Research lit exam 1
Sam was careful not to use information word-for-word from the articles. In addition to changing phrases to their own words, they made sure to use synonyms for the big words. Why would this still be considered plagiarism?
Because it sounds like the sentence structure and ideas were still the same as the original source
A weakness of knowledge based on intuition is:
Cognitive and motivational biases can lead to inaccurate conclusions
A person is either scientifically literate or they're not
False
A textbook chapter is considered a primary source.
False
According to the book, one reason people believe false information is because of a lack of repetition - only hearing something once doesn't prompt critical analysis
False
Analytical methods always produce better decisions than those based on intuition
False
The research that found that vaccinations cause Autism is supported by follow-up studies even though the original work was found to be a fraud
False
The scientific method and research findings are too complex for most people to understand
False
The tendency to attribute behavior to internal characteristics of the person, rather than to the situation (called the Fundamental Attribution Error) is equally common in all cultures.
False
When the nature of the situation or context is made more noticeable it is more likely an individual will demonstrate the Fundamental Attribution Error.
False
Research indicates that the effect of subliminal messages is small and part of a complicated process.
True
Scientific literacy includes understanding that knowledge is always changing.
True
Scientific literacy is more accurately described in degrees rather than "yes" or "no."
True
Self-Serving Bias can contribute to conflict and hurt academic performance.
True
Someone who is scientifically literate is willing to change their mind when they encounter new information.
True
The "myside bias" is the tendency to rate arguments consistent with our beliefs more favorably
True
The "myside bias" is the tendency to rate arguments that conflict with our beliefs less favorably
True
The Reproducibility Project found different outcomes for the majority of psychological studies that were recreated
True
The ability to process multiple aspects of a situation at the same time and to use those aspects in drawing conclusions - referred to as cognitive complexity - is related to whether an individual will select or believe desirable information and to ignore or deny undesirable information.
True
People may believe that day-to-day life provides knowledge of Psychology and draw conclusions about behavior that:
are not supported by science and prevent them from discovering more accurate conclusions
Accepting new ideas because someone who we believe has expertise says it is accurate is also known as knowledge through:
authority
Which source of knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks?
authority
In one research study, participants watched a video showing people passing a basketball and were told to count the number of passes. During the video a person dressed in a gorilla suit also walked through, but only about half of the participants said they saw anything unusual. This can be explained by:
change blindness (also known as inattentional blindness)
Scientific literacy is:
important for everyone because our lives are influenced by scientific issues
The resources explain a number of reasons a claim might be wrong and why that is. Match the name/title of the reason with the correct explanation for why it is problematic to accept a claim with that type of inaccuracy.
Anecdotes - stories can be good exa Simple dichotomies - most issues are complex Shocking numbers - extreme numbers might Unsubstantiated or imaginary data - evidence can be influen Treating single research studies as game changers - findings of individual st Correlations disguised as causation - can distract from efforts
The level of occurrence of a behavior or event under typical circumstances
Base Rate
The failure to notice changes in our environment, particularly when we're distracted, is referred to as:
Change Blindness or Inattentional Blindness
The resources for this module explain social influences and processes that influence behavior and thoughts about the causes of behavior. Match the name of the related concept with its meaning.
Dispositional Attributions - explanations for behavior based on internal individual characteristics Situational Attributions - explanations for behavior based on aspects on an individual's characteristics Cognitive Dissonance - tension created by inco Self-Serving Bias - the tendency to explain
The resources for this module explain social influences and processes that influence behavior and thoughts about the causes of behavior. Match the name of the related concept with its meaning.
Dispositional Attributions - explanations for behavior based on internal individual characteristics Situational Attributions - explanations for behavior based on aspects on an individual's characteristics Cognitive Dissonance - tension created by inconsitensy of between personal beliefs Self-Serving Bias - the tendency to explain
Which type of article reports the results of a research study?
Empirical
Cultures that emphasize the importance of the collective do not demonstrate self-serving bias.
False
From a scientific perspective, it is possible to generate evidence to fully evaluate most beliefs or claims, so uncertainty is a sign of inaccurate knowledge.
False
If a follow-up study has different results than a previous study, it means that the original study wasn't scientific
False
In science something can be proven, but not disproven
False
Intuitive beliefs about people's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are accurate in the large majority of circumstances.
False
On average, humans only use 10% of their available brain capacity
False
Overall, the Self-Serving Bias appears to have beneficial effects for the individual.
False
Scientific methods can be used to empirically test almost all interesting and important questions we have about human beings.
False
Simple cognition helps reduce the likelihood that an individual will select or believe desirable information and to ignore or deny undesirable information.
False
The Reproducibility Project found the same outcomes for the majority of psychological studies that were recreated
False
The Scientific Method can be used to answer any question we might have to generate knowledge about every topic we might consider.
False
The ability to deal mentally with abstract and hypothetical ideas (called formal operations) is demonstrated the same way in all cultures.
False
The degree to which an individual is more likely to see the world in terms of universal rules and laws is not related to culture, but culture does influence whether they are more likely to draw conclusions based on relations among objects or events.
False
Andy is confused by the feedback on their paper. The professor said parts could be considered plagiarism, but there were citations for every sentence. If the paper included citations, how could it be plagiarism?
If the information was copied word for word and wasn't in quotation marks
The textbook explains several questions that can be used to analyze the credibility for a belief or claim. Match the question with the related explanation.
Is the belief based on unsubstantiated claims? - A belief that may be based Does the belief rely on unwarranted assumptions? - The logic supporting a Does the finding or the claim make sense? - Shocking numbers and Where did the data come from (and is there an agenda)? - The views of a person Will the results survive the trip from the lab to the outside world? - Research can be import Is there another way to explain the results? - life is complex, so there
The textbook explains several questions that can be used to analyze the credibility for a belief or claim. Match the question with the related explanation.
Is the belief based on unsubstantiated claims? - a belief may be based on Does the belief rely on unwarranted assumptions? - the logic supporting a belief may seem sensible Does the finding or the claim make sense? - shocking numbers and Where did the data come from (and is there an agenda)? - the views of a person or organization Will the results survive the trip from the lab to the outside world? - research can be important to researchers Is there another way to explain the results? - life is complex, so there
This source of knowledge is evaluated based on the credentials, methods, and bias or agenda of the person involved.
NOT EMPIRICISM
A psychologist works at an outpatient clinic and meets with a new patient for an initial assessment. The patient exhibits flat affect and endorses loss of interest and feelings of worthlessness. The psychologist did not assess for manic symptoms because the patient's presentation was similar to the prototype of a depressed individual. The psychologist's reasoning demonstrates the:
NOT FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
Sometimes a scientific finding is based on flawed methods or incorrect conclusions. Those errors are often identified by the scientific community when the studied is shared. That process is referred to as:
NOT REPLICATION
Match the characteristic of science with the correct description
Objective - define ideas clearly; oth Verifiable - uses follow-up studies Public - methods and findings
The tendency to see meaning in ambiguous or meaningless stimuli is referred to as:
Patternicity
The extent to which a sample is similar in makeup to the population to which a researcher hopes to generalize is referred to as:
Representativeness
Systematically studying the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment is known as:
Science
Our current knowledge of a given topic is the result of an accumulation of studies conducted by multiple researchers. This is part of the reason that one feature of science is:
The emphasis on public knowledge, such as publication
What is a potential problem with the method of authority?
The other three choices are all potential problems. they may just be using their intuition to arrive at their conclusions the authority may be wrong they may have their own reasons to mislead you
What is the most accurate way to describe what is "true" about complicated issues?
There is rarely an accurate and simple answer - the issues are not yes/no or true/false
According to the book, one reason people believe false information is because of gaps in knowledge - they don't know enough to critically examine a claim
True
Changing misconceptions about complex issues can be challenging because an incorrect view may be partially true
True
Cultural differences are more pronounced when explaining positive behavior compared to explanations of negative behavior.
True
Culture is related to whether an individual is more likely to see the world in terms of universal rules and laws or are more likely to draw conclusions based on relations among objects or events.
True
Decisions based on intuition are sometimes better than those based on more analytical methods
True
Eyewitness testimony based on their personal experience can be wrong because of limitations in perception and memory.
True
Folk psychology, or intuitive beliefs about people's behavior, thoughts, and feelings, are rarely accurate.
True
If a theory changes based on the results of hypothesis testing and evidence it suggests that the theory is based on scientific thinking
True
In science something can be disproven, but not proven
True
It is possible for everyone to understand the basic idea of the scientific method and research findings
True
Knowledge based on personal experience may be inaccurate because of the way we sense and perceive the world.
True
One weakness of the Scientific Method as a source of knowledge is that it can't be used to answer all of the questions we might have.
True
Questions that involve value judgements are not empirical questions.
True
Research findings suggest that the Fundamental Attribution Error might be less likely when the nature of the situation or context is more noticeable.
True
The research that found that vaccinations cause Autism was not supported by follow-up studies and later found to be a fraud
True
We can be more confident that knowledge is accurate as supporting evidence increases
True
We should be less confident that knowledge is accurate when there is little evidence
True
When knowledge is consistent with research findings we can be more confident that it is accurate
True
When someone is unfamiliar with the issue, the accuracy of a quick decision based on intuition is often very low.
True
Whether or not an individual demonstrates the tendency to attribute behavior to internal characteristics of the person, rather than to the situation (called the Fundamental Attribution Error) appears to be related to an individual's culture.
True
While some might disagree, analysis of numerous studies indicates that self-serving bias is consistent across cultures.
True
A theory is:
a way of explaining and understanding related research findings
In science, a theory is
an explanatory framework that organizes and explains a body of data or information.
Match description with the name of the corresponding cognitive bias
anchoring effect - tendency to be overly influenced by one piece of information hindsight bias - the tendency to think, after base-rate neglect - basing judgements and decisions on individual examples and vivid anecdotes framing effect - interpreting information differently depending on how it is presented gambler's fallacy - refers to erroneous thinking
The tendency to estimate the likelihood something will happen based on how easily examples come to mind is called the:
availability heuristic
The Reproducibility Project findings suggest that topics in Psychology are:
complex, even more so than researchers may have thought
Match description with the name of the corresponding cognitive bias
confirmation bias - leads us to look for evidence fundamental attribution error - the tendency to underestimate situational influences hindsight bias - the tendency to think, after learning the outcome of an event self-justification - excusing or justifying be
When we are skeptical about information we:
consider alternatives to a particular claim and to search for evidence
This type of knowledge is based on observation and experience, though the process involved may be informal or inconsistent.
empiricism
The availability heuristic refers to the tendency to:
estimate the likelihood something will happen based on how easily examples come to mind
A theory _______, while a hypothesis __________ .
explains related findings; makes a prediction based on the theory
Plagiarism can be defined as representing someone else's _______ or words as one's own.
ideas
Knowledge based on _________ is based on information from our "gut," emotions, and/or instincts.
intuition
Marisol just found out she is pregnant and tells everyone that she has a feeling she will have a girl even though she hasn't had any medical tests to determine the sex of the child. In this case, Marisol is using the ____.
intuition
The term "folk psychology" is sometimes used to describe:
intuitive beliefs about people's behavior, thoughts, and feelings
If a theory changes based on the results of hypothesis testing and evidence:
it is a good thing because it means the theory is based on scientific thinking
The representativeness heuristic refers to the tendency to:
judge the likelihood of things by comparing it to a mental prototype for a related category
Rational thought may be:
limited by the time and knowledge available
Pseudoscience:
makes claims or asks questions that seem scientific without using the same standards as scientific approach
A potential drawback of secondary sources is that they ____.
may interpret the results of a primary source in a way that is confusing
An artist tries putting a freshly painted canvas outside during a rainstorm to see how the painting will change from the pattern of the raindrops. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?
method of empiricism
Pseudoscience and science differ in the:
methods used, but not necessarily the topics studied
A primary source is defined as ___________ ?
original materials, typically the first publication/presentation
Kenji believes that food poisoning causes food aversions, so when they finds out that their friend Brielle hates seafood, they assumes that Brielle must have had food poisoning after eating seafood sometime in her past. They is using the ____.
rational method
The weakness of knowledge based on ________ is that the conclusion will be wrong if there is an error in logic.
rationalism
Using logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge is known as:
rationalism
The tendency to judge the likelihood of things by comparing it to a mental prototype for a related category is called the:
representativeness heuristic
Science literacy is knowledge of _______ while scientific literacy is knowledge of ______
scientific facts; processes and concepts
A ____________ source interprets and reports on primary sources.
secondary
When we consider alternatives to a particular claim and to search for evidence, we are practicing:
skepticism
Match the name of the cognitive bias with its description.
sunk-cost fallacy - often presented in terms of investments self-justification - excusing or justifying behavior confirmation bias - leads us to look for evidence confirming what we already think fundamental attribution error - the tendency to underestimate situational influences
The "Understanding Science" reading indicates that the scientific approach has three features. Match the feature with its description.
systematic empiricism - carefully planning, maki empirical questions - Answers can be genera public knowledge - publishing the results of
The resources for class explain several "pitfalls" in decision making. Match the name of the pitfall with the explanation of what it means.
tenacity - accept a claim or "know personal experience - develop "knowledge" ba authority - Accept a claim or "know" anecdotes - basing knowledge on a
The resources for class explain several "pitfalls" in decision making. Match the name of the pitfall with the explanation of what it means.
tenacity - accept a claim or "know personal experience - develop "knowledge" based on what we have seen or done authority - accept a claim or "knowledge from someone who is considered an expert anecdotes - basing knowledge on a small piece of evidence
If we have an exaggerated view of the extent to which others share our opinions or behaviors we are demonstrating:
the False Consensus Effect
Representativeness refers to:
the extent to which a sample is similar in makeup to the population to which a researcher hopes to generalize
The base rate is:
the level of occurrence of a behavior or event under typical circumstances
According to the authors of "Research Methods in Psychology," this approach to knowing is the most likely to produce accurate knowledge.
the scientific method
The term "heuristics" is used to refer to:
the shortcuts and rules of thumb by which we make judgments and predictions
Researchers use inductive reasoning when they:
use results from a specific study to make claims about a larger group or context
Researchers use inductive reasoning when they:
use results from specific studies to make claims about a larger group or context
The False Consensus Effect occurs when:
we have an exaggerated view of the extent to which others share our opinions or behaviors
When we find out about a study that contradicts other findings about an issue:
we should keep in mind that it is only one part of a bigger picture.
Knowledge based on empiricism is limited by:
what we can experience and the potential for sensory illusions