renaissance and baroque art history Samford

Giotto's style

- Considered the first Renaissance painter. Giotto displaced the Byzantine style in Italian painting and revived classical naturalism BASED ON OBSERVATION -Giotto was a revolutionary artist in that he sought to reconcile the illusion of a weighty, 3-dimensional body with the illusion of the space that contained it

THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY

-(Philip the Bold and his successors) were the most powerful northern European rulers during the first three quarters of the 15th century -Burgundian dukes fully appreciated that artworks could support their dynastic and political goals

Characteristics of Northern Europe in the 15th Century

-A rising merchant class, whose success depended on individual effort and talent instead of inherited nobility, spawned a new economic system—the early stage of European capitalism -GUILDS controlled artistic production in Flanders in this period

Pietro Lorenzetti, Birth of the Virgin, Siena Cathedral, 1342

-Achieved a remarkable degree of SPATIAL ILLUSIONISM that had not been seen since the Ancient Roman era -Represented a marked step in the advance of WORLDLY REALISM

Robert Campin, Mérode Triptych, ca. 1425-1428

-Ancient Biblical scene taking place in a contemporary Flemish house - Religion was such an integral part of Flemish life that separating sacred from secular almost impossible and undesirable

Chartreuse de Champmol, Dijon, France

-BUILT BY : Philip the Bold, inspired by St. Denis -BUILT BECAUSE : to be a ducal mausoleum -Meant to secure salvation for Burgundian dukes and as a dynastic symbol of Burgundian power

Left wing of Mérode triptych

-Donor portraits- portraits of the people who commissioned a work -Became popular in the 15th century

Message of Ghent Altarpiece

-Even though humans, personified by Adam and Eve, are sinful, they will be saved because God, in his infinite love, will sacrifice his own son for their sake -celebrates the whole Christian cycle from the fall of man to the redemption, presenting the Church triumphant in heavenly Jerusalem

Hubert and Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (1432)

-Ghent's patron saint, John the Baptist and John the Evangelist (Vyd'spatron saint?) portrayed in GRISAILLE- use of solely gray tones to imitate stone.** -painting of human redemption through the sacrifice of Christ (the Lamb.)

Traits of Classical Antiquity

-Italian admiration for classical art surfaced early on in the court of Frederick II, King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor -NOSTALGIA for Rome's past grandeur fostered revival of classical sculpture in Sicily and southern Italy in 13th century

MAJOR ARTISTIC INNOVATIONS IN 15TH CENTURY NORTHERN EUROPE

-PRINTING PRESS/PRINTMAKING -OIL PAINT -art of illusion in manuscript illumination

Book of Hours

-contained liturgical passages and prayers to be read privately at set times during the day. -alternating scenes of nobility and peasantry- showing the Duke's relationship with his courtiers and peasants

Claus Sluter, Well of Moses, Chartreuse de Champmol

-didn't spout water --- monks took vow of silence- no noise allowed -Moses, David, Daniel, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Zachariah surround the base that used to hold a 25 ft crucifix and mourning Mary Magdalene

Renaissance Humanism

-emerged during 14th century- becomes central component of Italian art and culture in 15th and 16th century -Revival of "Classical values"- loyalty to state, city, civic duty

Chief Concerns of Renaissance Humanism

-human values and interests DISTINCT from religious or otherworldly values -this development was a SHIFT IN FOCUS to MAN and the achievements of MAN -Humanist cult of fame emphasized importance of creative individuals

Giotto's Last Judgment (In Arena Chapel)

-the last image you see before leaving the chapel -Frightening scene of the damned harkens back to Medieval images of the Last Judgment - naked Souls being eaten by monsters in Hell -You can see Judas across from Enrico Scrovegni

SYMBOLS IN Annunciation at center of Mérode triptych- set in Flemish Merchant's home in Flanders (Belgium)

A tiny figure of Christ carrying the cross of his martyrdom is foreshadowing his incarnation and passion, prayer book, Lillies

Stigmata

Christ's wounds in the hands and feet which appeared on St. Francis- detail which ties St. Francis to Christ

Cimabue painting method

Cimabue relied on Byzantine models as seen in the symmetry and structure of the composition and in the gold background, BUT the Italian master moved away from the maniera greca in depicting the Madonna'smassive throne as receding into space

MEDIEVAL PICTORIAL DEVICES USED IN Hugo van der Goes' Adoration of the Shepherds (Portinari Altarpiece)

Continuous narrative & hierarchical scale

Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife, 1434

Debate as to SUBJECT: 1) couple taking their marriage vows; 2) memorial portrait of wife who died in childbirth; 3) legal ceremony giving wife business privileges in husband's absence? *DOG- symbolizes FIDELITY

Who built the arena chapel and why?

Enrico Scrovegni, built the chapel in atonement for his sin of usury

What does the Arena Chapel as a whole say about the FUNCTION of ART?

Enrico uses art as a way to Salvation and to remind the viewer of judgment

How does the Betrayal of Jesus differ from Byzantine art?

Figures seen from the back. a departure from the Italo-Byzantine style

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Peaceful Country, 1339

First landscape painting since antiquity!!

Limbourg brothers, January, 1416

Focuses on nobility

Limbourg brothers, October

Focuses on peasantry

maniera greca

Greek Manner

KEY FEATURE OF RENAISSANCE ART

HUMANIZATION OF RELIGIOUS SUBJECTS- KEY FEATURE OF RENAISSANCE ART

International Gothic Stye

Hallmarks of the style included radiant colors, flowing lines, and weightless figures in golden, spaceless settings

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, INTERIOR OF THE ARENA CHAPEL (1305-1306)

In 38 framed scenes, Giotto presented one of the most complete Christian pictorial cycles ever rendered

When did the Byzantine style dominate Italian painting?

In late medieval Italy after the fall of Constantinople in 1204, which precipitated a migration of Byzantine artists to Italy.

What contributed to an expanded market for SECULAR ART and PORTRAITURE?

Increase in wealth of the merchant class

What influenced Northern painters' interest in illusionism?

Increased contact with Italy, where Renaissance artists had revived the pictorial principles of classical antiquity

Right wing of Mérode triptych

Joseph in his workshop -•He has built 2 mousetraps- symbolic of the theological concept that Christ is bait set in the trap of the world to catch the Devil

FLANDERS

NORTHERN PORTION OF BELGIUM -WAS UNDER CONTROL OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY

Duccio, scene from the Maestà altarpiece, Siena Cathedral 1311, Betrayal of Jesus

NOTE - Figures REACTà posture, gesture, facial expression

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, LAMENTATION, ARENA CHAPEL

NOTE the boldly FORESHORTENED angels which attempts to show the viewer that the space recedes

WHAT ON GHENT ALTARPIECE ALLOWED FOR SUCH MINISCULE DETAIL?- soft textures of hair, furs, silks, glitter of gold and jewels all very lifelike

OIL PAINT (This kind of meticulous attention to recording details became a hallmark of Flemish panel painting in the 15th century)

Buonamico Buffalmacco, riders discover three corpses, detail of Triumph of Death (1330s)

PURPOSE: shows horrors of death and forces viewers to confront their mortality

Center panel of Ghent Altarpiece

THE BOOK OF REVELATION -The Lamb symbolizes the sacrificed son of God, whose heart bleeds into a chalice, while into the fountain spills the "pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb" (Rev. 22:1

Arena Chapel Wall Cycle

TOP TIER : God the Father dispatches the Angel Gabriel to intervene in human history. This is the catalyst that BEGINS the REDEMPTION of the human race from their sins. SECOND TIER: The Annunciation- Gabriel fulfilling his duty to tell the Virgin Mary that she will bear Christ. THIRD TIER-ODDSubject of Judas's betrayal of Christ- painted on the altar wall as a CONFESSION?- Enrico Scrovegni was perhaps showing he knew he had sinned and should be reminded of it

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, MADONNA ENTHRONED, 1310

The Ognissanti Madonna marks the end of medieval painting in Italy and the beginning of a new naturalistic approach to art

Hugo van der Goes, Adoration of the Shepherds (Portinari Altarpiece)

The Portinari Altarpiece is a rare example of a large-scale Flemish work commissioned for a family chapel in Florence, Italy

Meaning of Berlinghieri's Saint Francis Altarpiece

The altarpiece highlights the increasingly prominent role of monastic religious orders in late medieval Italy

GRISAILLE

a painting done in neutral shades of gray to simulate the look of sculpture

Simone Martini's Style

instrumental in the creation of the INTERNATIONAL GOTHIC STYLE, radiant colors, flowing lines, and weightless figures in golden, spaceless settings

What does the prominence of genre subjects in the book of hours say about the 15th century?

it reflects the increasing integration of religious and secular art in the 15th century

Classical Elements of Pisano's Baptistry Pulpit

large, bushy capitals are a Gothic variation of the Corinthian capital

hallmark of Flemish panel painting in the 15th century

meticulous attention to recording details

Jan van Eyck, Man in a Red Turban, 1433

the first known Western painted portrait in a thousand years in which the sitter looks directly at the viewer

Classical Antiquity

the period of cultural history between the 8th c. BC and 5th c. CE centered on the civilizations of ANCIENT GREECE and ANCIENT ROME--- AKA the GRECO-ROMAN World

Medieval Traits of Pisano's Baptistry Pulpit

the trefoil arches and the lions supporting columns

Byzantine Style

•FLAT, FRONTAL, ELONGATED FIGURES , •WEIGHTLESS and speechless, their positions in space uncertain. •Figures almost appear to be hovering, NO CAST SHADOWS, DISTINCT FROM CLASSICAL TRADITION! •Garments fall straight, stiff, and thin •The organic body has dematerialized •HEAVENLY GOLD SKY

Giotto's Registers of Arena Chapel (Idk if we actually need to know this)

•TOP REGISTER: stories from the lives of the Virgin and her parents, (Joachim and Anna) • MIDDLE REGISTER: stories from the life and mission of Christ •BOTTOM REGISTER: Christ's passion, crucifixion, and resurrection.

Rogier Van Der Weyden, Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin 1440

•This painting was probably commissioned by the CITY'S ARTIST GUILD