Research Methods & Stats Exam 2 Review

When would you use Chi-square?

- When you have 2 categorical variables from a single population - Comparing frequencies

In random sampling, the probability of any one individual being included in the sample is equal to ___. a) 1 divided by the size of the sample b) the size of the sample divided by the size of the population c) 1 multiplied by the size of the sample d) 1 multiplied by the size of the population

a) 1 divided by the size of the sample

A 3x3 within-participants factorial design with 10 participants in each group would require a total of ____ participants. a) 10 b) 30 c) 60 d) 90

a) 10

The Likert scale was invented by ____. a) Renis Likert b) Mary and Martha Likert c) Charles E. Osgood d) B.F. Skinner

a) Renis Likert

Likert & other similar scales are important in psychology research because... a) attitudes & feelings can't be observed b) They offer alternative methods of conducting research c) They are easy to construct, use, and analyze d) They allow respondents to remain anonymous

a) attitudes & feelings can't be observed

In psychological research the dependent variable is usually some measure of ____. a) behavior b) attitude c) cognition d) interaction e) none of the above

a) behavior

When graphing an interaction, what does two approximately parallel lines represent? a) no interaction effect b) an interaction effect c) no main effect d) it will depend on the outcomes of the main effects e) none of the above

a) no interaction effect

Selecting a group of people within a population to use in an experiment is known as____. a) sampling b) a census c) a sampling frame d) a trial

a) sampling

It's okay to use non-random samples in experiments when our research goal is to ____. a) test a theory b) achieve statistically significant results c) describe an entire population based on our sample d) learn as much about the population as possible

a) test a theory

When people use convenience sampling techniques, they are assuming that ___. a) the sample is fairly representative of the people in general b) the representativeness of the sample is not important c) the importance of the research outweighs the importance of using a representative sample d) another study will be done with a representative sample if significant results are found with a non-representative sample

a) the sample is fairly representative of the people in general

Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of controlled experiments described in the text? a) we have greater control over the dependent variable(s) b) we have greater control over extraneous variables c) we can measure our dependent variable more precisely d) we have greater control over the independent variable(s)

a) we have greater control over the dependent variable(s)

What are 3 advantages of controlled experiments?

1. Better control over independent variable 2. Superior control over secondary or extraneous sources of variation 3. Can more precisely measure the DV

Name and describe the 2 things you should be concerned about when using a within-participants design

1. Carryover effects - An effect that "carries over" from one experimental condition to another 2. Order effects - Differences in participants' responses that result from the order in which the experimental materials are presented to them

Describe 2 types of validity

1. Face Validity - Whether a measure seems to be a reasonable measure of the variable 2. Content Validity - The degree that a measure assesses all the dimensions of the construct

List the 6 steps in conducting an experiment

1. Formulate a hypothesis 2. Select appropriate independent & dependent variables 3. Limit alternative explanations for variation 4. Manipulate the IV & measure the DV 5. Analyze the variation in the DV 6. Draw inferences about relationships between IVs and DVs

Name and describe the 4 levels of measurement

1. Nominal - Differ in name - Limited statistical manipulations - EX: gender, eye color 2. Ordinal - Vary in order of quantity - Non-parametric statistical analyses - EX: 1st, 2nd, 3rd in race 3. Interval - Between the values of the variables are equal - Can use parametric statistical analyses - EX: IQ scores 4. Ratio - Like interval variables but with a true 0 point - Can use the greatest variety of statistical analyses - EX: Temp. in Kelvin

Name and describe the 3 methods for controlling carryover effects

1. Randomly determine the order of treatments - Difficult to do unless you have a large number of participants 2. Completely counterbalanced approach - Requires that each condition occurs equally often, and precedes & follows all other conditions the same # of times 3. Incomplete counterbalancing - Requires that each condition occurs equally often

Describe systematic sampling and stratified sampling

1. Systematic Sampling - Population size is divided by the sample size to provide you with a number by which to methodically select the sample 2. Stratified Sampling - Population is divided into strata based on some population characteristic and participants are randomly selected from each stratum

You are told: Income as predictive validity for happiness. What does this mean? a) Income & happiness would be positively correlated to show content validity b) Income & happiness would be positively correlated to show construct validity c) You should be able to predict income by knowing happiness d) You should be able to predict happiness by knowing income

D) You should be able to predict happiness by knowing income

A nutritionist is interest in the effect of diet on mood. He randomly selects 20 college students. Each student gets on week of high protein diet and one week of carbohydrate diet. Half of the students get the protein diet first, and the other half get the carbohydrate diet first. At the end of each week, the students complete a questionnaire which results in a score from 1 to 20 which represents mood. 20 represents a good mood, while 1 represents a bad mood. Design: Statistical Test:

Design: 2 (Diet) x 2 (Week) Randomized Factorial Design Statistical Test: Repeated Measures ANOVA

A high school teacher is interested in the effects of a new anti-smoking campaign on smoking bx in high school students. She is also interested in whether the effects of the campaign are long-lasting. She takes the 200 high school juniors in the school and randomly assigns 100 of them to attend the new program, while half don't. She tests the students' assessments of how likely they are to smoke (on a scale of 1 to 10) 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year after receiving the program. Design: Statistical Test:

Design: 2 (program between) x 4 (program within) mixed group design Statistical Test: Repeated Measures ANOVA

A primate behaviorist is interested in training chimps to recognize written words. She tests the motivation of chimps to learn words to earn chocolate chip rewards, raisin rewards, or banana rewards. She starts w/ 18 chimps, and 6 chimps receive each reward (that is, 6 receive chocolate chip, 6 receive raisins, 6 receive bananas) during 2 weeks of training. At the end of 2 weeks, the chimps are tested for their ability to recognize 100 words. The number of words memorized is recorded. Design: Statistical Test:

Design: Randomized Group Design Statistical Test: One-Way ANOVA / F-test

A clinical psychologist is interested in whether patients suffering from a fear of being w/ others will benefit more from the new drug, Extrovert, than from the existing treatment Paxil. She randomly selects 30 patients w/ this fear and gives 15 of them Paxil and the other 15 Extrovert. After 2 months on drugs, she places the patients into a room full of strangers and measures how many people each patient interacts with. Design: Statistical Test:

Design: Randomized Groups Design/Independent Groups Design Statistical Test: t-test

A criminal psychologist is interested in the degree of intent of violent criminals. He divides violent criminals into those that committed crimes against strangers and those that committed crimes against loved ones. He rates each criminal's crime as either "unplanned" or "premeditated". Design: Statistical Test:

Design: Test for Independence, Qualitative Statistical test: Chi-Square

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Random sampling gives each member of the population equal probability of being included vs. random assignment which requires participants to be independently assigned to groups

When would you use a Mixed Group Design?

When a variable(s) is assessed BETWEEN participants, and another variable(s) is assessed WITHIN participants

When would you use a Repeated Measures ANOVA?

When comparing means across 1 or more variables that are based on repeated observations

When would you use a One-Way ANOVA?

When comparing means of more than 2 groups

When would you use a T-test?

When comparing the means of 2 groups EX: experimental/control groups

When would you use a Randomized Group Design?

When participants are randomly assigned to different levels of 1 IV

When would you use a Randomized Factorial Design?

When participants are randomly assigned to each level of more than 1 IV

One of the main advantages of Likert scale is that ___. a) It proveds more insight into the relationship between attitude and bx b) It's easy to quantify an attitude or opinion c) It eliminates the effect of social desirability d) Responses are easily summarized through content analysis e) None of the above

b) It is easy to quantify an attitude or opinion

When I weigh my cat, Fluffy, on my bathroom scale, it says that she is 10lbs. A few hours late, I weigh Fluffy again on the scale & this time it says she weighs 15lbs. What is the problem? a) The scale has poor face validity b) The scale is not reliable c) The scale has poor content validity

b) The scale is not reliable

A controlled experiment is ____. a) a lab experiment where the DV is directly manipulated by the researcher b) a lab experiment where the IV is directly manipulated by the researcher c) a field experiment where the DV is directly manipulated by the researcher d) a field experiment where the IV is directly manipulated by the researcher e) none of the above

b) a lab experiment where the IV is directly manipulated by the researcher

Our goal in conducting experiments is to show that ____. a) a dependent variable causes a change in the independent variable b) an independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable c) we have controlled extraneous variables d) two variable we have measured are correlated e) none of the above

b) an independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable

Following a true experiment we are able to conclude that ____. a) difference may be due to the treatment condition or the initial differences between participants b) any difference between the groups is due to the treatment condition c) we have sufficiently controlled confounding and extraneous variables d) it's impossible to make casual inferences in psychology research e) none of the above

b) any difference between the groups is due to the treatment condition

According to the text, the first step in conducting an experiment is to ____. a) review existing literature on the topic b) formulate a hypothesis c) select appropriate independent and dependent variable d) select a theory you would like to test e) none of the above

b) formulate a hypothesis

We use ___ to make statements about the population based on the findings from our sample. a) descriptive statistics b) inferential statistics c) probability sampling d) non-probability sampling

b) inferential statistics

We can use parametric (t-test, F-test) tests to analyze our data when we have which type(s) of variables? a) ordinal, interval, ratio b) interval, ratio c) ratio d) nominal, ordinal

b) interval, ratio

When testing a research hypothesis, ____ in measurement increases our chances of finding a statistically significant result. a) reliability b) precision c) certainty d) prediction

b) precision

Helen had her classmates fill out a questionnaire about racial prejudice. When she gathered the results, she was happy to see that no one reported any racial prejudice. A likely alternative explanation for Helen's findings is that some of her classmates ____. a) developed a response set b) responded in a socially desirable way c) were carelessly rushing through the questionnaire d) were in a good mood when they completed the questionnaire

b) responded in a socially desirable way

Another name for referral sampling is ____. a) multiplied sampling b) snowball sampling c) chain sampling d) multistage sampling

b) snowball sampling

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using non-probability sampling techniques? a) they are easier to use b) they are easily replicable c) they are cheaper to carry out than other methods d) these are all advantages of using non-probability sampling techniques

b) they are easily replicable

Ashley has completed the statistical analysis of her study and found that her results were not statistically significant. In her research paper for class, Ashley concludes that if her sample size had been larger, she likely would have found significant results. What is her professor's comment in response to Ashley's statement? a) Great conclusion- next time try to ensure your sample is large enough to detect significant results b) By increasing your sample size, you increase the effect size which makes it more likely you will find significant results c) This is not necessarily the case; you need to consider the size of the effect d) Increasing your sample size wouldn't increase your power and therefore not affect your likelihood of finding a significant result

c) This is not necessarily the case; you need to consider the size of the effect

According to the text, if you're using non-parametric statistical techniques, you generally require ___. a) probability sampling b) non-probability sampling c) a large sample d) a small sample

c) a large sample

The questions in this quiz ____. a) are open ended- questions b) use Likert scales c) are fixed-alternative questions d) use rating scales

c) are fixed-alternative questions

You might use a mixed groups design if you wanted to ____. a) assess more than on independent variable b) use the same participants for all conditions c) assess some variable between participants and others within-participants d) use the most powerful research design

c) assess some variable between participants and others within-participants

The semantic differential scale was designed to measure the psychological distance between the ___ of words. a) magnitude b) free-association c) connotative meanings d) semantic meaning

c) connotative meanings

The independent variable is directly manipulated by the researcher in which of the following settings? a) in controlled experiments b) in field experiments c) in controlled and field experiments d) in neither controlled nor field experiments

c) in controlled and field experiments

According to the text, the second step in conducting an experiment is to ____. a) formulate a hypothesis b) limit alternative explanations for variation c) select appropriate independent and dependent variables d) randomly assign participants to treatment conditions e) none of the above

c) select appropriate independent and dependent variable

In ___ sampling, the population size is divided by the sample size to prove you with a number by which to methodically select the sample. a) stratified b) cluster c) systematic d) quota

c) systematic

The simplest completely randomized groups design is a ___. a) single group design b) single variable design c) two group design d) two IV design

c) two group design

If the relationship between the manipulated variable and the behavior is strong and the control is tight, a significant result could be found ____. a) regardless of the size or makeup of the sample b) when the effect size was small c) with quite a small sample d) with a large sample

c) with quite a small sample

When the same participants are used in all treatment conditions, this is known as ____. a) identical groups design b) matched groups design c) within-participants design d) between participants design

c) within-participants design

Which of the following designs is NOT directly related to an independent groups design? a) a between participants design b) a randomized groups design c) a randomized factorial groups design d) a quasi-experimental design

d) a quasi-experimental design

The difference between a completely counterbalanced approach and an incompletely counterbalanced approach is that in ______. a) a completely counterbalanced approach each condition doesn't occur equally often b) a completely counterbalanced approach the order of treatments is randomly determined c) an incompletely counterbalanced approach each condition doesn't occur equally often d) an incompletely counterbalanced approach each condition doesn't necessarily precede and follow all other conditions the same number of times

d) an incompletely counterbalanced approach each condition doesn't necessarily precede and follow all other conditions the same number of times

A disadvantage of open-ended questions is that _____. a) choices may be too limited b) the quality of the response is often poor c) responses may be too similar d) analyzing the responses can be labor intensive

d) analyzing the responses can be labor intensive

In a mixed design, some variables are assessed ____ while others are assessed ____. a) within participants; independent of participants b) while observing participants; while engaging participants c) with a manipulated IV; with an observed IV d) between participants; within participants

d) between participants; within participants

When people are tested for braking time in a car simulation, what is the method being used? a) amplitude b) duration c) accuracy d) latency

d) latency

Type of mental disorder is measured by a ____ scale, and income is measured by a ___ scale. a) nominal, interval b) ordinal, ratio c) interval, ordinal d) nominal, ratio

d) nominal, ratio

The Rorschach Inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are examples of.... a) standardized tests of intelligence b) projective tests of intelligence c) standardized tests of personality d) projective tests of personality

d) projective tests of personality

Many statistical techniques are based on the assumption that ____. a) a sampling frame was available b) convenience sampling was used c) sampling has been systematic d) sampling has been random

d) sampling has been random