Research Final Exam
Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? •All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample. • They also ensure excellent internal validity. • They study every member of the population of interest. • They use a larger number of measures.
All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.
Dr. Aaron wants to know whether cognitive abilities can be increased by exercising immediately before a quiz. He randomly assigns participants to either (1) count backwards from 100 to 0 or (2) do 50 situps before giving them an algebra test. He did not find any differences between groups but believes there may have been a ceiling effect. What might be a clue that this was the case? • Participants in the exercise group took longer to complete the test. • All participants' scores are centered around 100% correct. • Participants in the counting group showed more variability in scores. • Some participants verbally noted that the test was too easy.
All participants' scores are centered around 100% correct.
Dr. Kebede wants to determine whether erergy drinks improve the performance of the school's soccer team. He gives half the team the energy drinks and half the team water. He has trained observers watch the soccer players and rate them on a scale of 1-10 (where 1 is extremely poor and 10 is extremely well) for overall soccer performance before and after they consume the drinks. Which of the following is an example of observer bias in his study? The players know whether they got the energy drink or placebo and it changes their behavior. The observers get more generous in their scoring over time as they learn more about soccer. The players know they are being observed and improve their performance in response. Because they expect the energy drink group to perform better, observers notice better plays from that group.
Because they expect the energy drink group to perform better, observers notice better plays from that group.
In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? • Both are very difficult to establish. • Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. • Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity. • Both involve subjective judgments.
Both involve subjective judgments.
Your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong? Correlations are not used to examine validity. The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter. Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity. Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity.
Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity.
In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed? a study of first-time homeowners a study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military a study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year a study of high school students
study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military
If a researcher is concerned about external validity, which of the following would you recommend with regard to conducting small-N designs? Do not conduct small-N designs if you are concerned about external validity. Compare the results of a small-N design with other studies. Conduct only reversal designs. Use only one's own clients/patients/students.
Compare the results of a small-N design with other studies.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims?
Dr. Ramon's claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. LaSalle's claim.
What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? • If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. • If a measure is reliable. it is also valid • Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts • Reliability and validity are the same concept.
If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.
Which of the following is an example of a problem with demand characteristics? In a study of intelligence, participants were allows to study the test beforehand. In a study of mood, some participants were on antidepressants. In a study of a medication, all participants know whether they are getting treatment or placebo. In a study of school performance, a hurricane closes the school for two weeks.
In a study of a medication, all participants know whether they are getting treatment or placebo.
Which of the following is a difference between participants in small-N designs compared to large-N designs? • Large-N designs generalize only to the population from which participants are drawn, whereas small-N designs generalize to the larger population. • Large-N designs benefit from having diverse populations, while small-N designs typically use normative samples. • Large-N designs prioritize having a large sample over sampling procedures, while small-N designs focus on sampling procedures. • Large-N designs are more concerned with selecting representative participants, while small-N designs focus on unique cases.
Large-N designs are more concerned with selecting representative participants, while small-N designs focus on unique cases.
What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize? • Some constructs are difficult to observe. • When there are only two levels of the variable. • Some constructs cannot be manipulated. • When different definitions don t correlate
Some constructs are difficult to observe.
vvhich or the rollowing indicates that an articles causa claims are based on research? • The article compares two groups of individuals • The article describes how manipulated variables were onerationalized • The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the feld • The author describes their creative solution to a scientific problem
The article describes how manipulated variables were onerationalized
Which of the following is an advantage of using quasi-experimental designs? They allow researchers to capitalize on random assignment. They allow researchers to enhance external validity. They allow researchers to disregard internal validity. They are better suited to detect significant effects.
They allow researchers to enhance external validity.
If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has • interrater reliability. • face validity. • credibility. • subjectivity.
face validity
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games. (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants pertormance did not differ based on music. In this scuay, the researchers recorded how manv errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following: • a constant • a manipulated variable • a measured variable • a variable's level
a measured variable
Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? • administering an anxiety questionnaire • writing an opinion article about a psychological study • undergoing a brain scan • applying a new therapy technique
administering an anxiety questionnaire
Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question? • asking. "On a scale of 1 to 10. how afraid of snakes are you? • assigning the participant to keep a "daily fear diary" in which they track their fear level • measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes • asking the question "When was the last time you saw a snake?"
asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"
Dr. Granger notices that 20 students in their longitudinal study of 100 college students dropped out of the experiment over time. When they look at the missing data, they discover that those 20 students had significahtly lower pretest scores than the 80 with complete data. Which type of threat is this an example of? history testing attrition instrumentation
attrition
RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article? depressed patients journalists clinical researchers social workers
clinical researchers
If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: conducted a census. increased internal validity. biased the study. collected a sample.
conducted a census
Jiyun has just conducted a study examining the association between a child's level of impulsivity and the amount of corporal punishment used by their parents. She used a questionnaire about discipline strategies to assess corporal punishment. She calculated the scale's internal reliability as .85 and concluded that her scale had good internal reliability. Jiyun most likely calculated reliability using what statistic? • the average inter-item correlation (AIC) • kappa • slope of a line • Cronbach's alpha
cronbachs alpha
RESEARCH STUDY 13.2: Dr. LaGuardia is a cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. They conduct a quasi-experimental study in which they examine football players before and after the regular season using the Benton Facial Recognition Test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability to recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did not. They find that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the Benton Facial Recognition Test than did players who did not experience concussions. In analyzing the data, Dr. LaGuardia finds that there was no pretest difference in Benton Facial Recognition scores. However, they do find that the football players who received concussions had worse visuo-spatial awareness before the study. Which of the following threats to internal validity should they be c
design confounds
Which of Robert Merton's scientihc norms describes the idea that scientists should always accurately report the findings of their study if the findings do not support the scientists hypothesis or theories?
disinterestedness
Articles that could be considered journalism • are typically written by scientists. • do not require a special education to read • are hard to access. • are typically written for scientists.
do not require a special education to read
is the belief that, if we cannot observe a behavior, we cannot study it.
empiricism
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying. "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really say for sure that being bullied leads to low self-esteem because they didn't measure being bullied before they measured self-esteem. Clarissa is concerned that the researcher • concluded there was not a relationship, but there really is one. • concluded there was a relationship, but there really isn't one. • failed to establish temporal precedence. • failed to consider a third variable.
failed to establish temporal precedence
According to your textbook and lecture videos, for which of the following types of claims is external validity most important? • causal claims • frequency claims • external validity is equally important for all claims. • association claims
frequency claims
When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask? • How were the participants measured? • How many people are in the population? • How many people are in the sample? • How was the sample collected?
how was the sample collected
Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? • the journalist • the researcher • the peer reviewers • the participants
the researcher
Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? • "is at higher risk of" • "seems to decrease" • "curbs" • "suggests a change"
is at higher risk of
RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a • known-groups paradigm • prediction paradigm. • group evaluation paradigm • test-retest paradigm. A
known groups paradigm
What is a confidence interval constructed around? • the point estimate • the margin of error •the population parameter • the correlation coefficient
margin of error
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? • archival measurement • physiological measurement • self-report measurement • observational measurement
observational measurement
Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim? • one that is kept constant • one that has one level • one that is manipulated • one that is measured
one that is manipulated
Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g.. John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? • a categorical measurement • a self-report measurement • an ordinal scale of measurement • an interval scale of measurement
ordinal scale of measurement
Scientists often say that more data are needed to draw conclusions about the accuracy of new theories and are reluctant to accept new claims without empirical support. What scientific norm does this illustrate? communality disinterestedness universality organized skepticism
organized skepticism
Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? • an other-report measure • a ratio scale of measurement • a qualitative variable • a categorical variable
ratio scale of measurement
A sample is always __________ a population.
smaller than
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson & reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to differ based on music. different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants performance did not Which of the following is a variable in this study? • the gender of the participant • the type of game • the volume of the music • the gender of the researcher
the gender of the participant
Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions. The researchers have the same operational definitions. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions or the same operational definitions.
the researchers have the same conceptual definitions
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study saying. "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied. Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking. "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?' Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? • the study's statistical validity • the study's external validity • the study's construct validity • the study's internal validity
the study's external validity
Dr. Avery reads about a new theory that argues that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. Avery found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Based on these results, Dr. Avery should conclude that • previous studies that support the theory are probably flawed. • there may be unexamined factors influencing the results that contributed to the results of other studies on this topic. • she has disproved the previous theory because the lack of findings contradict her theory. • there is no way to prove the theory because of flaws in the methodology used by Dr. Avery to test her theory.
there may be unexamined factors influencing the results that contributed to the results of other studies on this topic.
Dr. Deveraux has conducted a study that has resulted in a null effect. Nonetheless, she suspects that there truly is a causal relationship between her independent and dependent variables. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be to blame? a weak manipulation a reverse confound an insensitive measure too many participants
too many participants
How does a researcher who conducts a small-N design address external validity concerns about their study? triangulates their findings with other findings runs more small-N studies with similar participants runs more small-N studies with the same participants runs alarge NStudy beforeruing a smallNStud
triangulates their findings with other findings
Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? • causal association • positive association • negative association • zero association
zero association
Which of the following is true of a quasi-experiment? • In a quasi-experiment, the researcher randomly assigns participants to groups. • In a quasi-experiment, the researcher assigns participants to conditions based on the particpant's preexisting level of the independent variable. • We can balance participant variables between groups in a quasi-experiment. • A quasi-experiment allows us to infer causality more accurately.
• In a quasi-experiment, the researcher assigns participants to conditions based on the particpant's preexisting level of the independent variable.
Which or the rollowings a reason why it is important to be a knowledgeable consumer of research? • It is important to Know why researchers protect the anonymity of participants • It is important to understand how to design an effective study. • It is important to know how to write in APA style. • It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.
• It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.
Ms. Janis is trying to reduce the number of aggressive behaviors in Danny, one of her first-grade students. She starts by tracking how frequently he bites, pushes, and hits his fellow classmates for a two-week period of time. She then positively reinforces him every time he goes an hour without exhibiting any aggressive behaviors. After two weeks Mrs. Janis notes that Danny is much less aggressive than he was before she used positive reinforcement. She is not sure that the positive reinforcement is the reason for the reduction in Danny's aggression. To check this, what should Ms. Janis do? • Continue to positively reinforce Danny for another week. • Try a different strategy to address Danny's aggression. • Remove the positive reinforcement to see if Danny's aggression increases. • Try using positive reinforcement on another child to see if she gets the same effect.
Remove the positive reinforcement to see if Danny's aggression increases.
Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process? • Nonsignificant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research. • Reviewers' names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article. • The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods. • Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.
Reviewers' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.
Which of the following indicates that an article's causal claims are based on research? • The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the field. • The article compares two groups of individuals. • The author describes their creative solution to a scientific problem. • The article describes how manipulated variables were operationalized.
The article describes how manipulated variables were operationalized.
Dr. Raver established in previous studies in her lab that the act of finding meaning in your work activities can result in increased productivity and creativity in the workplace. She is curious as to whether this same phenomenon can happen in the college classroom--in particular, whether finding meaning in your classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the fall semester, she has her teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group), while the other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). Dr. Raver does not know which of her students are in which condition, and the students themselves are not aware that they are responding to different writing assignments. Dr. Raver gives the students a midterm and final short-answer exam to measure their academ
The final exam scores were equally low in both groups.
Lupin and Black (2015) conducted a study in which they found that 65% of Australians reported experiencing at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE). However, the researchers did not use a random sample. What conclusion should you reach about the results of the study? • We cannot be certain about the generalizability of the results. • We can generalize the results of the study to all Australians. • The results are not valid because the study did not use a random sample. • We can generalize the results of the study only to Australians with adverse childhood experiences.
We cannot be certain about the generalizability of the results.
Dr. Raver established in previous studies in her lab that the act of finding meaning in your work activities can result in increased productivity and creativity in the workplace. She is curious as to whether this same phenomenon can happen in the college classroom--in particular, whether finding meaning in your classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the fall semester, she has her teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group), while the other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). Dr. Raver does not know which of her students are in which condition, and the students themselves are not aware that they are responding to different writing assignments. Dr. Raver gives the students a midterm and final short-answer exam to measure their academ
a double blind study
Your friend Karen is telling you about a study that she read. While Karen is excited about the study's finding, you are initially skeptical because the study used an unrepresentative sample. Which of the following questions should you ask Karen about the study's external validity? "Is the sample size sufficiently large?" 'Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?" "Are the characteristics that make the sample unrepresentative relevant to what is being measured?" 'Could the study have used a representative sample instead?"
"Are the characteristics that make the sample unrepresentative relevant to what is being measured?"
Eleanor conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she AVOID saying? • "My data disprove my theory." • "My data partially support my theory.' • "My theory needs amending." • "My data are inconsistent with my theory.
"My data disprove my theory."
In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask? • Do I know that this measure is valid? • Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid? • Has an expert said that this measure is reliable? • Does this measure have the right kind of validity?
Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid?
In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance? It leads to larger effect sizes. It decreases the power of the study. It limits the type of statistical analyses that can be conducted. It causes more overlap in scores between experimental/comparison groups.
It causes more overlap in scores between experimental/comparison groups.
Dr. Amelia Shepherd believes that all children have an imaginary friend at some point during their preschool years. She talks to 30 children in that age group, all of whom say that they have or have had an imaginary friend. Does her finding support her hypothesis? • Yes, because all of the data are consistent with the hypothesis • No. because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children. • Yes, because there is no alternative explanation for these findings. • No, because you do not have a theory to support your hypothesis.
No. because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children.
As a health psychology interested in nutrition, Dr. Rickman wonders whether a new food additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The food additive is an odorless, tasteless powder can be sprinkled on any food. Dr. Rickman obtains a random sample of 47 overweight students and measures the calories they eat during lunch using a calorimeter. He then gives the food additive to the same 47 participants to use at lunch the following day and measures how many calories they eat (again using the calorimeter). Imagine that Dr. Rickman finds no difference between the calories consumed with the food additive and without. This would be an example of ________. observer bias. a null effect. the placebo effect. a maturation effect.
a null effect
RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey.What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest? • all students he is currently teaching • all students at the university • all psychology majors and minors • all students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class
all students he is currently teaching
Which of the following is an example of basic research? • an educational psychologist who examines how mindset ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance • an industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment • a clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused • an experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste
an experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? casual association positive association zero association negative association
positive association
Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as • empirical research. • basic research. • translational research. • applied research.
basic research
Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims? • both strong positive associations and strong negative associations • neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations • strong negative associations • strong positive associations
both strong positive associations and strong negative associations
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says. Dr. Lasalle makes the claim: Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? association claim causal claim frequency claim statistical claim
causal claim
Dr. Pierre is interested in studying levels of anxiety in children who have lived through a major natural disaster. As she plans her study, she is considering various operational definitions of anxiety. Which of the following is an example of an operational definition for anxiety that she could consider? • feeling worried • state of being uneasy • level of apprehension • changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect of a natural disaster
changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect of a natural disaster
You read a news article about a recent scientific study titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? • Research the frequency of OCD in mice. • Ask ourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense • Check whether the authors established the three criteria for a causal claim. • Ensure that the authors operationally define OCD.
check whether the authors established the three criteria for a casual claim
RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is dehned as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He hinds that his new measure is positively assoclated with each of these other measures. This procedure has pro
convergent validity
A correlation-based statistic called _______ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. • a scatterplot • Pearson's r • kappa • Cronbachs alpha
cronbachs alpha
The approach of collecting data through observing the world, and then using that data to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory, is called • Application • Falsifiability • Theorizing • Empiricism
empiricism
Which of the terms below involves a person using evidence from the senses (or from instruments that assist the senses) as the basis for their conclusions? • hypotheses • translational research • empiricism • evidence-based treatment
empiricism
________ validity tends to be higher in experiments than in other types of studies. • Interkal • External • Content • Statistical
external
Fatima is trying to measure gender role stereotypes using a gender role survey. She believes that her participants will be able to tell that she is measuring gender role stereotypes because the survey looks like it is measuring stereotypes. Fatima believes that her scale has what type of validity: • face • convergent • discriminant • criterion
face
Alex has just finished planning a study to explore whether personality traits can predict how open adults are to altering their beliefs when presented with findings from scientific studies. Before beginning to collect data, Alex preregisters his hypothesis. One of the primary benefits of preregistering his hypothesis is that • it allows him to design a rigorous study focused on empirically testing his hypothesis. • he is less likely to be suspected of developing his hypotheses after analyzing his findings. • he is less likely to develop an incorrect hypothesis • it prevents other researchers from testing the same hypothesis.
he is less likely to be suspected of developing his hypotheses after analyzing his findings.
In considering a frequency claim, why is it important to see that a representative sample was used? • if a representative sample was not used, then you will be unable to determine the accuracy of the frequency estimates. • Representative samples allow for enhanced internal and external validity. • Frequency claims require very large samples, and represertative samples are always large. • It is unethical to make frequency claims without representative samples.
if a representative sample was not used, then you will be unable to determine the accuracy of the frequency estimates.
Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean? • The true percentage of fathers who feel this way is 23%. • We can be 4% sure that the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% of fathers. • If this study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% about 4% of the time. • if the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%.
if the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%.
Observer bias can threaten which of the following big validities? • internal validity and construct validity • internal validity and external validity internal validity only • external validity and construct validity
internal validity and construct validity
When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ______ validity than _______ validity. statistical: construct external; statistical internal: external construct internal
internal, external
For his research methods class. Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? • observational measurement • physiological measurement • self-report measuremer • archival measurement
observational
An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to hind in order to establish discriminant validity. • г= 0.83 • r=-0.18 • r= 1.0 • r=-1.0
r= -0.18
Seeing stability in a stable-baseline design can help rule out which of the following threats to internal validity? • regression to the mean • placebo effects • attrition • observer bias
regression to the mean
What can researchers do to reduce the risk of measurement error? select measures that have high reliability and validity use a strong manipulation use large sample sizes make conditions comparable in each experimental group
select measures that have high reliability and validity
Threats to internal validity can affect experimental groups either before or during the actual collection of data. Which of the following threats typically leads to group differences before the task of the study? design confound order effect selection effect maturation effect
selection effect
For her research methods class, Serena prans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? archival measurement observational measurement self-report measurement physiological measurement
self-report measurement
Which of the following is a typical consequence of a ceiling effect? large variance within groups. small variance between groups. large variance between groups. all participants performing poorly.
small variance between groups
Which of the following is true of variables? • Variables are the same as constants. Variables only need conceptual definitions. • Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. • All variables can be manipulated.
some variables can be either manipulated or measured
Professor Adevemi is examining well-being after retirement in a city, and it is important to have excellent external validity. If Professor Adeyemi obtains a sample that reflects the demographic proportions of their city, which of the following sampling techniques is most likely being used? cluster sampling quota sampling systematic sampling stratified random sampling
stratified random sampling
To be a history threat, the external event must occur • intentionally, induced by the experimenters. • at the beginning of the experiment. • constantly during the experiment. • systematically, affecting most members of the group.
systematically, affecting most members of the group.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? • the temporal precedence of the study • the internal validity of the study • the e
the internal validity is the study
Dr. Avery reads about a new theory that argues that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. Avery found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Based on these results, Dr. Avery should conclude that • she has disproved the previous theory because the lack of findings contradict her theory. • there may be unexamined factors influencing the results that contributed to the results of other studies on this topic. • there is no way to prove the theory because of flaws in the methodology used by Dr. Avery to test her theory. • previous studies that support the theory are probably flawed
there may be unexamined factors influencing the results that contributed to the results of other studies on this topic.
In a nonequivalent control group interrupted time series design, the independent variable is studied as: • a dependent variable as well. • both a repeated measures variable and an independent-groups variable. •a guarantee of internal validity. • frequently as possible.
• both a repeated measures variable and an independent-groups variable.
RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? to obtain evidence for convergent validity to obtain evidence for criterion validity to obtain evidence for content validity to obtain evidence for face validity
to obtain evidence for criterion validity
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games. (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. How many measured variables are included in this study? • two • five • four • one
two
How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling different? • Only quota sampling will result in a representative sample. • Only quota sampling identifies subgroups that need to be studied. • Only stratified random sampling will result in a representative sample. • Both identify subgroups that need to be studied.
• Only stratified random sampling will result in a representative sample.
Danesh has just read an article that describes a study that used a survey completed by participants to assess anxiety levels in adults. He is interested in the reliability of the survey and finds that the authors have provided information about both internal and test-retest reliability. However, there is no information about interrater reliability. Which of the following reasons explains why the authors do not report interrater reliability? • Since the study has good internal reliability, ¡is not necessary to report interrater reliability • Interrater reliability is typically calculated only for the experimenter to evaluate the ratings and is rarely reported in journal articles. • The combination of internal reliability and test-retest reliability provide enough information about the study's reliability. • The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or mor
• The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or more observers are providing ratings.
Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats? • They can be avoided with counterbalancing: • They are problematic only in observational research. • They are the same as testing threats. • They occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales).
• They can be avoided with counterbalancing:
Tyler Swift is conducting a study and decides to use purposive sampling instead of systematic sampling. Why might Tyler have made this choice? • Only purposive sampling allows Tyler to study a particular type of participant. • Tyler determined that purposive sampling is always cheaper. • With purposive sampling, Tyler does not have to specify a population of interest ahead of time. • Tyler is not particularly concerned with external validity in the study.
• Tyler is not particularly concerned with external validity in the study.
RESEARCH STUDY 13.1: Dr. Ba is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. She recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 men, 30 women) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on her campus. After they join, she gives them a measure of attractiveness concern (the Body Concern Scale). Suppose Dr. Ba finds that joining a fraternity/sorority reduces self-esteem about one's appearance. Who could her study generalize to? • students in fraternities/sororities • college students •all individuals with low self-esteem • university graduates who were in fraternities/sororities
• students in fraternities/sororities
A correlation coefficient and a scatterpot both provide which of the following pieces of information? • the outliers present in the two measurements • the validity and reliability of two measurements • the path and significance of the relationship betweer two measurements • the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements
• the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements
