Relig Final

Messiah original sin: orthodox Orthodoxy

"Anointed" (Hebrew); a special messenger sent by God, foretold in the Hebrew scriptures and believed by Christians to be Jesus. An inclination toward evil, inherited by human beings as a result of Adam's disobedience. "Straight opinion" (Greek); correct belief. The major Eastern branch of Christianity. - latin speaking west and greek speaing east developed seperatley - coutnries like Ukraine, Russia, Greece etc. who learned christinaty from missionaries of Contantinople - desire to define its beliefs and keep them unchanged - does not believe in the central power of the pope - places importance in monastism

redemption righteousness sacrament sin Testament Trinity

"Buy again," "buy back" (Latin); the belief that the death of Jesus has paid the price of justice for all human wrongdoing. - helped est. by missionary paul - difference between Judaims and Christianity Being sinless in the sight of God; also called justification. - used to be defined by practicing Judaism correctly - in Christianity seen as believing in Jesus "Sacred action" (Latin); one of the essential rituals of Christianity. - seven of them in Roman Catholic (only 2 in Protestantism baptist and Eucharist) - baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, matrimony, holy orders (ordination of priests, reconciliation (confession) and the anointing of the sick - also importance of spreading christianity* Wrongdoing, seen as disobedience to God. -jesus death is an atonement for human sin "Contract"; the Old Testament and New Testament constitute the Christian scriptures. - new testament is divided into 4 parts: 1) the Gospels (life of jesus) (2) the Acts of the Apostles (spread of christianity) (3) the Epistles (letters to early christians mostly by paul) and (4) Revelation (visionary book) The three "Persons" in God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

patriarch pope predestination Protestant Principle

"Father source" (Greek); the bishop of one of the major ancient sites of Christianity (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Moscow). - important bishops who were leaders of entire reigons - developed during the incorpration of christianity into roman empire "Father" (Latin and Greek); the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church; the term is also used for the Coptic patriarch of Alexandria. - chosen first as the bishop of rome, as there needed to be a bishop in charge The belief that because God is all- powerful and all-knowing, a human being's ultimate reward or punishment is already decreed by God; a notion emphasized in Calvinism. - branch of protestantism - ones deeds are a sign of what god has already decreed The right of each believer to radically rethink and interpret the ideas and values of Christianity, apart from any church authority. - return to simple chstrianity - centraility of jesus - focus on bible - all people can be saved - decentrailization - individual judgement of meaning** - more democratic calling of ministers

icon incarnation indulgence Lent

"Image" (Greek); religious painting on wood, as used in the Orthodox Church; also spelled ikon. - arguments over this use - John of Damascus defended these images as they served the purpose of divine materiality in the human world - affirmed by churhc councils; characterized the use of art in eastern orthodoxy "In flesh" (Latin); a belief that God became visible in Jesus. "Kindness-toward" (Latin); remission of the period spent in purgatory (a state of tem- porary punishment in the afterlife); an aspect of Catholic belief and practice. - catholic became corrupt, saying that if they were given money to build new churches then the donators could get shortened in this purgatory - martin luther and protestation reformation went against this "Lengthening day," "spring" (Old English); the preparatory period before Easter, lasting forty days. - giving up pleasures - starts on Ash wednesday, reminded of death - ends with palm sunday, holy thursday, good friday and then easter

bishop canon ecumenism Eucharist

"Overseer" (Greek); a priest and church leader who is in charge of a largegeographical area called a diocese - developed during roman empire integration of christianity - connected early christian cities - some had more power than others (see patriarch) - Rule of Constantine declared Christianity was not punishable and incorporated it as the official religion of Roman empire - formed insitutional religion "Measure," "rule" (Greek); a list of authoritative books or documents. - in Christianity there was a process of accepting scriptures on top of the hebrew canon Dialogue between Christian denominations. - modern movement - world council of churches representive from maor protestant denominations and orthodox churches - encourages people to work together on social issues - isues on how the bible should be read, and how women should be treated "Good gift" (Greek); the Lord's Supper. - aknowledges jesus's sacrifice - body and blood - communal reunion - To signify, seal, and apply to believers all the benefits of the new covenant - some see it as literal or symbolic - frequency varies by denomination

Nevi'im Orthodox Judaism Passover (Pesach) Pharisees

"Prophets"; the second section of the Hebrew scriptures, made up of historical and prophetic books. The most traditional branch of Judaism. - named this after reform came into play - gender separation, lead by male rabbis and services in Hebrew, only males coming-of-age ceremony - males must keep skullcap on - facial hir uncut - wear black cat and coat - traditional diet laws - social role seperate A joyful spring festival that recalls the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt and freedom from oppression. - Moses and the plagues - animal blood and sacrifice, being close to god - special dinner and offering called Seder with traditional foods; bread, wine, animal bone - song singing A faction during the Second Temple period that emphasized the observance of biblical rules. - rose from the threat of greek culture - Rabbinical Judaism would develop from the work of the pharisees

kosher menorah Messiah midrash

"Ritually correct"; refers particu- larly to food preparation and food consumption. Context: within the 10 commandments, certain things cant be done, also cutting off ones beard - blood must be drained from meat, blood is sacred to god - specific methods of clean meat, inspection, not unsafe - no scavenger animals like pork and shellfish A candelabrum usually con- taining seven—and occasionally nine—branches, used for religious celebrations. - festival recalls a time when the Second Temple was rededicated and oil lamps burned miraculously for eight days; light menorah A savior figure to be sent by God, awaited by the Jews (see Dan. 7:13-14). "Search"; rabbinical commentary on the scriptures and oral law.

Torah Western Wall yarmulke Yom Kippur

"Teaching," "instruction"; the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures; also, the additional instructions of God, believed by many to have been transmitted orally from Moses through a succession of teachers and rabbis. - Put together after Cyrus of Persian Empire allowed hte jews back into Israel, rebuilt temple The foundation stones of the western wall of the last temple of Jerusalem, today a place of prayer. The skullcap worn by devout males. - males wear it to show reverence to god in waking hours Day of Atonement, the most sacred day of the Jewish year. - 10th day of the new year - day in which they are closest to god - Jewish people traditionally observe this holy day with an approximate 25-hour period of fasting and intensive prayer, often spending most of the day in synagogue services

agnosticism animism** atheism: deconstruction:

"not Know" in Greek; a position asserting that the existence of God cannot be proven. "spirit" greek; a worldview common among oral religions that sees all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits Context: ex. indigenous religions; people thought this form of religion was a beginning stage to other religions "Not God" (Greek); a position asserting that there is no God or gods. A technique, pioneered by Jacques Derrida, that sets aside ordinary categories of analysis and makes use, instead, of unexpected perspectives on cultural elements; it can be used for finding underlying values in a text, film, art- work, cultural practice, or religious phenomenon. Context: Derrida known for going behind the ordinary interpretation of texts to discover new cultural meanings; ex. look at religious script to see how that religion treats women

caliph dhikr fana hadith

"successor"; a religious and political leader. - first 4 orthodox caliphs were Muhammads sucessors; Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali - Islam taken over by rulers in Damascus 661 ce A devotional remembrance of Allah through the recitation of his ninety-nine names and other devotional practices. - part of Sufism - conencts one with god as god is everything - common in sufism brotherhoods "Extinction"; the sense of loss of self in mystical experience. - belief of sufism - all that remains is god - god is everything "Recollection"; a remembrance of an act or saying of Muhammad. (The plural is spelled hadiths or ahadith.) - drawnon for guidance for religious teachings and largely debated for initating law and order

Muhammad

- 572 CE - born in Saudi in Mecca - sermons and revelations in the Qur'an - before his time, Mecca was already site of religious pilgrimage, many tribes and religions came to the Kabah thinking the meteorite that came down was sent from heavens - the idea of Allah existed before him too - married Kahdijah and got financial, spiritual and emotional support - faced with many religions, including Jewish and Christian - received the first revelation at mount Hira; convinced he was in the presence of the angel Gabriel - spread his word cautiously, mostly of love and kindness was threatened for his demand for money lending and unfair contract, had to leave Mecca with the rest of his followers - during this time had a vision of himself descending into heaven "night journey" or "night of ascent" - Muhammads word was accepted in Yathrib, the start of the Hijra - saw jesus as a prophet but disputed the completeness and correctness of the bible - took over Yathrib (Medina) and built the first mosque - Battle between citizens of Mecca and Yathrib, Muslim soldier prevailed, and Muhammad returned, destroyed all other images in the Kabah and est. his religious ideals -spread his control over further territory - many believe his beliefs were influenced by other religions - died with no hereditary successor, the result was a confusion of the line of sucession and divisions in islam

Jewish sabbath sex and gender equality

- 7th day of week (friday sunset-sat sunset) - all people rest, shops closed, no labour - 6 days of creation - sex seen as positive - liberal strands of Judaism accept gender equality - men carry study and public prayer "equal but separate" - in some traditions females can now become cantors and are ordained as rabbis.

Jewish myths (4)

creation: god seperates light from darkness and land from water; 6 days; adam is made from dust of earth and eve is copy of him, made from this rib; Story of Cain and abel reflects acient rivlaries between farmers and herders Great flood, god Disgusted with the rapidly growing, immoral human population, God sends a flood to do away with humanity - This story also explains how, from the three sons of Noah, different races arise. (81) story of tower of Babel, people try to build a tower to get to heaven; to stop this god makes all the builders speak different languages (82)

Israel as a state Jewish beliefs (5) Role of people/jewish people?

- Balfour Declaration 1917 by british gov which endorsed the jewish homeland - WWI ended british mandated immigration of jews into palestine - WWII UN voted to divide british mandate into 2 states, israel and palestine (jews, arabs) - Jews accepted mandate and create state of Israel in 1948 - The Palestinians, who had opposed Jewish immigration into the region under the British, rejected the U.N. plan and, along with neighboring Arab nations, resisted the creation of Israel. -conflict has not subsided - Belief in God. God is one, formless, all-knowing, and eternal. - Belief in the words of the prophts - Belief that god gave the law to Moses - Belief hat the Messiah sent by god will come someday (no agreement on who they will be like) - Belief that there will be a resurrection of the good in the world to come - ability to reason, to will, to speak, to create, and to care; and they have the responsibility to manifest these divine characteristics in the world -Jewish people have a special role—a role that some believe is to witness to the one God and to do his will in the world - Others believe that their role is to suffer for a purpose known only to God -others have said that their role is to bring a sense of justice to a world that often has none.

women in islam What is the political structure of Islam?

- Haggar - women pray at home or special area in mosque - BEFORE MUHAMMADS time, many female babies ifancide - Qur'an gives women right to divorce and property, bans infantcide - veil seen as a site of opression but also religious empowerment - some areas women cant leave home without companion, other cant drive - changes in mosque rules and employment oppoutunities - impact of shared ideas in a globalized society - Islam filled in the spots over the middle east when Byzantne and Persian empires were weakened - took control over Syria, Persia and Sgpt and over north Africa - went to spain, would have spread over europe if it would not have been stopped by christian forces - thrived in Spain, lived along christians, jews etc. - dring this time under Damascus, adopted Roman influence from Syria into its art expressions - refined military and administrative aparatus of political state - Shifted to Baghdad caliphate, "golden age of islam", adopted persian influences, relaxed rule against icons and art - 1452 Muslims captured ancient christian capital of Constantiniple making it the centre of the Ottoman Empire until 1921; made islam spread all over the world - different centres of muslim caliphs, but fiction of a single caliph in ottoman empire was kept alive till it was dissolved - does not seperate political and religious life - human fufillment through religious and political order - religious leaders involved in some poltiics

Moses

- Hebrew pop. grew large in egypt - Pharoh demanded killing of baby boys - moses hidden and raised by princess - approaches burning bush and hears the voice of god to free the Hebrews - at this time many gods were believed in many gods - god showed himself through plagues - last one, blood over door to signal israelite baby son, not die (passover) - Hebrews journey through red sea, exodus to Israel - Moses encounter with god at Mount Sinai ; got the 10 commandments - shows importants of moral orientation

What was the social, cultural and historical context into which Jesus was born? How are these influences evident in his ministry?

- ISreal being taken over by stronger neighbours - Romans have control - differnt jewish grous like Pharisees and Sadducees (accepted roman rule) trying to keep up Judiams - many believed they were living in the "end times" were god would destory all enemies of jews - some believed the coming of the Messiah, who would it be? - Jesus was born, was a Devoutful jew with a personal relationship to god

Shabbat home ritual

- Rituals able to be completed at home - The dual candles and challeh , representing gods words and the goodness he granted the Israelites - Special attention to hygenine and food handling - Women doing the welcoming, as the hearth of the household - Shabbat itself representing the 6 days of gods creation, resting on the 7th - No "amen" for oneself, always for god - Represents the modification and development of judaism - No orthodox costumes etc. - Women allowed

To what traditions does "oral traditions" refer? Why are these traditions difficult to categorize? How do oral religions further problematize our attempts to both define and study "religion"? In what ways does an animistic worldview shape attitudes and behaviour towards the natural world?

- all religions were once oral and traditional - they are not just this - there are major differences in their stories of creation and origin, as they developed mostly in isolation from eachother - may be hard to pinpoint similarities - harder to study as there is no written evidence - researchers focus on written traditions because its easier - misconception that oral traditions are simple and written are complex - non- permanence of expression through dance, chants, body paints - bled into dominaint religions - loss of cutlure and land to changes in world - life force (animism) in nature and stagnant things - everything as part of the same reality - no boundaires between the human and nonhuman and supernatural - visibly ordinary + invisible sacred reality all in one - treat all things with care, or they will retaliate - everything in existence togeher - use all parts of something and show restraint, no exploitation - ancestors are present

Jesus women in christianity Paul

- devout jew - personable - wary of overly scrift observance that was detrimental to human welfare - Two great comandments: Love for god and an ethical call for kindness towards other - mentioning of female disciples and friends - Mary Magdeline was a prominent dispiple and witnessed his resurection - devotion to mary in catholicism and orthodix, not so much in protestantism - "god bearer" - Pharasee Jew Greek - initiallty opposed ideas of Jesus fearing it was a cult to split jews - experiences a vision of jesus - studied the meaning of the symbolic and cosmic christ and his role in the devine plan - used jewish scrupture to teach about this to others - jews were skeptical: thought non-jews converting to christianity should take up practices such as circumscision - layed foundations of christian beliefs - all humans are imperfect, dont need to rely on old jewish beleifs of guilt and practicing jewish law, but see that jesus has made a sacifice for us and believe in him - est. concept of redemption

Abraham Jacob

- hebrew patriarch - called by go to Canaan "I will make you a great nation" - shows a claim layed over Israel - in turn for this promise, Abrah. and his descendant must be circumscised to show their allegance - Unable to have a son with sarah, has a son named Ismahel but then has a son named issac, orders imahel away - God asks Abraham to offer Issac as a sacrifice - stops him and allows him to acrifice a ram; Abr. showed his worthyness of the wealth of his descendants - One of Issacs sons - God came to Jacob in a dream - wrestles with stranger, who would turn out to be an angel - At dawn the fight is over, and Jacob receives from the stranger a new name: Israel ("wrestles with God"). Because Jacob and his sons would settle the land of Canaan, it came to be called Israel after his new name. Jacob, with his two wives and two concubines, has many sons, who would become the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel.

What role does material culture play in oral religions (e.g. totems)? What are some of the struggles oral traditions face with the advent of popular western culture? What is the relationship between oral religions and religions such as Christianity and Islam?

- hollistic, usually no distrinction made between religion and life, no separation, ard to say what is religious and what is not - revered for both its symbolic meaning and its clan symbolism. The totem animals may be memorials to ancestors or may rep- resent badges of kinship groups, with specialized meaning for the individual or the family responsible for the totem pole - represent spirits, enticed protective powers - facing science - facing urban life - spreading to other areas outside their origins - political actions to preserve their culture - land loss an climate change - loss of traditional language - conversion to other religions - understand existence, how the world came to be - many worship gods as overseeing powers - Shamanism, people relaying spiritual messages - taboos - emphasis on community - importance of proper practice - roles for different people and genders

How do we understand the notions of "surrender" and "submission" in Islam? What are the "Five Pillars" and in what ways do they support a muslim's faith?

- inner peace by surrendering to the divine - notion of gods power and transcendence is most powerful in islam out of the other monotheistic religions - prostration, total surrender - - allah is not just abstract, but personal - is omnipotent and controls every detail of life - importance of Abrahams almost sacrifice of Ismahel 1. Creed: no god but allah and Muhammad is his messenger; whispered to infant newborns; simplistic as god is one 2. Prayer: called on to pray five times a day: before dawn and at midday, midafternoon, sunset, and nighttime 3. Charity: Muhammad troubled by poverty. Islamic practice demands that believ- ers donate certain percentages of their total income, herds, and produce from fields and orchards each year to the poor. 4. Fasting during Ramadan: The purpose of fasting is to discipline oneself, to develop sympathy for the poor and hungry, and to give to others what one would have eaten; brings people together and causes spiritual growth 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj): all expected to visit at least once in their lifetime, spiritual growth F

Crusades Church of latter day saints (mormon chruch)

- military effort sin 4th and 5th centuries to take over Israel as a holy centre - Ivolved inquistion of jewish people and muslims in France and Spain, which wiped out or displaced people who were not christian - religious orders, became militized - polarized jews - one of the fastest growing denominations - consider themsleves a perfect form of christianity - joseph smith, utah (1800s) had a revelation from god, unburried goldslates and breastplate - used to be known for polygamy, largely split - beleif in different celetrial realms in which one can enter through covenant - believe descendants of mormons were isrealites that came to Americas whom jesus came to preach to them - dont smoke, use tobacco, or coffee and tea - male hierarchal, women have distinct roles -

In what way is Jesus understood by Christians to be the "incarnation"? What led to the separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church? What is distinctive about this tradition? What was the character of medieval Mysticism and what was it a counterbalance to?

- mostly in the view of John in the Gospel - the diviine made visible in human form - seen as a symoblic mystic representation of god - "i am the light of the world" - direction of light toward heaven - Christianity spreading around Europe and east - Roman empire est. a monarchial population centre and incorporated christianity into hierarchal bishop system - East developing seperatley - beleived in orthodoxy monastism - denied the power of the pope - difference in distance, languge and political growth - arguments over the nauture of jesus, were the divine and the human separate? - arguments over the use of incons (they were later affirmed) - denied the West's idea of the holy trinity - direct contact with god - mystical state of consiousness - jesus as a role model - pure relationship with god - conuterbalances growing attemps to question basic beliefs and make rational calculated observations of them

What have been some of the ways Islam has responded to Western secularism? What do the rituals of the Hajj tell us about muslim idenity and self understanding?

- political insitutions that are independant of any established religion - allows all religions to exists without hidrance from the government - science has also promoted this - adopt from the West what is obviously useful, to avoid what is dangerous, and to continue holding on to what it thinks valuable - Turkey: accepting secularism and adopting western customs - Saudi: insitutionalized religion - Iran: went from being turned toward weterniation to full Islamic state - Egypt: understands thebalance of both, liberal and triadiotnalist movements there - go to venerated site in Mecca - special one made during month of pilgrimage - unifromity and purity of clothing shows basic equality among all men before god - purifying themselves with waster - kiss or saulte the black stone on the east corner - walk around Kabah 7 times to represent _ - muslims beleive that Abraham was asked to sacrifice Ishmael, not Issac, that almost took place in Mecca - Relive Abraham spritiual submission - walk back and forth 7 time sin corridor reliving hagars search for water - visit Mina - visit arafat where muhammad preached his final sermon, pray all day and nights - Day of Sacrifice (Id al-Adha). Pilgrims return to Mina, where they throw small stones at three walls, a ritual that recalls how Abraham responded to a temptation: when a demon tempted him to disobey God's command to sacrifice his son, Abraham threw stones at the demon and drove it away. - sacifice a small sheep, gve the rest to charity - hair and nails cur signifiying purification

Conservative Judaism covenant diaspora: Essenes:

- response to radical Reform in European movement (which stressed integration into modernized liberal cutlure) - moderate change but a protection of beloved traditions - In the US 1/2 are conservative A contract; the contract between the Hebrews and their God, Yahweh. ex. abraham and the circumscision of all his descendancts ex. the 10 commandments later with Moses The dispersion of Jews beyond Israel, particularly to Persia, Egypt, and the Mediterranean region. - Result of crushed revolutions and taking over of different powers, esp after 130CE revoution that was crushed by rome A reclusive semimonastic Jewish group that flourished from c. 150 bce to 68 ce. - celebate life - seperate from the rest of society - avoided animal sacrifice, read meat and wine - dressed in white - saw themselves as advances, preparing for the new world of jsutice

Why is Islamic Law so important to the tradition? How is "jihad" related to Islamic Law? What does the textbook say about the relationship between theology and philosophy and why might this important for understanding Islam?

- started with Muhammad integrating religion into social systems - good and evil forces always in battle, focus on morality and concequences - lawfully giing tax for charity is part of the pillars - structural benefits of living in a just, spiritual society - no scavenger animals, or alchohol, no usury or gamblng, circumscision is common, marraige contracts, dead faced toward mecca for burial, undecorated sone marker, all people equal - Sharia: does not separate church and state - seeks the rule of god; human orders - ex. Iran imposing religious law - personal daily struggle to live virtuously, and the attempt to est. in all of society the islamic ideals of truths - distiction between theology and philosphy: Phil. considers question by the light of reason alone, but Theology mixes Phil. and religion in using phil to inviestigate religious doctrines - pure philosophy is hard to find, for the religion of the surrounding culture will clolour the questions and methods of philosophers - questions arising in the studies of the qur'an and when faced with other cultures, do humans make choices? Is god everything or teaches everything? Is the universe eternal or did god create it? - two poles in Islam: - 1. more liberal view values reason and maintains that everything can be exam- ined intellectually. It argues that human beings are basically free and that reason is a God-given gift that illuminates and complements faith 2. suspicious of reason: values intellectual submis- sion, believing that ultimately neither God nor anything else can be explained fully by reason. It tends to see the entire universe, including human lives, as being strongly determined by God - influential philopshers tryingt o go back to traditional islam

In what ways does the Qur'an have a presence Islamic culture? What are the differences between Sunni and Shia muslims? What are the central mystical beliefs of the Sufi? What else was happneing in Islam during the time of sufism was developing?

- teaches all word of Allah and revelations of Muhammad - influence Islamic art - Aur'an are carved in stone and wood, on buildings, on Kabalah - reptition of phrases is comforting to muslims, chanting - disagreement in the successors to Muhammad - several Caliphs assumed position and were all assasinated - his oponents who ruled in Damascus assumed control in 661 and would spread outsie arabia and become more urbane and complex - Shiites: believed that Muhammad assigned Ali to be his first successor (hereditary), but a series of religious and politial intruiges kept him fromit, believe the sucessio rightfully beoned to his two sons Hassan and Husseein; bot were killed; allowed the Umayyad dynasty to rule but created opposition from the Shiites Sunni: more diverse and accept the orthodox caliphates; has taken on different developments, many liberal, but also rational deveopment - Islam coming into contact with luxorious lifestyle - Caliphate carried aristocratic lifestyle - spread into cities, Islam was influences by christian monks and germits; islamic people wanted to also cultivate the spritual life - simple clothing, no needless luxury - keeping rules and being devotional in all aspects of life - belief that the higherst experience a person can have is a direct experience of god - development of philiosphical questioning of life, the soul, the afterlife

In what way do the arts--art, architecture and music--serve to communicate central Christian understandings? What are the challenges Christianity faces in the contemporary world an in what ways has the tradition evolved to meet these challenges? How do the emphases of Protestant Christianity reflect the issues of the Reformation?

- the shepard - to cross - bread, water - big ceremonies, candle etc. resembling heaven and glory - architectre show roman influnce and Eastern orthofox - gothic styel, very grand and allows for large stained glass windows - protestant chruches built more to focus on preacher - despite Jewish disregard of art, important in chrtistianity - idols and paintings show humanity - music allows choral scriptures, allows accessible - - science: no miracles - theory of evolution - many accepting evolution as compatable to their beliefs - theory argues that an intelligent designer lies behind the multiplicity of species - rising focus on material wealth: religiousity is not the only thing that will bring wealth - Some forms of Christianity, however, have now adjusted, teaching what they call "Prosperity Christianity." This form of Christianity teaches that God will repay in a very precise way those who contribute "love offerings." - spread of christianity all over; traditionalists worry - reformation: mostly in western; concern with centrality of Roman catholic church, and relics that were not genuine - against papal taxation - Catholics focused too much on saints and icons - martin luther: believed all humans could be relived of sin, opposed roman catholic churches demand for money in exchange for indulgence (would shorten the period after death in purgatory) - more democratic - less emphasis on icons - everyone has the right to be faithful and to be forgiven

Key characteristics of religion (8) Patterns (7) What are the roots of the word "religion"? How might the history of the word itself effect the study of religious phenomena?

1. belief system (interpretation of universe and peoples place in it *worldview*) 2. community ^ this is shared 3. Central myths 4.Rituals( beliefs made real through ceremonies) 5. Ethics (morals and social codes) 6. Characteristic experiences (guilt, awe, mystery, devotion, rebirth, peace) 7. Material expression (symbols, art, clothing, architecture) 8. sacredness (distinction between sacred and ordinary, different objects or people may express the sacred) Views of the world and life: - nature of sacred reality (is the sacred immanent or transcendant - nature of the universe (does it end, when is its beginning, who created it? what is central? Humans role? - human attitude toward nature (is nature good? bad? whats humans role in reshaping it?) - time (is it linear like Hinduism Christianity etc., or cyclical like Buddhism?) - Human purpose (moral code, good vs. evil, part of a devine plan? part of nature? - words and scripture (significance, use of it) - inclusiveness and declusivness (foods, people, practices, etc.) Roots: - Latin - "to join again" "reconnect" - suggests joining our natural world to the sacred world - In classical Latin, the term religio meant awe for the gods and concern for proper ritual - rose in western context, might not be appropriate acrosss all religions - spritual path is better

muezzin Muslim qiblah Qur'an

A chanter who calls people to prayer. - says allah is great over everything else; calls into the air - active in the world around us A person who submits to Allah. - first ones were Muhammads friends and his cousin after he told them the first revelations - agree with Christian and Jewish beliefs, moses, jesus revelations etc.. but have contaminated the word of god - believe that Muhammads word is the true word - believe hes the last true prophet - trace their heritage back to Abrahams Ismahel, who survived with his banished mother Hagar because water was shown to them by an angel in the desert The direction toward Mecca; the direction toward which Muslims pray. - directed in the Qur'an -In the earliest days of Islam, Muslims faced Jerusalem for prayer, but later revelations received by Muhammad in Yathrib changed this direction to Mecca - can be standing, bowing, sitting, prostrating "Recitation" God's words as revealed to and recited by Muhammad; an authorized edition of the written words that appeared after Muhammad's death. - the Arabic version the only one that is authoritative - sound of the repetition is spiritual - though to have begun with Muhammads friend Abu Bakr, his first caliph - has characters from the bible, Jesus, Jacob, Joseph, David, Mary - speaks of money, inheritance, marriage divorce -Angels, divine judgmenet, fasting etc.

shaman: sympathetic magic: taboo: totem

A human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group. - intermediatry betweent his world and the spirit world - healer - can charm animals, draw on animal items - person suffers greatly when recovring has new sense of insight and healing An attempt to influence the out come of an event through an action that has an apparent similarity to the desired result—for example, throwing water into the air to produce rain or burning an enemy's fingernail clippings to bring sickness to that enemy. A strong social prohibition -codified social and religious order - protecting individuals and safeguarding order - prevent angering the dead -antisocial actions, certain foods, burial practices - sacrfice must be made when taboo is comitted An animal (or image of an animal) that is considered to be related by blood to a family or clan and is its guardian or symbol.

calumet: divination holistic libation

A long-stemmed sacred pipe used primarily by many native peoples of North America; it is smoked as a token of peace. - part of shaman healing - many smoke hallucinatory tabacco A foretelling of the future or a look into the past; a discovery of the unknown by magical means. - Spiritual powers and trance states are believed to make it possible to look into the past and future - Shaman diviner - determine causes of illnesses and where people should go from there Organic, integrated; indicating a complete system, greater than the sum of its parts; here, refers to a culture whose various elements (art, music, social behavior) may all have religious meaning. - hard to tell what is religious and what is not - every thing and object has religious importance and meaning The act of pouring a liquid on the ground as an offering to a god.

Reconstructionism Reform Judaism Rosh Hashanah Sabbath (shabbat)

A modern liberal branch of Judaism that emphasizes the cultural aspects of Judaism. - Started in US - allows freedom of individual interpretation - sees practices as symbolic - Reconstructionism sees Judaism as a changing cultural force, with many elements and manifestations including art etc. A movement beginning in the nineteenth century that questioned and modernized Judaism; a liberal branch of Judaism. - influenced by European Enlightenment, liberal french and American rev. and laws of Naopoleon - stressed human dignity, equality, individual liberty, science etc. - questions practcies that withheld this "Beginning of the year"; the celebration of the Jewish New Year, occurring in the seventh lunar month. - begins at the end of harvest season, debts payed off - prepare for the upcoming religious year "Rest"; the seventh day of the week (Saturday), a day of prayer and rest from work. - began during exile in Babylonia around 560 bce - worship, study, sermon, and pslams performed in a sysagoge - holy day of rest - one of the important commandments - recognizes the days of gods creation -

prophet: Purim rabbi rabbinical Judaism

A person inspired by God to speak for him. - active from earliest days of Israeli kingdom - become more important later on - share revelations with the people - Important: Prophet Isaiah having a vision of god and angels - relfected on political turmoil as the result of gods wrath A joyous festival in early spring that recalls the Jews' being saved from destruction during the persian empire - haggar prime minister wanting all jews executed - Queen Esther reveals her identity to him and has him hanged - Mortechai (leader of jews and cousin of Esther) was named new prime minister as told in the Book of Esther. A religious teacher; a Jewish minister. Judaism that developed after the destruction of the Second Temple (70 ce). - formed basis on scriptures - Romans crushed second temple, ended presithood and began foucs on scriptural interprestation - necessary to redefine the strength of Judaism by creating Jewish written cannon - another revolt in ISrael in 132CE crush, many jews fled to the diaspora, but carried with them the canon scripture which allowed judaism to flourish

Talit Talmud Tanakh tefillin theophany

A prayer shawl worn by devout males. - white and dark tripes - humility in the sight of God An encyclopedic commentary on the Hebrew scriptures - result of development of Jewish canon scriptures - importance of protection and explanation of the scriptures - refers to two versions, palestinian Talmud or Babylonian Talmud - extensive commentary by rabbinical specialists The complete Hebrew scriptures,made up of the Torah, Prophets (Nevi'im), and Writings (Ketuvim). - Bablyonian destroyed first temple (seen as a punishment from god for not worshiping properly) and kingdom of Judah, exiled. Made it clear that Judaism had to be preserved in written form; writings of creaton, peple like Moses, Aaron etc. and the ancestor Abraham - performed at synagogue Phylacteries; two small boxes containing biblical passages that are worn by Orthodox males on the head and left arm at morning prayer during the week. - part of practice of praying morning, noon and night - singifiy gods presence in the mind and heart A revelation or appearance of God. - Moses, Abraham, Isaiah etc.

Sadducees Seder Sephardim Sukkot (soo-koht'):

A priestly faction, influential during the Second Temple period. - rose of need to counteract greek cutlure and to create jewish factions - in charge of temple and its activities "Order"; a special ritual meal at Passover, recalling the Hebrews' exodus from Egypt. - lead by a leader - traditional dress - unlevened bread - wine, 4 cups are drank throughout - reminds us of journey, and bitter slavery and exodus - sweetness of redemption Jews of Spain, Morocco, and the Mediterranean region. - Jews immigrating to spain after Roman victories over Jews "Booths"; a festival in the late autumn that recalls the Jews' period of wandering in the desert after their exodus from Egypt. - shelters are selpt, eat and prayed in - part of the holy days in the new year

imam Islam jihad Kabah

A religious leader; specifically, one of the hereditary successors of Muhammad, venerated in Shiite Islam. - Most Shiites believe that a God-given, hereditary spiritual power, called the Light of Muhammad, has been passed to a total of twelve successors - last imam muhammad al-mahdi in a realm and will come back - some disagreement on the number and who "Submission"; the Muslim religion and the community of believers who have submitted themselves to Allah. - surrender onesself - suggests a large family "Struggle"; the ideals of (1) spread-ing Islamic belief and (2) heroic self-sacrifice. "Cube"; the square shrine at the center of the Grand Mosque of Mecca. - before muhammad, site of pilgrimage for over 360 religious images

structuralism: transcendent

An analytical approach that looks for universal structures that underlie language, mental processes, mythology, kinship, and religions; this approach sees human activity as largely determined by such underlying structures. Context: Claude Levi-Strauss - feildwork in Brazil, saw similarities between myths of indigenous peoples, saw him to see large structural similarities between kinship patterns, languages and social reations; theorized that structures in the human mind formed these similarities "Climbing beyond" (Latin); beyond time and space. context: dualism between human world and the diviine space, god is not limited by reality

Zealots Zionism

An anti-Roman, nationalistic Jewish faction, active during the Roman period of control over Israel. - means "robbers" in greek - violent wars between jews and romans beginning in 6Ce with roman rule - hoped to return to jewish kingfom - Romans crush revolt and destroyed second temple in 70CE A movement that has encouraged the creation and support of the nation of Israel. - Jewish restriction and persecution had created in many Jews a desire for a Jewish nation, where they could live without fear, in the traditional historic home of their faith - named after Mount Zion in Jerusalem

Hanukkah Holocaust: Kabbalah Ketuvim

An early-winter festival recalling the rededication of the Second Temple, celebrated with the lighting of candles for eight days. - In the division of the greek empire Seleucid Empire, Israel was taken over by greek ruler Antiochus IV, who went against Jewish practices and forbade circumision - Jews lead by Maccabees took back control - Jewish culture conflicted with progresive greek culture The destruction of European Judaism by the Nazis; also known as Shoah (Hebrew: "exter-mination"). - extension of long persecution of jews; supersitutions of jeish practces, forced to live n ghettos; blamed for plagues; exlied in middle ages or forced to convert to christianity from Europre - 1933 rise of hitler - theory of racial pruity and revenge agaisnt jewish financers and indutralists - boycotted stores, took their high positions - had to idntify themsleves - 12 million people died in the holocaust - modivated the est. of Israel as the Jewish state for strength "Received," "handed down"; the whole body of Jewish mystical literature. - came from jewish mysticsm of specluative passages of the hewbrew bible the middle ages - questions of codified language, the meaning of the world, the coming of a messiah - popular book of the Kabbalah: the Zohar: sees the universe as having emerged from a pure, bound- less, spiritual reality "Writings"; the third sec- tion of the Hebrew scriptures, consisting primarily of poetry, proverbs, and literary works.

Islamic art

Arch: minarets for mosques, imporance of space and balance, not ordiments value of blank spaces and negative spaces; importance of seeing the sky, feeling of expansiveness; alternating lines of black and white important Paradise as a theme - flowers water - *importance of prayer carpet, no human figures, but fountains and gardens, magical garden - light coming from heaven - reminds us of divine presence - geometric shapes: get lost in it, gentle ecstasy - prohibitions of icons and statues breaking down - night journey allowed - persian minitures and folk art

evangelical evangelist filioque gospel:

Emphasizing the authority of scripture; an adjective used to identify certain Protestant groups. - some protestant denominations have becme more conservaitve while others not "Good news person" (Greek); one of the four "authors" of the Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. - The Gospels in the new testament tell the life of jesus "And from the Son"; a Latin word added to the creeds in the Western Church to state that the Holy Spirit arises from both Father and Son. The notion, which was not accepted by Orthodox Christianity, contributed to the separation between the Western and Eastern churches. "Good news" (Middle English); an account of the life of Jesus. - written by later believers - 4 different books - only when he began his public life - accounts are coloured with author personal opinion - had a personal relationship with god and was devoutful Jew - 3 years Jesus was arrested in Jerusalem as he was dangerous to the political staiblity of the roman empire - preached love and forgiveness

Khadijah mihrab minaret mosque

First wife of Muhammad. The decorated niche inside a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca. A tower used by a chanter to call people to prayer. - happens 5 times a day - part of the 5 pillars of islam - comes first form the most pretigious mosques and then the less ones a Muslim place of worship. - first one was built by Muhammad after he took over Yathrib (Medina) - caused the est. of social and worship regulations

Ashkenazim bar (bat) mitzvah Biblical Judaism Canaan

Jews who lived in or came from central Europe. - he origin of Ashkenazic Judaism is unclear, but the most common opinion is that it arose when Jews migrated from France and other countries of western Europe to central Europe, after 1000 ce. "Son (daughter) of the command- ment" (Aramaic); the coming-of-age ceremony that marks the time when a young person is con- sidered a legal adult within the Jewish community. - devine control over sex and generation - ritual for puberty Judaism before the destruction of the Second Temple (70 ce). An ancient name for the land of Israel.

Hajj Hijra (hij'-rah) Id al-Adha Id al-Fitr

Pilgrimage to Mecca. - all expected to go at least once - personal transformation - already a practice before Muhammad - belief in the veneration of the meteorite as a special gift from god, connected with Adam and Abraham as well "Flight"; Muhammad's escape from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) - marks the first point which his message was favorable received, and the start of the islamic community - muslim calendar dates the year of the Hijra as year 1 The Day of Sacrifice during the month of the Hajj when an animal is sacrificed to recall the submission of Abraham. - 10th day of the month of Haj - Mina, throw stones at walls to represent Abraham throwing stones at demons that tried to sway his from sacrificing Ishmael - sacrifice a small animal The festival at the end of the month of Ramadan during which people feast and visit friends and often the graves of ancestors.

In studying different religious traditions comparatively, one approach is to identify common patterns. What are the strengths and weaknesses involved in looking for patterns of religious thought and practice? What are the key critical questions one needs to bear in mind when studying religions?

Strengths: ex. strucuralism - allows us to make connections between societies, how they think, act, make symbols, think about life, how the relate to one another, how they developed - helps with researchers who study human behavior - see how religions have blended - creates frameworks to study religion that is recognizable - allows us to understand and draw importance to certain practices by locating their similarities to others Weaknesses: - deemphasises individuality - causes reductionary thinking + essentializes culture - loses important meanings - projects researchers beliefs onto the data - may cause us to think religion is static (these patterns arent striaghtjackets) - ex. recognizing symbolism across religious, ex. meaning of water and purification, different meanings - Are we genuinely listening to the voices of the practitioners, or are we only paying attention to the experiences of the observer? - Does the research arise from respect for a different culture and religion, or is it just a more modern form of domination and colonialism? -Because some major religions have blended with earlier religions to produce unique hybrids, can we really speak of single great religions, such as "Buddhism" or "Christianity"? Do they really exist, or are they just useful fictions? - how do people within a religion experience that religion differently ex.women?? people of different ages

pantheism polytheism post-structuralism:

The belief that everything in the universe is divine. Context: the sacred as being discoverable within the physical world and its processes. In other words, nature itself is holy. The belief in many gods. context: ex. Hinduism, Indigenous religions gods may be fairly separate entities, each in charge of an aspect of reality (such as nature gods), or they may be multiple manifestations of the same basic sacred reality. An analytical approach that does not seek to find universal structures that might underlie language, religion, art, or other such significant areas, but focuses instead on ob- serving carefully the individual elements in cul- tural phenomena. Context: popularized by Michael Foucault; It emphasized the individuality of each experience and argued that belief in grand structures may keep investigators from appreciating that individuality.

dualism immanent monotheism nontheism

The belief that reality is made of two different principles (spirit and matter); the belief in two gods (good and evil) in conflict. Context: ex. dualism of spiritual and natural world in Judaism, Jainism and Hinduism Existing and operating within nature. - many religions see the spritiual world as manifested in nature, nature itself is sacred - the spritiual world is part of nature The belief in one God. context: maybe omnipotent (rule everything), can be personable or not, spirit that is not deifinable in the real world, distinct from universe A position that is unconcerned with the supernatural, not asserting or denying the existence of any deity.

apocalypticism apostle baptism Bible

The belief that the world will soon come to an end; this belief usually includes the notion of a great battle, final judgment, and reward of the good. - connected to baptism - jesus himself beleived this may happen - kingdom of god would be a reality One of Jesus's twelve disciples; also, any early preacher of Christianity. - after Jesus died, Spirit of god came to apostles infire - told them Jesus was gods Messiah - kept jewish practice - but weakening of Judaism after destruction of temple largely took christianity off on its own The Christian rite of initiation, involving immersion in water or sprinkling with water. - John the Baptist; Jesus's cousin -preached that the end of the world was near, God would punish evildoers. - John immersed his followers in the water of the Jordan River. Jesus allowed himself to be baptized, - Jesus had his own followers carry on John's practice by baptizing others - a sacrament - helps recalls jesus's death The scriptures sacred to Christians, consisting of the books of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. - read and interpreted in different ways - literally or figuratively - fist printed enmasse in late middle ages, allowed the spread of christianity

Sunni sura

The majority branch of Islam, which holds that genuine succession from Muhammad did not depend on hereditary descent from his son-in-law Ali. - developed in response to the shiite muslims - accepted the legitimacy of the orthodox caliphates and believed in the political system - several movements, rejects saints and takes islam back to roots; others do not - many take on different practices; blending of old and new and lberal A chapter of the Qur'an - 114 of them - named after an image or a topic mentioned in it - arranged by length, from longest to shortest - in general they are placed in reverse chronological order - affected islamic art

Ramadan Sharia Shiite Sufism

The month of fasting; the ninth month of the Muslim calendar. - Discipline the self, develop sympthy for poor and hungry, bring together people and grow - month when muhammad fist got his revelations - lunar calendar so falls of different times of the year - flexible for people who cant do it Path"; the whole body of Is- lamic laws that guides a Muslim's life. (Also spelled Shariah.) A minority branch of Islam, which holds that Muhammad's genuine successors de-scended from his son-in-law Ali. - Shiites: a series of religious and politial intruiges kept him fromit, believe the sucessio rightfully beoned to his two sons Hassan and Husseein; bot were killed; allowed the Umayyad dynasty to rule but created opposition from the Shiites - believe the successor inherit the Light of Muhammad - beleive the last sucessor Muhammad al-Mahdi did not die but entered a hidden realm and will come back - Disagreements about how many and who the Imams were - Iran is centre of Shiites because of the population, but iraq is the spiritual home because of the connection to Hussein A group of devotional move- ments in Islam. - highest place a person can be is devoting ones self to gd - simple like - sense of loss of self (fana) during a mystical experience - god is everything - threatened venerated threatened orthdox islamic masters - worship god alone - use actions, spining, poetry etc. to remebder god, conenct with the spirit -