research methods 12-19
What are two task that are necessary to connect the literature to your study?:
1. Come up with an outline of topics that the literature review should include 2. Scrutinize elements of the research question and the research plan that is taking shape.
Literature reviews have 3 additional benefits name them
1: identifying measures (instruments) 2: avoid dead end topics 3: ideas on report structure
What portion of research reports typically consist of the literature review
20%
define: Critical
A literature review should be a critical assessment of the literature on a topic.
When planning research, which should come first? A: Identify a broad problem area. B. Develop a testable hypothesis or research problem.
A: Identify a broad problem area.
What are the two most common style guides in the social sciences?:
American Sociological Association's ASA/ American Psychological Association APA
What is a "reference manager" or "citation manager
An automated system with generated much of the citing source for you
What is citation?
Citation is the system that academic writing uses to acknowledge sources.
What is a database?
Curated collections of published, scholarly, peer reviewed work that can be easily sorted and filtered to find specific articles.
Is there one style for academic citation?
Different academic disciplines use different styles of citations, and each has a style guide that serves as a rule book for the style.
What are the two ways that claims are anchored to evidence in academic writing?
Direct quotes and paraphrasing
"It is safe to assume that flawed measures are rare in research." According to this topic is this statement true or false?
False, it is safe to presume that various methods of measuring a given variable might lead to somewhat different results.
"When paraphrasing, it is acceptable to simply list the source in the bibliography." True or false?
False, placing a source in the bibliography is not nearly enough—the citation also indicates where ideas from a specific work appear in the text.
How is a style guide different from a grammar handbook?:
Grammar handbooks determines rules of languages, a style guide created consistency on how special elements, special words, numbers and abbreviations are treated
What is a technique for preparing to search a database?
Identify the right database for the most relevant literature. Generate useful list of terms and think in parameters of research.
What is the best rule of thumb for citation when you are unsure?
If there is doubt, it is better to cite a source that corroborates your information than to assume everyone knows it.
define: Instrumentation
Measurement requires critical assessment.
If a researcher wanted to search for journal articles on Term A, but wanted to exclude articles with Term B, which logical operator should the research use?:
NOT
Should the methodology employed in each of the studies cited in a review be described in detail?
No, writers of review should avoid giving extensive, detailed descriptions of the research methodology.
What is plagiarism?
Not attributing the idea to the source from which it was borrowed
define: Plagiarism
Not attributing the idea to the source from which it was borrowed
According to the topic, novice writers often make two common mistakes. What is the second one that is mentioned in this topic?
Novice writers often discuss all studies as though they were equal in quality when some studies are methodologically superior to others
define: Uncritical
Novice writers often make two common mistakes that lead to uncritical reviews.
According to the topic, novice writers often make two common mistakes. What is the first one that is mentioned in this topic?
Novice writers take the results of each study. To be "facts" that have been proven. All studies should be presumed flawed... only offer degrees of evidence not truths.
Which of the following will yield a larger number of references? AND or OR
OR
When would it be appropriate to devote one or more paragraphs to describing a particular author's written work?
One or more paragraphs (or even whole sections) might be devoted to describing a particular author's written work when the work is central to one or more points being made in the literature review.
define: Synthesis
Providing a whole picture of what is known and what is not known, as well as an attempt to show how diverse pieces of information fit together and make sense.
When a writer presents a finding or statement from the literature without qualification, readers are likely to assume what?
Readers are likely to assume that the writer believes that the underlying methodology and logic are reasonably sound.
What is the first useful thing to review in research articles and literature reviews to see what topics are important?
See what the literature has said and narrow the focus to the specific topics that are more relevant to your research
What is the second useful thing to review on research articles and literature reviews to see what topics are important
They group literature together by a common topic
What is the purpose of the literature review?:
To summarize existing scholarship and introduce themes and topics in previous articles.
"More often than not, researches work with samples that are less than idea." According to this topic, is this statement true or false?
True, the first important area that requires critical assessment is sampling. Such as volunteers instead of random samples of the populations of interest. Weaknesses in sampling limit the generalizability of the results.
What are two techniques for locating useful literature for the review in addition to searching databases?
Using the abstract, or using the annual within the discipline: provide a comprehensive review of the primary research done on specific themes and topics.
What are some differences between web searches and database searches?
Web searches are more flexible, but are not limited to scholarly work.
Are there similarities between APA and ASA styles?
Yes, both use parenthetical citation styles (author's last name, date of publication, page number for direct quote)
Do facts and data need to have sources listed?
Yes, facts and data also require that a source be acknowledged, unless the information is so general and well known that is it considered common knowledge and need not be verified through a source.
Is it desirable to point out major trends and commonalities in the results of previous research?
Yes, it will further create a synthesis.
Do researchers often discuss the limitations of their own studies?
Yes, researchers discuss limitations of their studies in the last section of their research report.
Is it desirable to point out gaps in the literature?
Yes, when there are major discrepancies in results, they should be pointed out, and possible explanations for the discrepancies should be noted.
Why should direct quotations be used sparingly? What can be placed at the end of a review to help readers grasp the whole of the literature review?
a. Direct quotations break the flow of a presentation. b. A brief summary placed at the end of a review can help readers to grasp the whole literature review.
What is one way to collect research notes from articles to ensure that you have captured the right information and can compare it when composing a literature review?
a. Keep a spreadsheet with main topics, sample size, methodological details, and main findings to ensure that the notes from original research articles have concentrated on the literature and that the notes from original research articles have concentrated on the right information to collect in order to compose a literature review. b. Collect or paraphrase points with the article title along with page number.
What are the two parts to citing a source?
a. The author provides a shorthand version of the source information within the flow of the writing. i. This could be incorporated into the sentence itself by referring to the author or study directly7, or more commonly it appears in parentheses or as a footnote following the information from the source. b. The bibliography, which appears at the end, allows any reader to connect the shorthand information in the citation to the complete source information.
What types of information need to be cited?
a. When you take the exact words from a source, the words are to be placed in quotation marks. Direct quotes typically require more precise identification of the source; for instance, some styles require a page number. When quotations take up more than four lines (Chicago) or 40 words (APA and ASA style), they are set off from the text in an indented block, and no quotation marks are used. b. Sometimes even a single work, if it is key and unique to the text, should be quoted. c. Paraphrasing
define: Abstracts
appear at the beginning of articles and offer a very short, 50-300 word summary of the articles
What are some strategies to begin literature review?
begin with a compelling statistic/ define a major term that will follow
What elements foes a reference manager format for you? What does it not format for you?: What it does for you
can help implement style guidelines properly/ What it doesn't do: Capitalization, abbreviations rules for a specific style
This topic suggest 2 elements that writers almost always use to begin a literature review. What are these two elements?:
define key terms and establish importance of this topic
What are the different types of articles or reports that include literature review?
empirical article, peer reviewed article, standalone articles
Students would be wise to try to find a creative, new research idea (not derived from the literature) to explore in their first research project. Is this statement true or false?
false
Instead of writing a series of abstracts, what should the writer do?
group references together when they have something in common
How can a researcher use a review of literature to help justify a study they have undertaken?
if the literature is used to establish the importance of a research topic
Suppose a researcher conducted a replication of a study but used a sample from a population different from the one used in the first study. What type of replication did the researcher conduct?
modified replication
Do all major style guides agree on punctuation for academic degree
no
Should a researcher be surprised to find conflicting results in the research literature on a given topic?:
no
define: Strict replication
researchers try to mimic the original study in all important respects because the purpose of a strict replication is to see if the same type of results as those of the original study will be obtained
define: Modified replication
this is a replication with major modifications, such as examining a new population or using a improved measurement technique.
define: Boolean operators aka logical operators
use words ANR,OR,NOT to string together a set of condition that will help to expand or narrow a search
Do style guides specify the contents and organization of manuscripts?:
yes
