Reproductive system
After birth, when the ductus arteriosus constricts, what circulatory change takes place in the baby?
Blood in the right ventricle can now reach the functional lungs
Indicate the three male accessory glands.
bulbourethral gland prostate seminal vesicle
The female reproductive cycle is characterized by regular, recurring changes in the ______, which culminate in menstrual bleeding (menses).
endometrium
Which layer of the uterus undergoes regular, recurring changes during the menstrual cycle?
endometrium
All of the following are accessory glands of the male reproductive system except the ______.
epididymis
Which contraceptive method prevents pregnancy by interfering with ovulation?
morning-after-pill
Indicate which of the following structures are male external reproductive organs. penis scrotum seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands
penis scrotum
At puberty, FSH levels increase and the ovaries enlarge. Throughout a woman's reproductive years, primordial follicles mature into ______ follicles.
primary
Throughout a woman's reproductive years, primordial follicles first mature into ______.
primary follicles
What is ovulation?
process of releasing cells from the follicles
The external accessory organs of the male reproductive system are the ______.
scrotum and penis
All of the following are components of the vulva except the ______. labia majora labia minora clitoris vagina
vagina
A woman in mid life is in the period of ______ after menstruation has ceased for a year.
menopause
Sperm are produced by the ______ sex organs and transported to the outside of the body by the actions of ______ sex organs.
primary; accessory
Which of the following is not a function of the female reproductive system?
produce FSH and LH
Which birth control method requires abstinence from sexual intercourse two days before and one day after ovulation? mechanical barrier coitus interruptus injectable contraception rhythm method
rhythm method
The process of meiosis produces ______ genetically ______ cells.
four; different
What type of contraceptive is medroxyprogesterone acetate?
injectable contraceptive
Approximately how long must a woman stop breastfeeding for her milk production to cease?
1 week
Combined hormone contraceptives deliver ___ and ___ to prevent pregnancy
1. estrogen 2. progestin
Most androgens are produced by the ____ cells of the testes, but the adrenal _____ also synthesizes small amounts.
1. interstitial 2. cortex
In the female, the internal accessory reproductive organs are a pair of uterine tubes, ___, and a(n) ___.
1. uterus 2. vagina
autosomes
22 pairs of chromosomes in humans that are identical for both sexes.
How long can sperm survive once they enter the female reproductive system?
3 to 5 days
Maternal respiratory volume per minute increases during late pregnancy by _____ to compensate for increased oxygen demands by the fetus.
50%
Approximately how many mg of testosterone are produced per day?
6 to 7
Homologous chromosomes
A pair of matching autosomes with similar genes.
Why is the term sexually transmitted infection replacing the term sexually transmitted disease?
Because a person may transmit the pathogen to others but not develop the symptoms of the disease.
Why is it critical to have periods of relaxation between each uterine contraction during childbirth?
Contractions reduce oxygenated blood flow to the fetus
If a dominant allele and a recessive allele are present in a gene, the gene's phenotype will be _____, and the genotype will be _____.
Dominant ... heterozygous
What occurs during the process of IVF, in-vitro fertilization?
Eggs are fertilized outside the body then and transplanted as embryos into the uterus
Name the hormone that stimulates maturation of follicles within the ovaries.
FSH
Nondisjunction during meiosis I
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase I.
Nondisjunction during meiosis II
Failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase II.
How does an intrauterine device (IUD) prevent pregnancy?
It inhibits endometrial growth so implantation does not occur.
Indicate which of the following statements are true about the injectable contraception method medroxyprogesterone acetate.
It makes the uterine lining less hospitable for a developing embryo. It may take 10-18 months after the last injection for the effects to wear off. It prevents maturation and release of a secondary oocyte (ovulation).
The process of _____ allows a gestating embryo to develop its full complement of organs and tissues from its 3 original germ layers.
Organogenesis
Although mammary glands in males and females are similar, the development of mammary glands is different in males and females. Why?
Ovarian hormones stimulate development of mammary glands in females.
Sister chromatids
Replicated chromosomes composed of two identical attached copies.
What is meant by milk "let-down"?
Secretion of breastmilk through pores in the nipple
This is a picture of an intrauterine device (IUD). Which of the following statements are true about this device?
Some IUDs create a hostile environment for sperm and inhibit endometrial growth to prevent implantation.
Lactation describes the process of:
Specialized glands supplying an infant with milk
Haploid
State of a cell with one copy of each chromosome. Human gametes have one copy of 23 chromosomes.
Diploid
State of a cell with two copies of homologous chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What is meant by a "morula"?
The 16-cell conceptus that reaches the uterus after fertilization
Which three statements are true about erection of the penis? The penis swells and elongates. It is mediated by sympathetic nerve impulses. The reflex is mediated by the pons of the brainstem. Nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue. The increasing pressure of arterial blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins.
The penis swells and elongates. Nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue. The increasing pressure of arterial blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins.
What is the definition of contraception? Multiple choice question.
The prevention of pregnancy.
The uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia are examples of a female's ______ sex organs.
accessory
Select the correct sequence of components of mammary glands through which milk is secreted. alveolar duct → alveolar gland → lactiferous duct → nipple alveolar gland → alveolar duct → lactiferous duct → nipple alveolar gland → lactiferous duct → alveolar duct →nipple lactiferous duct → alveolar duct → alveolar gland →nipple
alveolar gland → alveolar duct → lactiferous duct → nipple
The gonadotropins FSH and LH are released under the influence of GnRH. FSH and LH are released from the ______.
anterior pituitary gland
The birth control method that consists of the removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation is called ______.
coitus interruptus
An example of a mechanical barrier contraceptive is a sheath called a(n) ___ that prevents sperm from entering the vagina and/or reaching the cervix.
condom
What is an example of a chemical barrier contraceptive?
cream, foam, or jelly
The female reproductive system produces and maintains the female sex cells, called
eggs or oocytes
The female reproductive system produces and maintains the female sex cells, called ___.
eggs/ oocytes
True or false: During prophase I, homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called fertilization.
false
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces the anterior pituitary to secrete the two gonadotropins: ______ and ______.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH)
Homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing-over. What does this process produce?
genetically unique (different) sister chromatids
At puberty, the ______ begins secreting increasing amounts of GnRH, which stimulate the ______ to release FSH and LH, which act on the ______ to promote female sex cell maturation and sex hormone release.
hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland; ovaries
Which of the following function to inhibit FSH release?
inhibins
List three components of the vulva.
labia minora labia majora clitoris
The ductus venosus shunts oxygenated blood from the placenta away from the fetal _____.
liver
The mammary glands are composed of 15-20 ______, which each drain into ______ that open to the outside at the nipple. Multiple choice question.
lobes; lactiferous ducts
Which two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in males?
luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The accessory organs of the female reproductive system specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy are called _____ glands.
mammary
Male and female condoms are types of ______ contraception.
mechanical barrier
The process of ______ results in the formation of haploid cells with one set of genetic instructions carried on 23 chromosomes, while the process of ______ results in the formation of diploid cells with two sets of 23 chromosomes.
meiosis; mitosis
The process of the maturation of an oocyte is called ______.
oogenesis
What does the root word -genesis mean?
origin
In the female reproductive system, the pair of solid, ovoid structures that are located in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity are the ______.
ovaries
The solid, ovoid organs of the female reproductive system, located in shallow depressions in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity, are called the
ovaries
A morning-after-pill prevents pregnancy by interfering with ______.
ovulation
Which of the following is not a function of the female reproductive system? produce and maintain the female sex cells provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring produce estrogen and progesterone produce
produce FSH and LH
Which of the following hormones increases during pregnancy to prepare for breastmilk formation?
prolactin
A couple abstains from intercourse for several days a month, around the time of ovulation. What is the name of the contraception method?
rhythm method
In the Apgar assessment, what is examined to determine appearance?
skin color
Sex cells produced by the male gonads are called ______.
sperm
The male reproductive structures function to produce _____ cells and introduce them into the vagina.
sperm
Name the undifferentiated spermatogenic cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules.
spermatogonia
Undifferentiated diploid spermatogenic cells are called
spermatogonia
Male reproductive functions are controlled by secretions from which three of the following?
testes hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland
Which two endocrine organs produce androgens? Multiple choice question. testes and hypothalamus adrenal cortex and anterior pituitary gland anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus testes and adrenal cortex
testes and adrenal cortex
List three female accessory sex organs.
the uterus the uterine tubes the vagina
How does the embryo achieve waste elimination?
through the placenta
The pathway through which the secondary oocyte to travels from the ovary to the uterus is called the ___ tube.
uterine
Codominance is a condition where:
Both alleles in a gene are expressed at the same time
Interkinesis
Brief pause between meiosis I and meiosis II in which no DNA replication occurs.
What are Braxton Hicks contractions?
False labor, or weak and irregular contractions late in pregnancy
Which event occurs on about day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulation
If used correctly, combined hormone contraceptives prevent pregnancy nearly 100% of the time. How do they work?
They deliver estrogen and progestin to prevent pregnancy.
Which two statements describe chemical barrier contraceptives? Multiple select question. They include creams, foams, and jellies. The include hormones in pill form. They have a high failure rate when used combined with a condom. They create an unfavorable environment in the vagina for sperm cells.
They include creams, foams, and jellies. They create an unfavorable environment in the vagina for sperm cells.
What is the function of the foramen ovale?
To shunt fetal blood between the atria and away from the pulmonary trunk
Where are androgens produced?
adrenal cortex testes
Which three organs secrete hormones that control the maturation of oocytes and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics?
anterior pituitary gland hypothalamus ovary
During sexual stimulation, parasympathetic impulses release nitric oxide (NO) that dilates arteries of the penis causing accumulation of blood; the penis swells and elongates, producing an
erection
Sperm are the sex cells of which gender?
males
The rupture of the mature follicle and the release of a secondary oocyte and first polar body occur during the process of
ovulation
From the spinal cord, ______ impulses cause ______ of the arteries and subsequent ______ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue and produces an erection.
parasympathetic; dilation; constriction
The female external accessory organs are collectively referred to as the ___, and include the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands.
vulva
A fertilized egg is first referred to as a(n):
zygote