Research Methods Exam 1- Chapter 2: Sources of Info

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: A. Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind. B. The present/present bias and the confederate bias. C. Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking D. Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias

A

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a: A. Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms B. Hypothesis C. Comparison group that did not receive the drug D. Psychotherapy to supplement the drug

C

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? A. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. B. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. C. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. D. Behavioral research requires multiple studies to be convincing.

C

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Which of the following should Sasha do to prevent Cherry-picking evidence for her belief? A. Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies B. Asked all her friends the same question again in another 6 months C. Counted up all the times she was nice in the past D. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

D

What is the availability heuristic?

If things come quickly to mind you'll have more evidence for it... we think repeated statements are more true even if there's evidence against them

An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an

confound

What are the types of journal articles?

empirical, review, meta-analysis

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first?

it provides an overview of the article

What is an empirical journal article?

normal article w/ abstract, discussion, results should be repeatable just by reading the article

What is a review journal article?

review of all previous work in a field/on a certain subject

Why did Sir Karl Popper say intuition is important?

science must begin with myths and criticism of myths

What is confirmation bias?

seeking and accepting only evidence that supports our belief

What is a confederate?

someone who is in on the experiment, the actor used by the researchers

What are the problems with knowledge from experience

they lack comparison groups and are likely confounded

According to the textbook, which statements below are reasons why experience can be a faulty source of evidence for our beliefs? A. Experience does not usually allow for a comparison or control group. B. Experience doesn't allow a person to formulate research ideas or hypotheses. C. Experience usually has confounds, making it difficult (or impossible) to determine what causes an outcome. D. Experience is valid only for translational research. E. Experience is probabilistic and fails to explain all cases of an event.

A, B

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extroversion. In which section would he find this information?

Method

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following?

availability heuristic

What are the biases that come from knowledge from intuition?

availability heuristic, present/present bias, confirmation bias, bias blind spot

What does probabilistic mean?

explains an overall pattern, most people will do x most of the time

What is the present/present bias?

failing to consider evidence that is not there

When can you trust knowledge from authorities?

if it's based on research, not experience or intuition

What is a meta-analysis?

summarize the studies in a quantitative way, effect size

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?

what is the argument? what is the evidence to support the argument?

What is the bias blind spot?

you think you're less biased than everyone else