Research Design and Statistical Analysis CHAPTER FOUR - FINAL EXAM

Stratified random sampling

A type of probability sampling that results in the sample representing key subpopulations based on specific characteristics is _

Confederate

Hank is helping his friend Marie conduct a study on helping behavior by pretending to drop a pile of papers and seeing if people offer to help him pick them up. Hank's role in this study is as a _

Confidence interval

A _ is an estimation of the margin of error for your scores

Blind

A _ observer in a study doesn't know what the study's hypotheses are

To determine a cause-and-effect relationship between variables

A descriptive study would NOT be appropriate to use to meet which of the following goals?

Pilot

A preliminary study with a small sample to test measures and/or procedures is known as a(n) _ study

Quota sample

A sample that is made up of those volunteers or others who are readily available and willing to participate is known as what type of sample?

Maximum variation sampling

A sampling technique in which the researcher seeks out the full range of extremes in the population is also known as _

Nonresponse bias

Dr. Gomez wasn't able to collect data from 100% of his selected sample. Unfortunately, the people he was able to collect data from differed from those people who didn't provided data. In other words, he was dealing with_

Structured interview

Gus is asking a standard set of questions to each of his participants one-on-one. He doesn't vay the order or manner in which they are asked. He is using which descriptive method?

Secondary data

Holly decides to do archival research using data from several governmental agencies. In other words, she is using _

Survey research

Is Skyler asks people about their attitudes toward the current mayor, she is conducting _

Checklist

Jesse is conducting an observational study of fast food purchases and before starting the observation period, he creates a list of possible purchases (e.g., "soda," "hamburger," "fries") so when collecting data, he can quickly mark what each person purchases. He has chosen to use a _ to collect his data

95%

Researchers often choose a _ confidence level.

5%

Researchers typically aim for a _ confidence interval

Naturalistic observations

Saul examines flirting behavior at a fraternity party where the partygoers are unaware that they are being watched. Rather than be present at the party making observations, Saul uses footage from security cameras located around the fraternity's public spaces. Saul is conducting _

Social desirability bias

Self-reports may be inaccurate due to the _

Obtain information about behaviors that cannot be observed

Survey research can allow research can allow researchers to _

Population

The group of people, animals, or archives you are interested in examining is your _

Duration

Walt is conducting an observational study on cell phone use in public places so he records how long participants spend on their cell phones. In other words, he's measuring _

Both require the researcher to identify all members of the population

What do simple and stratified random sampling have in common?

How large the population is, the confidence interval, and the confidence level

What information do you need to estimate the minimum sample size required for a descriptive study using probability sampling

Define the population

What is the first step in simple random sampling?

Probability sampling

When all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in a study, you are using _

It requires more training to administer than a structured interview

Which is true of the semi-structured interview?

Keeping responses anonymous

Which of the following can minimize social desirability bias?

Quota sampling

Which of the following is a type of nonprobability sampling?

Some archives span a large time frame so they allow for analysis of historical trends

Which of the following is an advantage of archival research?

Participants tend to take them more seriously than questionnaires

Which of the following is an advantage of conducting interview research?

Observational research examines what people actually do, not what they say they do

Which of the following is an advantage of observational research compared to survey research?

Maintaining anonymity is easier with questionnaires

Which of the following is an advantage of using questionnaires rather than interviews?

Neighborhood

Which of the following is an example of a cluster?

A very heterogeneous population requires a larger sample

Which of the following is true about finding a sample that represents your population?

The larger the sample, the closer it will be to representing the full population

Which of the following is true about the size of a probability sample?

External validity needs to be considered more than internal validity when conducting observational research

Which of the following is true about validity and observational research?

It's less time-consuming than probability sampling

Which of the following is true of nonprobability sampling?

It relies on random selection

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?

Covert observation requires consideration of the ethics involved with observing someone without their awareness while overt observation does not

Which of the following is true?

Interviews

_ are one-on-one conversations directed by a researcher

Descriptive

_ research is designed to answer the "who, what, where, when, and how" questions.