Research Lit Final
Sam was careful not to use information word-for-word from the articles. In addition to changing phrases to their own words, they made sure to use synonyms for the big words. Why would this still be considered plagiarism?
Because it sounds like the sentence structure and ideas were still the same as the original source
The operational definition of a variable includes:
Precisely how it is measured or manipulated
Is the belief based on unsubstantiated claims?
a belief may be based on who is delivering the message, how fast the person speaks, and other irrelevant factors, so it is important to think about the supporting evidence.
What an extraneous variable in an experiment?
anything that varies in the study other than what is manipulated or measured
Caregivers of family members with long‐term medical needs often suffer from physical or emotional strain. Sixty caregivers of both terminally and chronically ill patients were recruited by hanging posters at doctors' offices. They completed the Stress Arousal Checklist to determine whether levels of caregiver strain differ depending on the gender of the patient. What are the variables of interest in the Caregiver Strain study described above?
caregiver strain and gender of the patient
In one research study, participants watched a video showing people passing a basketball and were told to count the number of passes. During the video a person dressed in a gorilla suit also walked through, but only about half of the participants said they saw anything unusual. This can be explained by:
change blindness (also known as inattentional blindness)
The Reproducibility Project findings suggest that topics in Psychology are:
complex and challenging to research
A textbook chapter is considered a primary source.
false
Cultures that emphasize the importance of the collective do not demonstrate self-serving bias.
false
Explanations of negative behaviors demonstrate more cultural differences than do explanations of positive behavior.
false
In science something can be proven, but not disproven
false
Plagiarism can be defined as representing someone else's _______ or words as one's own.
ideas
When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be a(n) ____ sample.
representative
cognitive dissonance
tension created by inconsistency between personal beliefs, behaviors, or attitudes.
Where did the data come from? (and is there an agenda?)
the views of a person or organization funding research can influence results, so it's important to have details about how data was collected and the overall research process.
How do quantitative research and qualitative research differ?
they generate different types of data and use different approaches to analysis
A ________ measuring instrument measures what it is intended to measure.
valid
General Psychology is an option for a "core class" and open to all majors. Is the major of General Psychology students a variable?
yes
Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as:
A meta-analysis
Caregivers of family members with long‐term medical needs often suffer from physical or emotional strain. Sixty caregivers of both terminally and chronically ill patients were recruited by hanging posters at doctors' offices. They completed the Stress Arousal Checklist to determine whether levels of caregiver strain differ depending on the gender of the patient.What is the population of interest?
Caregivers of family members with long‐term medical needs
Andy is confused by the feedback on their paper. The professor said parts could be considered plagiarism, but there were citations for every sentence. If the paper included citations, how could it be plagiarism?
If the information was copied word for word and wasn't in quotation marks
Why is probability sampling rarely used in behavioral science researcher?
It is often not possible to list every individual in a population.
______________ is the process of assigning numbers or symbols to a variable in which we are interested.
Measurement
When normal people show extremely high (or low) scores on some measurement, a common reason is simply chance (i.e., luck). This is described as:
Regression to the mean
A psychologist works at an outpatient clinic and meets with a new patient for an initial assessment. The patient exhibits flat affect and endorses loss of interest and feelings of worthlessness. The psychologist did not assess for manic symptoms because the patient's presentation was similar to the prototype of a depressed individual. The psychologist's reasoning demonstrates the:
Representativeness heuristic
Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is an operational definition of CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION?
The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study
Does music affect the amount of physical activity engaged in for exercise? Participants in this study are 22 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Participants did sit-ups for 30 seconds either listening to fast paced music or slow paced music. I compared the mean number of sit-ups completed by each group and found no difference. What was the operational definition of Physical Activity in the Music and Sit-ups study described above?
The number of sit-ups completed
The conceptual definition of a variable includes:
a description of the related behaviors and internal processes
Which of the following best describes a non-probability sample?
a sample that is made up of members of the population who could be easily contacted
A hypothesis is:
a testable prediction about a phenomenon or about the relationship between variables
tenacity
accept a claim or "knowledge" and resist suggestions to consider that it might be inaccurate; persistent
authority
accept a claim or knowledge from someone who is considered an expert without evaluating their actual level of expertise in the area.
when a researcher conducts this type of study they manipulate one or more variables and measure one or more variables.
an experiment
Which source of knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks?
authority
The tendency to estimate the likelihood something will happen based on how easily examples come to mind is called the:
availability heuristic
anecdotes
basing knowledge on a small piece of evidence, such as a single person or small group.
Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what type of measurement?
behavioral/observational
if a researcher wants to count as many people as possible, their operational definition should be:
broad
The _________ of a psychological construct describes the behaviors and internal processes that make up that construct, along with how it relates to other variables.
conceptual definition
The workers in a factory are organized into five-person teams. When conducting a work-environment survey, a researcher randomly selected 10 teams to obtain a total sample of 50 workers. The researcher used ____ sampling.
convenience? not non-probability design
Objective
define ideas clearly; others can understand what a measurement involves
the goals of science can be summarized as:
describe, predict, and explain
personal experience
develop knowledge based on what we've seen or done, without thinking about the fact that other people will see or do different things.
If variable A and variable B are correlated the change in A could cause the change in B or the change in B could cause the change in A. This is called the _______ problem.
directionality
The range is a measure of _________ and represents the ___________.
disperson; difference between the largest and smallest scores in a set of data
Which type of article reports the results of a research study?
empirical
this type of knowledge is based on observation and experience, though the process involved may be informal or inconsistent.
empiricism
One characteristic of probability sampling is:
every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
What type of research design can be used to determine whether there is a causal relationship between two variables?
experiment
Does music affect the amount of physical activity engaged in for exercise? Participants in this study are 22 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Participants did sit-ups for 30 seconds either listening to fast paced music or slow paced music. I compared the mean number of sit-ups completed by each group and found no difference. What research design did the researchers use for the Music and Sit-ups study described above?
experimental
situational attributions
explanations for behavior based on aspects of an individuals environment
Dispositional attributions
explanations for behavior based on internal individual characteristics
If a follow-up study has different results than a previous study, it means that the original study wasn't scientific
false
Intuitive beliefs about people's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are accurate in the large majority of circumstances.
false
People may believe that day-to-day life provides knowledge of Psychology and draw conclusions about behavior that are strongly supported by research findings
false
Relying on intuition when making decisions frequently leads to accurate results.
false
Scientific literacy includes understanding that knowledge is static - it rarely changes.
false
Simple cognition helps reduce the likelihood that an individual will select or believe desirable information and to ignore or deny undesirable information.
false
The Reproducibility Project found the same outcomes for the majority of psychological studies that were recreated
false
The tendency to attribute behavior to internal characteristics of the person, rather than to the situation (called the Fundamental Attribution Error) is equally common in all cultures.
false
In this type of qualitative data collection small groups of people participate together in interviews focused on a particular topic or issue.
focus group
A graduate student is working in a counseling center. They encounter a patient who reminds them of the patients discussed in class and automatically assumes that the patient has schizophrenia, despite the fact that they just learned that well under 1% of the population meets diagnostic criteria for this disorder. Which cognitive bias is influencing the student's assumption?
fundamental attribution error?
Defined as the shortcuts and rules of thumb by which we make judgments and predictions.
heuristics
Representativeness is concerned with:
how similar the sample is to the population
In an experiment, the researcher is interested in whether changes in the _________ variable cause a change in the _________ variable.
independent; dependent
an independent variable is one that
is manipulated
Is there another way to explain the results?
life is complex, so there is usually more than one explanation for or interpretation of a given finding - and it's rare for accurate explanations to be based on a single variable.
In order to measure the effects of different levels of a variable the researcher must:
manipulate the independent variable
Experiments allow for cause-and-effect conclusions because they _____ the independent variable by systematically changing its levels and ______ other variables by holding them constant.
manipulate; control
A potential drawback of secondary sources is that they ____.
may interpret the results of a primary source in a way that is confusing
public
methods and findings are shared so others can evaluate the conclusions
Does music affect the amount of physical activity engaged in for exercise? Participants in this study are 22 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Participants did sit-ups for 30 seconds either listening to fast paced music or slow paced music. I compared the mean number of sit-ups completed by each group and found no difference. What are the variables of interest in the Music and Sit-ups study described above?
music and physical activity
A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Is it accurate to say the drug causes a decrease in depressive symptoms?
no
All of the students enrolled in Research Methods 2 are Psychology majors. Would the major of Research Methods students be a variable?
no
When all of the variables in a study are measured as they naturally occur the research design is:
non-experimental
Caregivers of family members with long‐term medical needs often suffer from physical or emotional strain. Sixty caregivers of both terminally and chronically ill patients were recruited by hanging posters at doctors' offices. They completed the Stress Arousal Checklist to determine whether levels of caregiver strain differ depending on the gender of the patient. What sampling technique did the researchers use in the Caregiver Strain study described above?
non-probability
Does music affect the amount of physical activity engaged in for exercise? Participants in this study are 22 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Participants did sit-ups for 30 seconds either listening to fast paced music or slow paced music. I compared the mean number of sit-ups completed by each group and found no difference. What sampling technique did the researchers use for the Music and Sit-ups study described above?
non-probability
Variations in a qualitative variable are typically represented by:
not a specific explanation
Sometimes a scientific finding is based on flawed methods or incorrect conclusions. Those errors are often identified by the scientific community when the studied is shared. That process is referred to as:
not replication
Using the number of yawns in a one-hour period as a definition and a measurement of sleepiness is an example of the ____ sleepiness.
operational definition
A primary source is defined as ___________ ?
original materials, typically the first publication/presentation
Does music affect the amount of physical activity engaged in for exercise? Participants in this study are 22 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Participants did sit-ups for 30 seconds either listening to fast paced music or slow paced music. I compared the mean number of sit-ups completed by each group and found no difference. What is the population of interest for this study?
people in general
A researcher is interested in the anxiety levels among patients in a nursing home. Patients living in the nursing home is the ____.
population
Grounded theory analysis:
produces a theory based on the themes that emerge in data
The weaknesses of _____ research include its inability to provide precise answers to specific research questions and to draw general conclusions about human behavior.
qualitative
Does music affect the amount of physical activity engaged in for exercise? Participants in this study are 22 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Participants did sit-ups for 30 seconds either listening to fast paced music or slow paced music. I compared the mean number of sit-ups completed by each group and found no difference. Is for the Music and Sit-ups study described above quantitative or qualitative?
quantitative
The strengths of _____ research include its ability to provide precise answers to specific research questions and to draw general conclusions about human behavior.
quantitative
When a researcher compares participants in naturally occurring groups, looking for differences in measured variables, they are conducting this type of study.
quasi-experiment
Caregivers of family members with long‐term medical needs often suffer from physical or emotional strain. Sixty caregivers of both terminally and chronically ill patients were recruited by hanging posters at doctors' offices. They completed the Stress Arousal Checklist to determine whether levels of caregiver strain differ depending on the gender of the patient. What research design did the researchers use for the Caregiver Strain study described above?
quasi-experimental
What is random assignment?
randomly placing participants in groups to be compared so that groups do not systematically differ with respect to variables of interest at the start of a study
will the results survive the trip from the lab to the outside world?
research can be important to researchers without being meaningful "in the real world", in part because the effect might be weak or be unrealistically focused on a single variable.
Systematically studying the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment is known as:
science
A ____________ source interprets and reports on primary sources.
secondary
Does the finding or claim make sense?
shocking numbers and extreme cases get attention, but it is important to ask whether the related claims make sense given what we know about the world.
The term used to describe the likelihood that the findings are due to chance
significance (or p-value)
Descriptive statistics allow researchers to:
summarize, organize, and describe data
A confounding variable:
systematically varies along with the variables under investigation and creates an alternative explanation for the results
Reliability is the term that is used to describe:
the degree of consistency of a measurement tool or of the data collected on more than one occasion.
Representativeness refers to:
the extent to which a sample is similar in makeup to the population to which a researcher hopes to generalize
In research, the sample is:
the group of people who participate in the study
In research, the population is:
the large group of people the researchers are interested in
Does the belief rely on unwarranted assumptions?
the logic supporting a belief may seem sensible, but the logic might be based on assumptions that are not reasonable.
This way of knowing uses systematic methods to collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions.
the scientific method
self serving bias
the tendency to explain successes in terms of personal characteristics and failures to external influences or other people
Patternicity is:
the tendency to see meaning in ambiguous or meaningless stimuli
Vanessa claims she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. Which problem is influencing Vanessa's conclusion?
third-variable
A tolerance for uncertainty is a sign of scientific literacy because we can't all know everything or have all of the evidence necessary to evaluate a claim.
true
In science, a theory is an explanatory framework that organizes and explains a body of data or information.
true
It is a myth that, on average, humans only use 10% of their available brain capacity
true
Questions that involve value judgements are not empirical questions.
true
Research indicates that the effect of subliminal messages is small and part of a complicated process.
true
Self-Serving Bias can contribute to conflict and hurt academic performance.
true
If a researcher concludes that there is no effect when there actually is, they made a(n) __________ error.
type 2
Researchers use inductive reasoning when they:
use results from specific studies to make claims about a larger group or context
verifiable
uses follow up studies to confirm original results; also referred to as replication
This term is used to describe the extent to which a measure assesses or reflects what it was designed to measure - in other words, its accuracy.
validity
The False Consensus Effect occurs when:
we have an exaggerated view of the extent to which others share our opinions or behaviors
When we find out about a study that contradicts other findings about an issue:
we should keep in mind that it is only one part of a bigger picture.