Research Methods Ch 3

Which of the following is true of greater than minimal risk research? A. It requires full IRB review and special ethical procedures may be imposed. B. It involves conducting anonymous surveys and cognitive aptitude tests. C. It puts participants at risk that is similar to those encountered in daily life. D. It is, in most cases, exempt from review and therefore called exempt research.

A. It requires full IRB review and special ethical procedures may be imposed.

Which of the following is an example of a minimal risk research? A. Recording routine physiological data from adult participants B. Vigorous exercise by healthy volunteers C. Researches that induce stress in the volunteers D. Researches where the volunteer's behaviour is manipulated

A. Recording routine physiological data from adult participants

In which of the following areas of psychology has elaborate deception been most problematic? A. Social psychology B. Developmental psychology C. Parapsychology D. Clinical psychology

A. Social psychology

Kirstein, in her research paper, copied few paragraphs verbatim from a renowned author's work without giving quotation marks or citing the source. The review board rejected her paper on grounds of plagiarism. What kind of a plagiarism has she committed? A. Word-for-word plagiarism B. Paraphrasing plagiarism C. Active plagiarism D. Detailed plagiarism

A. Word-for-word plagiarism

In research, _____ occurs when there is active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study. A. deception B. plagiarism C. fidelity D. nonmaleficence

A. deception

Anonymous questionnaires, surveys, and educational tests are all considered _____ research. A. exempt B. fraudulent C. laboratory D. non-ethical

A. exempt

Sasha decides to examine public records of crime rates to determine whether perpetrators committed property crimes at an earlier age in the 1940s than in the 1970s. According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Sasha's research would be categorized as a(n) _____ research. A. exempt B. minimal risk C. fraudulent D. maximum risk

A. exempt

Which of the following is an example of fraudulence? A. Jimmy is arrested by the police for robbing an old woman's house. B. A newspaper publishes articles that did not have substantial authenticity. C. A manager is accused of sexual harassment by his secretary. D. Berta misplaces the money that her mother gave her as loan.

B. A newspaper publishes articles that did not have substantial authenticity.

According to the Belmont Report, which principle refers to the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation? A. Respect for persons B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Common courtesy

B. Beneficence

Which of the following best represents the Belmont Report's principle of Respect for Persons (autonomy)? A. Not providing a risk-benefit analysis to the participants B. Including an informed consent for the participants C. Researchers' freedom to select a topic of interest D. Researchers' discretion to alter the findings of the experiment

B. Including an informed consent for the participants

_____ can be best defined as misrepresenting another's work as one's own. A. Possession B. Plagiarism C. Extortion D. Misconduct

B. Plagiarism

Angelica tells the participants of her research that they would receive painful electric shocks, which brings about fear and anxiety in the participants. However, the shocks were never delivered. Which of the following types of stress are the participants most likely to experience in this case? A. Physical B. Psychological C. Procedural D. Psychical

B. Psychological

A research experiment includes participants from various ethnicities and age groups. The researcher's assistant is racially biased toward a certain group. But the researcher, Clark, condones such prejudices and bases his work and findings in a fair manner. In this scenario, Clark is adhering to which of the following principles of the APA Ethics Code? A. Fidelity and Responsibility B. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity C. Integrity D. Justice

B. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Which of the following is a basic ethical principle included in the Belmont Report? A. The risks included in the research investigations should be high. B. The participants in the investigation are treated as autonomous decision makers. C. All information regarding their involvement need not be disclosed to the participants. D. There need not be any justification to bear the burden of accepting risks.

B. The participants in the investigation are treated as autonomous decision makers.

Which of the following is true about research with nonhuman animal subjects? A. Ethics is of little concern because animals have no feelings. B. There are explicit guidelines to protect animals used for research. C. Animals cannot be used to test the effects of drugs. D. Psychologists do not conduct research on animals.

B. There are explicit guidelines to protect animals used for research.

In the context of debriefing, evidence collected by Milgram indicated that: A. participants need not be debriefed after the completion of the study. B. debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation. C. in all circumstances, the debriefing should be thorough in order to be effective. D. participants should be aware of the actual purpose of the study.

B. debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation.

In Milgram's study on obedience, informing the participants that it was experiment on learning and memory is an example of _____. A. plagiarism B. deception C. informed consent D. debriefing

B. deception

The fabrication of data is known as _____. A. liaison B. fraud C. plagiarism D. assault

B. fraud

Before conducting the experiment, Helga explains to the participants the purpose of the study and tells them that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw if they want. This shows that the experiment involves _____. A. deception B. informed consent C. role-playing D. psychological withdrawal

B. informed consent

Research studying normal educational practices, such as evaluating instructional techniques, is considered by HHS regulations to be a _____ research. A. minimal risk B. no risk C. high risk D. moderate risk

B. no risk

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines "no risk" research as: A. research where the risks are not greater than those involved in taking routine tests. B. research involving public behavior and public records that does not identify participants. C. research in which participants give informed consent to the researcher. D. research in which the participants are deceived by not providing them any information.

B. research involving public behavior and public records that does not identify participants

The examination of potential problems and benefits that are likely to result from a research is known as a _____ analysis. A. cost-benefit B. risk-benefit C. SWOT D. life-cycle cost

B. risk-benefit

Current ethical guidelines for both behavioral and medical researchers have their origins in the: A. Greek myths. B. Red Data Book. C. Belmont Report. D. Institutional Review Board.

C. Belmont Report.

_____ becomes an important issue when studying topics such as family violence, drug use, divorce, or sexual behavior. A. Compensation B. Defensiveness C. Confidentiality D. Concealed observation

C. Confidentiality

Which principle of the Belmont Report would have prevented the doctors in the Tuskegee Syphilis study from selecting only African American males in their study? A. Responsibility B. Autonomy C. Justice D. Integrity

C. Justice -

_____ risk is a type of research activity which means that the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests. A. Minor B. Manageable C. Minimal D. Moderate

C. Minimal

Which of the following is a characteristic of a no risk assessment research? A. The research is not exempt from review. B. It requires a fully informed consent form. C. The surveys conducted are anonymous. D. Involves observations of sensitive public behaviors.

C. The surveys conducted are anonymous.

Which of the following precautions can scientists take to protect themselves against charges of fraud? A. They should only publish results that are significant. B. They should not conduct a public survey. C. They should keep careful, documented records of the research. D. They should always ensure that the findings support the hypothesis.

C. They should keep careful, documented records of the research.

One safeguard against scientific fraud is that: A. scientists are always ethical. B. the researcher's hypotheses are always supported. C. all research is subject to replication by other scientists. D. all scientific research has high external validity.

C. all research is subject to replication by other scientists

Participants volunteered for a study on "Attitudes toward television violence." However, they completed a survey on their own aggressive behavior. After the completion of the study, the researcher failed to inform the participants about the true purpose of the study. In this case, the researcher has failed to conduct a(n) _____. A. cost-benefit analysis B. simulation study C. debriefing session D. evaluative study

C. debriefing session

Researches involving physical stress, psychological stress, invasion of privacy, measures of sensitive information where participants may be identified are known as _____ researches. A. exempt B. minimal risk C. greater than minimal risk D. low risk

C. greater than minimal risk

Matt wants to conduct an experiment on people's perceptions of tattoos. He plans to manipulate the experimental conditions by having participants receive tattoos on their arms. The tattoos will vary in size and color. An ethical review board would most likely be concerned about the: A. size and color of the tattoo. B. various perceptions of tattoos. C. physical risk to the participants. D. monetary cost of the tattoo.

C. physical risk to the participants.

Carlos, a student of psychology, included the data and findings of the renowned thinker, Erik Erikson, in his research. But he failed to paraphrase the data or cite and credit the actual author. The board of reviewers rejected Carlos's research paper on account of _____. A. perjury B. extortion C. plagiarism D. manslaughter

C. plagiarism

A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if: A. animals were used while conducting experiments for the research. B. participants were not debriefed after the completion of the study. C. the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses. D. the researcher has used any form of survey to collect the data

C. the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses

The Belmont Report's ethical principle of justice requires that: A. researchers limit studies only to those of legal age. B. participants make deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research. C. there must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research. D. potential participants in a research project should be provided with all information.

C. there must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)? A. IRBs are national review agencies composed of at least three individuals. B. All members of the IRB must be from outside the institution. C. IRBs review studies conducted within and outside the institution. D. Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

D. Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

Adam promises his participants that they would receive extra course credits for their participation in his experiment. But he forgets to inform their instructor about this, and thus the students are not marked with the promised extra credit points. Which principle of the APA Ethics Code has Adam violated? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity C. Justice D. Fidelity and Responsibility

D. Fidelity and Responsibility

Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee Syphilis study? A. It was an isolated incident brought to light in 1998. B. It took place for only one year. C. It focused on treating individuals with syphilis using penicillin. D. It spurred scientists to overhaul ethical regulations.

D. It spurred scientists to overhaul ethical regulations.

In which of the following areas is fraud considered to be most serious? A. Psychology and biology B. Math and chemistry C. Advertising and engineering D. Science and journalism

D. Science and journalism

In a research experiment, _____ is an issue when the researcher has assured subjects that the collected data are only accessible to people with permission, generally only the researcher. A. informed consent B. nonmaleficence C. integrity D. confidentiality

D. confidentiality

The real purpose of the Milgram study was to study: A. the effects of electric shock. B. memory and learning. C. the effects of punishment. D. obedience to authority.

D. obedience to authority.

Brent has agreed to take part in a study on "Preferences for different fast foods." When he arrives for the study, he is asked to read an account of a sexual assault and indicate the guilt and punishment he would assign to the assailant. This procedure best illustrates _____. A. informed consent B. the importance of autonomy C. obedience to authority D. the use of deception

D. the use of deception