (3) decreases the rate of (2) increases the rate of (4) is independent of
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The diagram represents the changes in an area over time. This series of changes in the area over hundreds of years is known as (1) evolution (3) ecological succession (2) feedback (4) direct harvesting
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The energy released when sugar molecules are broken down is stored in (1) minerals (3) DNA (2) ATP (4) waste
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The letters in the diagram below indicate some parts of a cell. The function of which cell part is most similar to that of the human excretory system? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D
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The major function of the placenta is to (1) cushion the fetus so it won't be hurt when the mother moves (2) exchange food, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetus (3) store food for the fetus (4) support the egg for the process of fertilization
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The microorganisms present on day 5 were (1) newly added from the sterile culture medium (2) offspring of antibiotic-resistant individuals (3) organisms that were all present on day 1 (4) offspring with no resistance to the antibiotic
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The nucleus of a cell coordinates processes and activities that take place in the cell. Which two systems perform a similar function in the human body? (1) nervous and endocrine (2) digestive and reproductive (3) circulatory and respiratory (4) skeletal and muscular
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The ovaries 10 Structure A usually produces (1) sperm and eggs (2) testosterone and eggs (3) estrogen, progesterone, and eggs (4) estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
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The placenta forms from the combination of fetal tissue and tissue from structure (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D
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The process of inserting this gene into the DNA of a tomato plant is known as (1) selective breeding (3) cloning (2) genetic engineering (4) replication
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The shape of a protein is originally determined by the (1) size of the protein molecule (2) location of the protein within the cell (3) arrangement of amino acids in the protein (4) function the protein must carry out
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The similarities and differences in these limbs suggest that all three species developed from the same ancestor, but (1) produced different numbers of offspring (2) lived in different time periods (3) adapted to different habitats (4) migrated to similar habitats
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The way a protein molecule is folded determines the shape of the molecule, which determines the (1) function of that protein (2) structure of ATP containing that protein (3) type of simple sugars in that protein (4) amino acids in that protein
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This process is essential to the survival of the ameba because it (1) provides materials used in cellular respiration (3) supplies the raw materials for photosynthesis (2) removes pathogens from the environment (4) protects the organism during development
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What is the primary source of energy for all the organisms in the ecosystem represented below? (1) photosynthesis in the producers (2) respiration in the heterotrophs (3) light energy from the Sun (4) minerals from the rocks
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When two different bird species temporarily occupy the same niche, they would most likely (1) change their nesting behaviors (2) not affect one another (3) interbreed to form a new species (4) compete with one another
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Which action by humans could improve the quality of the air? (1) building homes that use only oil furnaces for heat (2) buying cars that get more miles per gallon of gasoline (3) increasing the number of coal-burning power plants that generate electricity (4) cutting down forests to clear land for factories
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Which activity would reduce biodiversity in a forest ecosystem? (1) adding plants that are naturally resistant to insects (2) protecting wildflowers from logging activities (3) replacing harvested trees with young trees that are naturally found in the forest (4) clearing a large area and planting one species of hardwood tree that can be used for lumber
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Which characteristic is necessary for natural selection to occur in a species? (1) stability (2) variation (3) complex cellular organization (4) a very low mutation rate
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Which characteristic of a geographic region would have the greatest influence on the type of ecosystem that forms in that region? (1) ratio of autotrophs to heterotrophs (2) concentration of atmospheric oxygen (3) number of food chains (4) climatic conditions
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Which environmental condition could have caused the change in the population size at A? Starts to go down at A. (1) an increase in competition (3) a decrease in the size of its predators (2) a constant availability of shelter (4) an unlimited supply of its food
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Which factor has the greatest influence on the development of new, inheritable characteristics? (1) combinations of genes resulting from mitosis (2) mutations of genes in reproductive cells (3) sorting of genes during asexual reproduction (4) recombining of genes during differentiation
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Which farming practice causes the least harm to the environment? (1) using natural predators to reduce insect numbers (2) adding chemical fertilizers to all the crops in the area (3) planting the same crop for 1 year on all the fields in the area (4) planting the same crop in the same field each year for 10 years
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Which group would most likely be represented in a food chain? (1) biotic factors (2) abiotic factors (3) inorganic compounds (4) finite resources
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Which molecule can diffuse from the digestive tract into the human bloodstream without first being digested? (1) protein (3) fat (2) starch (4) glucose
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Which occurrence most likely led to the other three? (1) Human population growth reached 6.8 billion in 2010 and it continues to increase. (2) The number of African elephants has declined from 1.2 million in 1979 to about 20,000 today. (3) Approximately 6,500 gallons of oil were spilled into a river in Illinois after a pipeline broke. (4) At one time, rain forests covered 14 percent of Earth and today they cover only 6 percent.
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Which organism would most likely have new gene combinations? (1) a frog that was produced from a skin cell of a frog (2) a hamster resulting from sexual reproduction (3) a bacterium resulting from asexual reproduction (4) a starfish that grew from part of a starfish
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Which process allows a mammal to continue to grow in size? (1) mitosis of sex cells (2) mitosis of body cells (3) meiosis of sex cells (4) meiosis of body cells
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Which sequence correctly represents the arrangement of structures containing genetic material, from the largest to the smallest size? (1) chromosome → gene → nucleus (2) nucleus → chromosome → gene (3) gene → chromosome → nucleus (4) gene → nucleus → chromosome
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Which situation results in a characteristic that is inheritable? (1) A limb is lost when two marine organisms fight. (2) A puppy learns to beg for food by watching an older dog perform tricks. (3) A gene is inserted into a bacterium, allowing the organism to produce insulin. (4) A random mutation causes the immediate death of a microbe.
1
Which situation would be part of the normal reproductive cycle of a human? (1) the presence of testosterone regulating gamete production in a male (2) estrogen in concentrations that would produce sperm in a female (3) a high progesterone level in a male (4) a low insulin level in either a male or a female
1
Which statement best describes bat populations in a stable ecosystem? (1) They are held in check by environmental factors. (2) They are producers that rely indirectly on other producers. (3) They are not limited by natural predators. (4) They are not dependent on other species.
2
Which statement best describes enzymes? (1) Every enzyme controls many different reactions. (2) The rate of activity of an enzyme might change as pH changes. (3) Temperature changes do not affect enzymes. (4) Enzymes are produced from the building blocks of carbohydrates.
1
Which statement concerning cell communication is correct? (1) DNA codes for certain molecules that become cell receptors involved in cell communication. (2) Cells produce ATP molecules, which become cell receptors for communication. (3) Cells build new cell parts, which function as communication genes. (4) Certain proteins use cell communication to build new cell parts made of DNA.
4
Which statement correctly describes organisms in this ecosystem? (1) Organisms in level B obtain their energy directly from the Sun. (2) Organisms in level C obtain their nutrients directly from organisms in level D. (3) Organisms in level A are herbivores. (4) Organisms in level D are heterotrophic.
1
Which statement describes a function of the human male reproductive system? (1) It produces gametes in testes. (2) It supplies a fluid that protects the fetus. (3) It provides support for the development of the embryo. (4) It provides nutrient materials through a placenta.
1
Which statement describes a similarity between all enzymes, antibodies, and hormones? (1) Their chemical structure is critical to their ability to function. (2) Their ability to replicate identical copies ensures continuation of the species. (3) They work better at 100°C than 37°C. (4) They are made by and carried by the blood.
1
Which statement describes an activity of a decomposer? (1) A mushroom digests and absorbs nutrients from organic matter. (2) A sunflower uses nutrients from the soil to make proteins. (3) A snail scrapes algae off rocks in an aquarium. (4) A hawk eats and digests a mouse.
3
Which statement represents a characteristic of an ecosystem that is not likely to sustain itself? (1) The Sun provides the needed energy. (2) Energy is transferred from plants to animals. (3) There are more consumers than producers. (4) There are interactions between biotic and abiotic factors.
1
Which substance can enter a cell by diffusion without having to be digested? (1) water (3) starch (2) protein (4) fat
3
Which two body systems allow humans to carry out the same life process as the ameba in the diagram? (1) endocrine and immune (3) digestive and circulatory (2) respiratory and reproductive
3
Which two terms are considered to be opposite processes? (1) photosynthesis and autotrophic nutrition (2) cloning and mitosis (3) digestion and synthesis (4) dynamic equilibrium and homeostasis
3
Within which structure of an animal cell does DNA replication take place? (1) vacuole (3) nucleus (2) cell membrane (4) ribosome
3
X comes from Human Y from plant (1) oxygen carbon dioxide (2) glucose oxygen (3) carbon dioxide oxygen (4) amino acids carbon dioxide
measure water from
the middle of the meniscus
