Research exam 1

What type of randomization randomly assigns groups of people to an intervention group and other groups of people to a control group?

block randomization

A_______________________ describes a group of individuals with the same disease or who have undergone the same procedure.

case series study

Which of the following can be classified as an exposure? a. marital status b. dietary practices c. exercise habits d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Writing the literature review section should follow the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍapproach.

funnel

The process which begins with a question or observation and the data comes first and the explanation later refers to

inductive study approach

Which of the following is true about case-control studies?

A case-control study is an observational study in which subjects are sampled based upon presence or absence of disease and then their prior exposure status is determined.

(1)--------------- tend to be generally expressed; a (2) -----------is a specific prediction

(1) Research questions, (2) hypothesis

In a matched case-control study the following information was obtained. "200 pairs where the case is exposed and the control is not. 50 pairs where the control is exposed and the case is not. 130 pairs where cases and controls are exposed. 85 pairs where cases and controls are unexposed." What is odds ratio for this study?

4

In an outbreak of tuberculosis among prison inmates in South Carolina in 1999, 28 of 158 inmates residing on the East wing of the dormitory developed tuberculosis, compared with 4 of 136 inmates residing on the West wing. These data are summarized in the following table. In this example, the risk ratio was________________ Developed tuberculosis? Yes No East wing: 28 130 West wing: 4 132

6.1

To be original a study must be:

Addressing a gap in the existing research literature

At what point should the researcher identify three or more specific objectives that stem from the main study goal?

After finalizing the overarching study goal

The flexibility and limited structure of qualitative research designs is an advantage because: A. The researcher does not impose any predetermined formats on how members of a particular group of participants see their world. B. It allows for unexpected results to emerge from the data. C. The researcher can adapt their theories and methods as the project unfolds. D. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

__________________briefly summarize an article or report and how it relates to the proposed new project.

Annotated bibliographies

what is a limitation of systematic review (tertiary studies)?

B&C: lack of access to resources to acquire all needed articles; the research cannot be defined into the impact of a single variable

According to the APA reference citation format, pick out the correct version of showing this article in a bibliography:

Baranowski, T., Davis, M., Resnicow, K., Baranowski, J., Doyle, C., Lin, L. S., et al. (2000). Gimme 5 fruit, juice and vegetables for fun and health: Outcome evaluation. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 96-111. doi: 10.1177/109019810002700109

In a cohort study, the risk ratio of developing diabetes was 0.86 when comparing consumers of tea (the exposed) to those who did not drink tea (the unexposed). If the 95 % confidence interval is (0.70, 1.06), which one statement is correct?

Based on the information given we cannot tell if the observed difference in disease risk is the result of chance.

_________________occurs when participants in an experimental study and perhaps some research team members do not know whether a participant is in the active intervention group or the control group.

Blinding

Some case series follow patients for days, months, or even years. In this type of study approach, the case series functionally becomes what type of study?

Cohort study

How might qualitative research facilitate quantitative research?

By assisting with the interpretation of the results.

An insurance company wants to study whether offering incentives for preventative care reduces overall health care costs. They select a random sample of 200 of their customers. Half of the smokers are randomly assigned to be offered the incentive, and the other half are assigned to the control group. The same method is used to randomly assign half of the nonsmokers to the treatment group and half to the control group. The type of experiment design in this example is_________________

Completely randomized design

Which of the following is sketched out using boxes and arrows that illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during the study?

Conceptual framework

Based on our class discussion, which of the following is defined as the step in which we logically arrange and interpret the evidences found in the previous literature to form the argument that justifies the thesis statement?

Critique the literature

A researcher assesses a random sample of residents by telephone questionnaire. Obesity is strongly associated with diagnosed diabetes. This study design is best described as which one of the following:

Cross-sectional

What type of studies seek to recruit a study population that is representative of a well defined larger population?

Cross-sectional studies

Which of the following is true about blinding in experimental studies? A. Blinding is usually possible only when all participants are assigned to similar exposures. B. Blinding prevents observer bias C. Blinding minimizes the information bias that can occur if participants or assessors are able to evaluate outcomes differently based on the results they expect for an exposure. D. All of the above are correct.

D. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is true about a case-series study? A. The objective is to describe a group of individuals with a disease B. Odds ratio is the type of analysis used C. One of the steps is to assign a case definition D. Both A & C are correct

D. both A&C

Which of the following is the first step when designing an experimental study?

Decide on the intervention and eligibility criteria

Which of the following would be the first step in conducting a cross-sectional survey?

Define a source population

Which qualitative method will allow the researcher to move panelists toward agreement about priorities, best practices, and plans of action?

Delphi method

Which of the following statements about exposures is true?

Exposure refers to contact with some factor that may be harmful or beneficial to health.

Longitudinal studies use what type of population in which all participants start the study at the same time and no one is permitted to join later?

Fixed population

An advantage of an interview over a questionnaire may be

It allows trust and rapport between the researcher and participants to be developed.

Which of the following is true about randomization in experimental studies in sport and health sciences?

It can minimize allocation bias

What commonly used type of cross-sectional study asks participants about their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, practices, and behaviors?

KAP survey

Which of the following is a key characteristic to watch out for when performing a case series study?

Lack of generalizability

Which of the following, related to the candidate question, will assist the researcher in determining what is already known about the topic and what new information a study could contribute?

Literature review

Participants of what kind of study are recruited based on membership in a well-defined source population?

Longitudinal cohort study

Which database is sponsored by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and features only journals that have applied for inclusion and passed through a review process?

MEDLINE

What type of experimental study would aim to demonstrate the intervention is not worse than the control?

Noninferiority trial

If the goal of the study is to understand populations, to describe patterns, or to ask research questions that are not focused on causality, what is likely the only suitable study design?

Observational design

Which of the following is a case-control study?

Obtaining histories and other information from a group of people with a particular disease or condition and from a group without the disease to determine the relative frequency of a past exposure under study.

Secondary data collection might become labor intensive if which of the following have to be retrieved, read, coded, and entered into a database?

Old hospital charts

Which of the following examines where a new test is good at predicting the presence of disease?

Positive likelihood ratio test

_________________ is the percentage of the population with a given trait at the time of the survey.

Prevalence rate

What type of study design should be used to investigate an exposure that is relatively uncommon but a source of exposed individuals is available?

Prospective cohort study

When the entire 95% confidence interval is less than 1, the odds ratio is statistically significant, and the exposure is deemed to beˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍin the study population.

Protective

Which of the following statements is true about qualitative studies? A. Researchers use open-ended questions B. Random sampling technique is used C. Data collection techniques are either unstructured or semi-structured

Researchers use open-ended questions

The timeline for what type of study might be very short if an entire data file and the relevant supporting documentation can be downloaded from a website?

Secondary study

What type of study revolves around a thorough review of existing literature?

Tertiary study

_____________is the number of new cases of disease in a population during a specified period of time divided by the total number of persons in the population who were at risk during that period.

The incidence rate

Critical reading involves asking a series of questions about what aspect of a study in order to ascertain how well a particular study was designed, conducted, interpreted, and reported and to assess how likely it is that the resulting paper presents the truth about a particular research question in a particular population at a particular place and time. Which of the following does describe the previous statement?

internal validity

Prevalence rate isˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

the percentage of the population with a given trait at the time of the study.

A_______________________ is based on extensive reviews of the published literature and can inform the components and flow of a conceptual framework of a new study.

theoretical framework

Usually, what is the goal of any single research project?

to answer on well-defined question

A need assessment answers which of the following questions?

what is the health status of this population

Randomized, controlled trials provide strong evidence that an observed effect is due to the intervention (the assigned exposure). One reason is because

when the participants are randomized, many characteristics and possible confounding factors are likely to be evenly distributed in the groups