Research Ch 13
Cohen's kappa varies between:
0 and 1.
Cronbach's alpha varies between:
0 and 1.
A researcher records a sample mean equal to 1.2. If 99.7% of all scores fall between scores 0.6 and 1.8, then using the empirical rule, what is the standard deviation for these data?
0.2
Using the Chebyshev theorem, we can determine that at least 99% of all scores will fall within __ SD of the mean for a distribution with any shape.
10
How many participants were counted in the following frequency table of different body types?
180
Which of the following data sets is associated with a mean value that is larger than both the median and mode?
2, 4, 8, 7, 6, 2, and 0
A researcher computes a sample standard deviation equal to 16. What then must be the value of the sample variance?
256
A researcher computes a sample variance equal to 16. What then must be the value of the sample standard deviation?
4
The empirical rule states that at least ____% of data fall within 1 SD of the mean, whereas at least ____% of data fall within 3 SD of the mean.
68; 99.7
A researcher records a large sample of data with a mean equal to 12 and a standard deviation equal to 4. If the data are normally distributed, then using the empirical rule which of the following gives the closest estimate for the percent of data that falls between scores of 8 and 16?
At least 68%
A researcher records a large sample of data with a mean equal to 36 and a standard deviation equal to 1.5. If the data are normally distributed, then using the empirical rule which of the following gives the closest estimate for the percent of data that falls between scores 33 and 39.
At least 95%
Which terms refer to each of the following measures, respectively: mean, median, and mode.
Average, middle, and most
Which type of graph is used to summarize group means?
Bar and line graphs
Which measure is used when trying to identify the reliability of a measure?
Both Cohen's kappa or Cronbach's alpha
A researcher reports that most people should get about 8 h of sleep per night. What type of measure was given in this report?
Central tendency
A researcher reports that the median annual income of a wage earner in the United States is about $44,000. What type of measure was given in this report?
Central tendency
A researcher wants to measure the percent agreement between two raters, while taking into account chance or error. Which measure of reliability should the researcher compute?
Cohen's kappa
A measure of interrater reliability that estimates the level of agreement between two raters, while taking into account the probability that the two raters agree by chance or error, is called:
Cohen's kappa.
A scatter plot is specifically used to describe what type of data?
Correlated data
A researcher wants to analyze the reliability of a survey that consists of multiple items used to measure the same construct to determine if all items measure the same construct. Which measure of reliability should the researcher compute?
Cronbach's alpha
Which measure of reliability is used to estimate the average correlation for every possible way that a measure can be split in half?
Cronbach's alpha
A measure of internal consistency that estimates the average correlation for every possible way that a measure can be split in half, is called:
Cronbach's alpha.
The following bar graph depicts affect ratings for each of four types of artwork. In this example, which type of artwork is associated with the lowest affect rating?
Cubism
A researcher records the number of votes for each of the five candidates running for class president. Based on her presentation of the following results, what type of statistics did she use?
Descriptive statistics
What type of graphical display is shown in the following graph for the number of participants completing a cognitive task within certain time intervals?
Histogram
Cronbach's alpha is used to measure which type of reliability?
Internal consistency
Cohen's kappa is used to measure which type of reliability?
Interrater reliability
The sample mean is appropriately used to describe data on which scale of measurement?
Interval and ratio
How is the sample standard deviation is computed?
It is the square root of the sample variance
A researcher records the time (in seconds) that participants arrive late for a scheduled research study. Assuming these data are normally distributed, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe these data?
Mean
If a set of data are normally distributed with at least 68% of scores falling between scores 16.5 and 19.5. If these values mark the first standard deviation from the mean, then what are the values of the mean and standard deviation in this normal distribution?
Mean = 18.0, standard deviation = 1.5
A researcher asks adult participants to rank their top five favorite songs from their childhood. Based on the scale of measurement described, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe these data?
Median
A researcher records the hospital admission rates for coronary heart disease at 10 local hospitals. She finds that two different hospitals had the highest overall rates of hospital admissions. Which measure of central tendency did this researcher use to describe this data?
Mode
A researcher records the following data for the number of complaints filed (per day) following a controversial policy change at a local business: 3, 8, 5, 0, 4, 6, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, and 0. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
No, the mean is larger than the median
A researcher records the following data for the number of times an interviewer is interrupted during a series of interviews: 0, 0, 3, 2, 5, 3, 0, 8, 0, 2, 1, and 1. Is the mode equal to the median in this example?
No, the median is larger than the mode
A researcher records the following data for the time (in seconds) it takes five rats to cross an electrical grid to obtain reinforcement on the other side: 12, 9, 13, 4, and 12. Is the mean equal to the mode in this example?
No, the mode is larger than the mean
The sample mean is primarily used to describe data with which type of distribution?
Normal
The following line graph depicts the time (in seconds) to complete a cognitive memory task across four trials. In this example, which of the following statements is true?
Participants took longer to complete the memory task across trials.
Scatter Plot A depicts a ____ correlation; Scatter Plot B depicts a ____ correlation.
Positive; negative
Which of the following is a common way in which researchers analyze a dataset?
Researchers can describe data and make decisions about how to interpret data
A researcher computes variance for two samples of equal size. The sum of squares is larger in Sample 1 compared to that in Sample 2. In which sample will the variance be larger?
Sample 1
What value is computed in the numerator of the sample variance formula?
Sum of squares
Which of the following words best relates to descriptive statistics?
Summarize
What is the rule for normally distributed data that states that at least 99.7% of data fall within 3 SD of the mean; at least 95% of data fall within 2 SD of the mean; and at least 68% of data fall within 1 SD of the mean?
The empirical rule
A researcher records the following scores on a behavioral assessment: 12, 20, 9, 12, 32, 18, 23, 10, and 17. Which of the following statements is true?
The mean is larger than the median
A professor records the following grades on a quiz: 5, 6, 7, 7, and 10. Which of the following statements is true?
The mean, median, and mode are all the same value.
Which of the following statements describes the formula for computing sample variance?
The sum of squares divided by the degrees of freedom for sample variance.
Which of the following is a measure of variability?
Variance and standard deviation
A researcher records the following data for the number of dreams recalled during a night of sleep for 10 college students: 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 1, 0, 2, and 0. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
Yes
A graphical display used to summarize the frequency of discrete and categorical data using bars to represent each frequency, is called:
bar chart.
The following graphical display is a ________, which is used to summarize ________ data.
bar chart; categorical
Descriptive statistics are procedures used to do all of the following except:
calculate significance.
Statistical measures for locating a single score that tends to be near the center of a distribution and is most representative or descriptive of all scores in a distribution, is called:
central tendency.
A clear presentation of the data is necessary because of all of the following except
clearly indicates significance for all data.
In a histogram, ________ are distributed along the horizontal axis and the ________ are listed along the vertical axis.
continuous data; frequency of data
Histograms are used to summarize ________ data; bar charts and pie charts are used to summarize ________ data.
continuous; discrete
The median is an appropriate measure of central tendency for all of the following except:
data that are on a nominal scale
The mode is an appropriate measure of central tendency for all of the following except:
data that are on an ordinal scale.
The mean is an appropriate measure of central tendency for all of the following except:
data that are skewed.
Procedures used to summarize, organize, and make sense of a set of scores or observations, are called ________ statistics.
descriptive
The use of tables and graphs to summarize data is an example of:
descriptive statistics.
The mean is used for data that can be described in terms of the ________ that scores deviate from the mean.
distance
What do we do before we summarize data in a figure or table, we need to first ____ the data to identify possible omissions, errors, or other anomalies in a dataset.
explore
The larger the sample variance, the ________ that scores deviate from the mean on average.
farther
A value that describes the number of times or how often a category, score, or range of scores occurs, is called:
frequency.
A graphical display used to summarize the frequency of continuous data that are distributed in numeric intervals using bars connected at the upper limits of each interval, is called:
histogram.
The following graphical display is a ________, which is used to summarize ________ data.
histogram; continuous
Larger percentages in a pie chart take up a ____ portion of the pie.
larger
The larger a sector in a pie chart, the ________ the percent of scores in a given category.
larger
The distribution of personal income for U.S. citizens is positively skewed. If the median annual income is $44,000, this implies that the mean annual income is:
larger.
In a frequency distribution table, list each score or range of scores in one column and:
list corresponding frequencies for each score or range of scores in a second column.
The middle value in a distribution of data listed in numeric order, is called:
median
The ____________ is the range of values between the third and the first quartiles of a dataset.
mode
The value in a data set that occurs most often or most frequently, is called:
mode.
In a scatter plot, the pattern of a ____ correlation appears as a descending line.
negative
By convention, we use a bar graph when the groups on the x-axis (horizontal axis) are represented on a ________ scale; we use a line graph when the groups on the x-axis are represented on an ________ scale.
nominal or ordinal; interval or ratio
A theoretical distribution with data that are symmetrically distributed around the mean, the median, and the mode, is called:
normal distribution.
A graphical display in the shape of a circle that is used to summarize the relative percent of discrete and categorical data into sectors, is called:
pie chart.
The following graphical display is a ________, which is used to summarize ________ data.
pie chart; categorical
In a scatter plot, the pattern of a ____ correlation appears as an ascending line.
positive
The difference between the largest value and the smallest value in a dataset, is called:
range.
All of the following are ways in which data can be summarized using descriptive statistics except:
rationally.
The sum of all scores divided by the number of scores summed in a sample is equal to the:
sample mean.
A measure of variability for the average distance that scores in a sample deviate from the sample mean, is called:
sample standard deviation.
A graphical display of discrete data points used to summarize the relationship between two correlated variables, is called:
scatter plot.
All of the following are measures of central tendency except:
significance.
A frequency distribution table can summarize the frequency of all of the following except:
significant data.
A distribution of scores that includes outliers or scores that fall substantially above or below most other scores in a dataset, is called:
skewed distribution.
The sum of the squared deviations of scores from the mean and the numerator of the sample variance formula, is called:
sum of squares
The formula for the degrees of freedom for sample variance is:
sum of squares minus one
A staff member records the number of victories (per 10-game season) for a new football coach during his first three seasons with a team. The coach won 1, 3, and 8 games, respectively over the three seasons. The following conclusions are appropriate except:
the football coach was successful during his first three seasons.
Each bar in a bar chart represents:
the frequency of a score or category.
Each bar in a histogram represents:
the frequency of a score or group of scores.
All of the following are advantages of exploring or reviewing data before reporting it except:
to fabricate data in cases where data appears to be unaccounted for or missing.
The name empirical rule comes from the word empiricism, meaning:
to observe.
The sample mean is all of the following except:
used to summarize nominal data.
Statistical measures for the dispersion or spread of scores in a distribution or dataset, is called:
variability.
A measure of variability for the average squared distance that scores in a sample deviate from the sample mean, is called:
variance.
The separation between bars in a bar chart reflects the separation or "break" between the ________ being summarized.
whole numbers, discrete data, and categories
On which axis do we list the names of groups in a bar or line graph?
x-axis
On which axis do we list the values of the dependent variable in a bar or line graph?
y-axis
A researcher records the following data for the number of different food items chosen by seven participants in a buffet-style setting: 1, 6, 2, 5, 4, 3, and 7. Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
yes