Renaissance

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Recovery of Trade

- The Italians, and the Venetians, despite new restrictive pressures on their eastern Mediterranean trade from the Ottoman Turks continued to maintain a wealthy commercial empire - Hanseatic League declined due to inability to keep up with developing territorial states

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Papal States

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.

History of the Florentine People

Between 1370-1444. By Leonardo Bruni. In reference to secularizing history, this expressed the need to analyze history through politics and other forces that affected the city-states and territorial units of the time.

Pietro Paolo Vergerio

Concerning Character; liberal arts allow people to reach full potential

Henry VII

Defeated last Yorkist king to establish new Tudor dynasty. First Tudor king, worked to reduced internal dissension and establish a strong monarchical government. Ended private wars of nobility. Also established the Court of Star Chamber to stop irresponsible activities of the nobles.

Individualism

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Ludovico Sforza

He was the ruler of Milan who invited the French into Italy in hopes of extending his power, unfortunately that led to the demise of the Italian Renaissance.

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

"New monarchies"

The governments of France, England, and Spain at the end of the 15c, whose rulers succeeded in re-establishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of all peoples living in their territories.

Jacob Burckhardt

a Swiss historian who wrote "The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy." Argued that the revival of ancient learning gave birth to new secular and scientific vales. Thought the Middle Ages was bad, Renaissance was super awesome

Panthiesm

the idea that nature is God

The Elegances of the Latin Language

work by Lorenzo Valla; effort to purify medieval Latin and restore Latin to its proper position over the vernacular; new literary standard

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Ivan III

(r1440-1505) "Ivan the Great" The first ruler of Russia. He breaks away from the mongols and establishes the Russian Empire. He was a devout Christian, Protecrate of the Christian Faith. Starts the Eastern Orthadox Church.

Giotto

1266-1337 First artist of Ren. Contemporary of Dante. Trained in Byzantine style but strayed from this. Still focus on religious subjects but more human and in realistic settings-often landscapes. Experimented with CHIAROSCURO (light & shade) to provide illusion of depth. Famous for frescoes & as the architect of Florence's campanile(bell tower) of the cathedral (IL DUOMO).

Johannes Gutenberg

1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time.

Sack of Rome

1527, Charles I sacked Rome, ended the Italian wars, ended the High Ren., began the Late Ren.

John Wyclif

A English preacher who declared that Jesus, not the pope, was the head of the Church. He was offended by the worldliness of the clergy, and taught the Bible (not the pope) was the finally authority on Christianity. he inspired a new English translation of the Bible. Inspired Jan Hus. -English Lollardy

Nepotism

Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)

Charles VIII

French king, invited by Sforza to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon in the first of many French Italian wars. In 1494, he controlled Florence, the Papal States, and Naples.

Urbino

In the 15th century, the city of Urbino attracted the greatest artists of Italy's High Renaissance, and the city itself became an embodiment of the Renaissance spirit.

King Matthias Corvinus

King of Hungary - Established a well-organized bureaucracy, patronized the new humanist culture, made his court one of the most brilliant outside of Italy, but after his death this was all practically undone.

Peace of Lodi

Made in 1454, this ended a war among Milan, Florence, and Venice. Cosimo de Medici made a lasting peace by having an alliance between Milan, Naples, and Florence on one side, and Venice and the Papal States on the other. Lasted for 40 years, and represents one of earliest appearances in European history of a diplomatic balance of power for maintaining peace.

Creation of Man

The most famous work out of the Sistine Chapel

Vittorino Da Feltre

Who was the Italian humanist who founded the first Renaissance school (at Mantua) that was based on the Greek education system

Sforza family

a family that acquired the dukedom and Duchy of Milan from the previously ruling Visconti family in the mid-15th century, and lost it to the Spanish Habsburgs about a century later.

Family in Renaissance Italy

father had complete control over family , most marriages arraned for political or economic reasons

Liberal Studies

includes history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters,poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music; purpose was to produce individuals who followed path of wisdom and could convince others to also

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Florentine poet and scholar who is often called the "Father of Humanism" because he was one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch was also the first to develop the concept of the Dark Ages., (1304-1374) Italian scholar, poet, and one of the first humanists.

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Guillaume Dufay

(1400-1474) Perhaps the most important composer of his era. First to use secular tune to replace Gregorian chants as a fixed melody that served as the basis for the Mass.

Sandro Botticelli

(1445-1510) A painter who embodied platonist ideas, used color, made many paintings on an allegorical level. on aesthetic path. more concerned with grace and elegance, works: birth of Venus

Albrecht Durer

(1471-1528), German painter and engraver he used his observations of nature and anatomy to create portraits and religious painting filled with small details

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. Neoplatonism.

Alexander VI

(1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince.

Julius II

(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. Sponsored Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.

Lorenzo Valla

1405-1457 Important Ren. scholar. Used methods of linguistic and historical analysis to prove that the Donation of Constantine, a document of 4th century giving pope right to rule over central Italy, was in fact an 8th century forgery. So what - new learning and attitudes undermining old, accepted sources of authority.

Machiavelli

1469-1527 Niccolo, most important writer on POLITICS in the Renaissance. In The Prince rejected the Christian idea that state subject to divine law. Adopted SECULAR and AMORAL view of POLITICS. State existed for its own sake. Ruler should be concerned with preservation of power. Ends justified means. Yet most successful states of time were not in Italy but the New Monarchies. Politics in Italy was about virtu not involving loyalty as in New Monarchies.

John Hus

15th century Bohemian clergyman, follower of John Wyclif, who was burned at the stake for his criticism of Church doctrine

Secularism

A basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirit

The Prince

A book that told how to be a ruler of the sixteenth century. It laid the ground work of what to do as a ruler and how to deal with certain situations. With this book by Niccoló Machiavelli, the science of politics was created. He tried to reestablish the Italian city-states under one stable control with his book.

Modern Diplomacy

A formation of city states that served as alliances among themselves. This created a balance of power to prevent one city state from having complete power

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

Condottiere

A mercenary soldier of a political ruler.

Republic of Florence

A moderatly large Italian city that was central to the Italian Renaissance because of its gifted individuals; Dante, Pretrach, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio, Boticelli and others. The city was ruled by the Medici familly, a family of great wealth. Still, the city continued to produce new ways of thinking and helped progress the Renaissance further.

High Renaissance

A period beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-known religious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Renaissance Madrigal

A poem set to music and origins come from the 14c Italian courts. By 16c it used 'text painting' which tried to portray literal meaning.

Laura Cereta

A radical feminist in her time (1469-1499) who had enough education to write about her ideas. She was Italian, and like Christine de Pisan, she furthered her education after her husband died and began publishing writing. Neither women nor men supported her, so she stopped writing after her father died. She did, however, help pave the way for other educated women.

Neoplatonism

A revival of Platonic thought that reached its high point in the 3rd century. They believed that one could use reason to perceive the link between the invisible and the spiritual world and the visible materiel world.

Leon Battista Alberti

A revived interest in the abilities and talents of the individual became a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. This man said "Men can do all things if they will.". He was a Florentine architect.

Spanish Inquisition

A terrifying period of interrogation regarding heresy, in which many people were tortured, convicted and killed. This was spurred by fear of witches, heretics, Jews, and Muslims and was a byproduct of the reconquista.

Milan

An Italian city-state during, before, and after the Renaissance period. It had a dictatorship and specialized in the production of armor. It allied with France in 1494 against Florence and Venice. , (n) a city of northern Italy that is an important commercial, financial, cultural, and industrial center since medieval times because of its strategic location

Venice

An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Civic Humanism

An ideology celebrated by many rich merchants in Italian city-states that preached public virtue and serving one's state for the greater good. Started in....

The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian

Antonio Pollaiuolo

Five Major States

By the fifteeth century, five major states dominated the Italian peninsula: Milan, Venice, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples.

Sejm

Central legislative body/diet in Poland, only included nobles

dowry

Custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/or her husband's family upon her marriage

Northern Artistic Renaissanc

Differed from the Italian artistic Renaissance in its portrayal of subjects and details. Northern Renaissance artists tended to me more exact in their details. Famous painters included Jan van Eyck and Albrecht Durer.

Adoration of the Magi

Famous work of Albrecht Durer who did not reject the use of minute details characteristic of northern artists.

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Marsilio Ficino

Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.

Giordano Bruno

Giordano Bruno-Italian philosopher who was burned at the stake for his ideas on the infinity of the univese

Leonardo Bruni

He is a famous Renaissance historian and may even be considered the first modern historian. He was first to divide history into three eras, which were antiquity, dark ages and modern and was also able to use dates to define full eras and even several individual events. One of his most famous works is New Cicero.

Maximilian I

Holy Roman Emperor elected in 1273. He began a long line of Hapsburg emperors. His marriage caused the Holy Roman Empire to gain the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy.

Slavery In the Renaissance

In Italy, slavery flourished as much as art and culture did. There was a thriving western slave market that had existed since the 12th century when Spaniards sold Muslim slaves to wealthy Italians. The slaves came from all across the world.

Cardinal Ximenes

Isabella's chief minister who restored discipline and eliminated immorality among the monks and secular clergy

Paolo Uccello

Italian painter and a mathematician who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art. Best known works are the three paintings representing the battle of San Romano.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Kingdom of Naples

Located in Italy, south of the Papal states, it was virtually all of southern Italy and sometimes Sicily, it was long disputed over by Aragonese and the French, it eventuall passed to Aragon in 1435

Federigo da Montefeltro

Ruled the independent city-state of Urbino. He built the largest-known library in Italy after the Vatican. He was known as "the light of Italy," and was the ideal Renaissance man. A Great patron of Renaissance culture and known as reliable, honest, and educated.

Isabella d'Este

She used her wealth, intelligence, and power to support artists and scholars in Mantua, Italy. Her palace was one of the most brilliant of the Renaissance. , "First Lady of the World", educated ruling lady - Wife of Fransesco Gonzaga, marquis of Mantua.

The Unification of Spain

The marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, a dynastic Union. Expelled the Jews and Muslims. Controlled Catholic Church

The Medici

While Florence was a Republic.....During the 15th century, beginning with Cosimo, this Florentine banking family emerged as the wealthiest in Europe and became great patrons of artists and intellectuals -- They dominated the government of Florence, and Cosimo's grandson Lorenzo supported men such as Michelangelo and Pico della Mirandola

Pico Della Mirandola

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

New Cicero

a biography of the classical Roman Cicero (a statesman and intellectual), making him a model of civic humanism and encouraging humanists to partake in state affairs

Hermeticism

an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; it included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.

Antonio Pollaiuolo

contour lines emphasizes drawing. study of anatomy in action, shows faces emotion exerting themselves. his work: Hercules and Antaeus, Battle of the Ten Nudes

Isotta Nogarola

educated humanist woman who mastered latin and wrote numerous letters and treatises that brought her praise from male Italian intellectuals

Cassandra Fedele

female humanist writer who gained fame through her many writings and latin poetry. she debated with other humanists on topics concerning philosophy and theology, spoke about the importance of educating women,

Visconti

pg 314-315. Soldier from a family named Visconti was invited by the commune to come in and keep the peace. Stayed on to rule as prince and established a dynasty that reigned in Milan. Recognized the volatility of Italian politics and focused on the military strength that had brought them to power in the first place. Established a principality that coveted the lands of the rest of northern Italy. This dynasty ended when the prince died without an heir.

Battista Sforza

wife of Federico da Montefeltro; one of the few women who lived a public life, she often ruled Milan in her husband's absence