Research Exam 2
Reasoning that describes lived experiences and relies on descriptions of observations is termed ______reasoning.
descriptive
In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called
effect size
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on knowledge?
epistemology
The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to
list specific objectives to be achieved
Which of the following represent(s) a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game?
notes taken by a spectator at the game
The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that
the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements
To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should
use follow-up letters or e-mails and use follow-up phone calls B and C only
Reasoning that moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions is termed ______ reasoning
inductive
It is common to encounter extreme or unusual scores in a distribution that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed
outliers
A scholar's set of assumptions about the world, definitions of theory and data, and possible questions that can be pursued.
paradigm
The framework that contains a historical scholar's beliefs and assumptions about the world and the past as well as the scholar's own views is called a(n)
paradigm
A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the claims of traditional claims of the other branches falls under the heading of deconstructionism, and is called
poetry
A fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through
reflective procedures
Understanding that most historical sources such as records and newspaper stories are not complete accounts of an event represents which of the following "rules" that needs to be applied in internal criticism?
rule of omission
When a national poll reports that its survey has a margin of error of 3%, it is referring to error due to
sampling
In a meta-analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14 and the mean for the control group was 10. The standard deviation of the control group was 5. From these data, what is the ES?
0.80
A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the
Delphi survey method
Consider the following questionnaire item (which uses a yes/no format): "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" What rule regarding item construction does it violate?
Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item.
Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ________ scale items.
Likert-type
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things?
axiology
In historical research, the conditions (e.g., facts, meanings) in which evidence existed.
context
The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like
delimitations
The greatest weakness of ______ methodology is the effect internal biases have on how participants see the world.
descriptive
The practice of taking a small random sample of nonrespondents to a survey is primarily intended to
determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents
Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire.
determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing
In a meta-analysis of 100 studies that compared boys' and girls' knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 was found. This number represents
difference of 0.50 standard deviation units
The historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called
external criticism
Historical research is designed to answer a systematic layout of questions. However, they are structurally dissimilar to scientific research designs.
false
In the context of historical research, secondary sources are the original accounts.
false
Speculation is an activity commonly used to show reasoning errors, faulty claims, and misplaced beliefs.
false
A major difference in the purpose of a meta-analysis and a review of literature for a research paper is that the meta-analysis uses the literature
for empirical and theoretical conclusions
The type of criticism that seeks to determine the accuracy (or credibility) of a primary source is
internal criticism
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things?
metaphysics
A researcher tests the knowledge about nutrition of 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a ________ survey study.
normative
Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?
open-ended items
In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control groups was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that
the average score of the experimental group was better than 75% of the control group's scores
The fact that a meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is
the description of the coding of study characteristics and criteria for excluding studies
In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and a posttest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation?
the pretest standard deviation
For a historical researcher, one of the important goals when determining what the evidence "is evidence of" is knowing what information they cannot obtain from a source.
true
