research methods exam 3

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction? - "statistically significant" - "mixed factorial design" - "it depends" - "mediator variables"

"it depends"

When participants are sorted from lowest to highest on a variable, grouped into sets of two, and then one person from each set is assigned at random to each of the experimental groups, this is called - random assignment - sorting - matching - biased choice

- matching

Dr. West wants to know what kind of exercise makes people happiest. She randomly assigns participants to either a weight-lifting or cardio group. Each group does the assigned exercise for 30 minutes. They then report on their mood on a scale of 1-10. What could Dr. West do to eliminate potential confounds in her experiment? - have participants describe their emotions however they want instead of using a scale - use the same room and exercise instructor for both groups - let participants choose what type of exercise they want ahead of time - study only one type of exercise

- use the same room and exercise instructor for both groups

Dr. Yared is interested in memorization techniques and motivation. He splits his participants into four equal groups of 20 people each and gave each participant a list of 30 words to try to memorize in three minutes. Two groups were told to repeat the words silently to themselves and two groups were told to make up a story using the words. Two groups were offered 10 cents per word they recalled and two were offered $1 per word. The table shows how many words each group was able to recall. 10 cents per word recalled: Repetition (11); Make up a story (17) 1 dollar per word recalled: Repetition (10); Make up a story (19) What are the marginal means for monetary reward? - 28 and 29 - 14 and 14.5 - 21 and 36 - 10.5 and 18

14 and 14.5

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine? - 2 - 3 - 4 - 6

2

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. Dr. Elder also was curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below. Which of the following is the correct factorial notation for Dr. Singh's new study? 1 x 2 x 4 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 4

2 x 2 x 2

Dr. Gavin is conducted a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many cell participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit? - 100 - 150 - 200 - 250

200

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Dogs and cats: Cutting out Pictures (15); Drawing Pictures (9) Dogs only: Cutting out Pictures (7); Drawing Pictures (9) To determine if there is a man effect for type of activity, Dr. Elder must examine how many marginal means? - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5

4

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design? - 2 - 4 - 6 - 8

8

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Dogs and cats: Cutting out Pictures (15); Drawing Pictures (9) Dogs only: Cutting out Pictures (7); Drawing Pictures (9) In graphing the difference in differences, which of the following values would Dr. Singh use? - 6.5 - 7.5 - 9 - 12

9

Dr. Navarro conducted a study investigating whether exercising immediately before an exam boosted cognitive abilities. She randomly assigned participants to either do jumping jacks or count to 60 before giving them a geometry test. She did not find any differences between groups but believes there may have been a ceiling effect. What might be a clue that this was the case? - Some participants verbally noted that the test was too easy - All participants' scores are centered around 100% correct - Participants in the exercise group took longer to complete the test - Participants in the counting group showed more variability in scores

All participant's scores are centered around 100% correct

Dr. Kebede wants to determine whether energy drinks improve the performance of the school's soccer team. He gives half the team the energy drinks and half the team water. He has trained observers watch the soccer players and rate them on a scale of 1-10 (where 1 is extremely poor and 10 is extremely well) for overall soccer performance before and after they consume the drinks. Which of the following is an example of observer bias in his study? - The players know whether they got the energy drink or placebo and it changes their behavior - The players know they are being observed and improve their performance in response - The observers get more generous in their scoring over time as they learn more about soccer - Because they expect the energy drink group to perform better, observers notice better plays from that group

Because they expect the energy drink group to perform better, observers notice better plays from that group

Which of the following is true of control variables? Control variables change the level of the manipulation Control variables are kept the same for all participants Control variables determine external validity Control variables help define the control group

Control variables are kept the same for all participants

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. The results of his study are below. Dogs and cats: Cutting out Pictures (15); Drawing Pictures (9) Dogs only: Cutting out Pictures (7); Drawing Pictures (9) In graphing the results of his study, which of the following would be true for Dr. Elder? - Dr. Elder would see a crossover interaction - Dr. Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis - Dr. Elder would not be bale to use a line graph - Dr. Elder would see a difference in differences for one variable but not the other variable

Dr. Elder would see a difference in differences for one variable but not the other variable

Dr. Price conducted a study on how toddlers learn their colors. She thinks that the place where the toddlers are asked about colors and the objects they place with while learning the colors will affect the outcome. She wrote this in the methods section: "Seventy-six children (42 girls; M(age) = 18 months, 14 days; SD = 17 days) were in the final group. Children participated in one of our between-subject conditions (19 children each) differing in location (kitchen vs. living room) and objects (blocks vs. rings vs. puzzle pieces)." What would make this a mixed factorial design?

If there is an interaction in the results

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant d=.36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d=.09 Which of the following could Dr. Lonsbary conclude from her study? - Listening to music can cause changes in mood - Being in an angry mood likely has the same effect on memory as being in a sad mood - Listening to music will always improve your mood - Quiet studying improves memory

Listening to music can cause changes in mood

According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions? - They are more scientific than other analyses - Many outcomes in psychology are interactions - They are more complicated than other analyses - They are easier to understand than main effects

Many outcomes in psychology are interactions

Which of the following is true about replicating experiments? - Only the original experimenters can do the replication - The same group of people should participate every time - Every experiment should test something slightly different to get new information - Multiple tests result in a better estimate of the population

Multiple tests result in a better estimate of the population

Which of the following is true about replicating experiments? - Every experiment should test something slightly different to get new information - Multiple tests result in a better estimate of the population - The same group of people should participants every time - Only the original experiment can do the replication

Multiple tests results in a better estimate of the population

A popular media articles describes how children and adolescents differ in the US and Canada. How does the inclusion of participant variable information denote a factorial design? - Participants variables are often used as moderators - Participant variables are found only in factorial design - Studies with participant variables always find significant interactions - Studies with participant variables are easier to write about

Participant variables are often used as moderators

Which of the following is true of selection effects? Selection effects are rarely considered in causal experiments Selection effects are unimportant for interrogating external validity Selection effects are a type of control variable Selection effects can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group

Selection effects can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their won treatment group

What does the author of the textbook mean when she writes, "We don't live in a main effect world"? - She means that psychologists do not like to examine main effects - She means that main effects are not important - She means that interactions are common in everyday life - She means that studies that produce interactions are the only studies worth conducting

She means that interactions are common in everyday life

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has hist teaching assistant randomly assign half the class write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam. Imagine that in Dr. Hamid's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity? - The final exam scores were lower than the national average - The final exam scores were lower in the preparation group than the meaning group - The final exam scores were lower than the final exam scores of students of his colleague, Dr. Fao - The final exam scores were equally low in both groups

The final exam scores were equally low in both groups

Lakishmi wants to know whether a new TV show helps children learn their ABC's. She discovers there is an interaction with whether or not parents watched the show alongside the child. Which of the following statements best describes this finding? - The show improved ABC skills only for kids whose parents watched along with them - The show did not improve ABC skills because parents had to be there - Only parents can teach children their ABC's - Learning ABC's depends on watching a TV show

The show improved ABC skills only for kids whose parents watched along with them.

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude? - There is no interaction - There is a crossover interaction - There is a spreading interaction - There is a main-effect interaction

There is a spreading interaction

A study finds that the relationship between time spent studying and final exam grade depends on the techniques used for studying. Which of the following statements do we know to be true from this sentence? - There is no main effect of time spent studying - Some studying techniques caused students to fail - There was an interaction between time and technique - The study used a 2 x 2 design

There was an interaction between time and technique

A study finds that exercise improves concentration, especially for students who took a yoga class as opposed to step aerobics. Which of the following statements can we infer about the study based on this finding? - There was no main effect of exercise on concentration - This was a within-group study - The researchers were biased against step aerobics - There was an interaction in the results

There was an interaction in the results

Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs? - These designs are always possible - These designs avoid demand characteristics - These designs avoid order effects - These designs rely on fewer participants

These designs rely on fewer participants

Why is it important for studies with null results to be published? - They push researchers to revise existing theories - They violate Merton's norm of disinterestedness - They are extremely uncommon - They are a good example of flawed research designs

They push researchers to revise existing theories

Davonte conducts a study on numerical reasoning in two-year-olds. He wants to know whether showing them an educational YouTube video will help them improve their counting abilities. For his dependent variable, he asks each child to count to 100. He finds no change from pretest to posttest and discovers most children couldn't count past 10. This is an example of - a noise effect - a ceiling effect - a floor effect - a maturation effect

a floor effect

Considering a measure's face validity is - a good way to interrogate the construct validity of the dependent variable - the first step in establishing causation - not necessary in experiments - only done if an experiment uses observational measures

a good way to interrogate the construct validity of the dependent variable

A simple difference is also called - a factorial design - a marginal means difference - an interaction effect - a main effect

a main effect

When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be a ________. - a within-groups design - a masked design - the use of a control group - a matched groups design

a masked design

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. Dr. Elder also was curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below. The addition of the new variable to Dr. Elder's study could be thought of as which of the following? - a confound - a moderator - an independent variable - a dependent variable

a moderator

If a person describes the results of study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following? - a crossover interaction - a spreading interaction - a three-way interaction - a difference interaction

a spreading interaction

Dr. Granger notices that 20 students in their longitudinal study of 100 college students dropped out of the experiment over time. When they look at the missing data, they discover that those 20 students had significantly lover pretest scores than the 80 with complete data. Which type of threat is this an example of? - history - testing - instrumentation - attrition

attrition

An independent-groups design is also know as a design _____. - between-subjects - mixed - within-groups - matched-groups

between-subjects design

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has hist teaching assistant randomly assign half the class write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam. Dr. Hamid likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following? - placebo effects - demand characteristics - maturation - attrition

demand characteristics

Which of the following threats to internal validity can apply even when a control group is used? - instrumentation threats - demand characteristics - history threats - attrition

demand characteristics

Dr. Gong conducts a study where she randomly assigns participants to different experimental conditions. The testing for each condition occurs in a different room of the psychology building. After collecting her data, she learns that the air conditioning in one of the rooms had been turned off during her data collection. Which of the following threats to internal validity should Dr. Gong be concerned with? - design confound - maturation effect - order effect - selection effect

design confound

Dr. Flores wants to determine whether a new therapeutic technique for treating depression in adolescents is effective. Which of the following is a method Dr. Flores could use to increase power in the experiment? - double the sample size - test multiple techniques simultaneously - recruit teenagers only with severe depression - focus the study on a small number of participants

double the sample size

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has hist teaching assistant randomly assign half the class write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam. Which of the following aspects of Dr. Hamid's study allows him to prevent observer bias? - having his teaching assistant assign students randomly to the groups - grading the exams himself (a Ph.D.) instead of having his teaching assistant (a college senior) do it - keeping his students unaware of which type of essay they are writing - ensuring the person grading the exams in unaware of each student's writing group

ensuring the person grading the exams in unaware of each student's writing group

The number of main effects that need to be examined is _____ the number of independent variables - more important than - equal to - unrelated to - independent of

equal to

Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as - null effect - situational variability - group inconsistency - error variance

error variance

Random selection enhances _____ validity, and random assignment enhances _____ validity. - external; internal - internal; external - external; external - internal; internal

external; internal

Dr. Flores wants to determine whether a new therapeutic technique for treating depression in adolescents is effective. Which of the following is a method Dr. Flores could use to increase power in the experiment? - test multiple techniques simultaneously - recruit teenagers only with severe depression - double the sample size - focus the study on a smaller number of participants

focus the study on a smaller number of participants

Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Dr. Dormeur's participants have agreed to participate in the study for only three nights each. Which type of counterbalancing can she use? - carryover counterbalancing - full counterbalancing - minimal counterbalancing - partial counterbalancing

full counterbalancing

random assignment > (blood pressure/blood pressure) > (plays a competitive video game/plays a noncompetitive video game) > (blood pressure/blood pressure) In the study depicted in the figure above, how could a researcher transform the study into a within-groups design? - having participants play both the competitive game and the noncompetitive game - removing the first blood pressure measurement - adding another independent variable - adding a control group

having participants play both the competitive game and the noncompetitive game

After finding a null result in her study, a researcher decides to conduct a follow-up study where she limits who the findings will generalize to. Which cause of within-group variance is she trying to reduce? - situation noise - lack of power - individual differences - measurement error

individual differences

When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus? - statistical validity - external validity - construct validity - internal validity

interval validity

Researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by doing which of the following? - running a manipulation check - establishing covariance - manipulating the cause before measuring the effect - having a control group

manipulating the cause before measuring the effect

Before she administers the independent variable to her two test groups, Dr. Mackintosh gives all participants an IQ test. She then pairs up each participant with another who had a similar IQ score. Based on the flip of a coin, one member of the pair is assigned to test Group A and one is assigned to test Group B. What technique is Dr. Mackintosh using? - matched groups - selection bias - external validity - group assignment

matched groups

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? - matched-group designs - correlational designs - pretest/posttest designs - posttest-only designs

matched-groups designs

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? - pretest/posttest designs - posttest-only designs - matched-groups designs - correlational designs

matched-groups designs

When participants are sorted from lowest to highest on a variable, grouped into sets of two, and then one person from each set is assigned at random to each of the experimental groups, this is called - matching - random assignment - biased choice - sorting

matching

In true experiments, _____ is to dependent variable as _____ is to independent variable. - manipulating; measuring - measuring; manipulating - recording; measuring - controlling; manipulating

measuring; manipulating

If a narrow confidence interval contains zero, then the effect is - at floor - significant - null - at ceiling

null

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant d=.36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d=.09 Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? - number rolled on the die - participant's mood - number of groups participants were assigned to - feeling happy

participant's mood

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant d=.36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d=.09 Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. This preliminary study is known as a _____ study. - pretest-only - pilot - concurrent measure - pretest/posttest

pilot

Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch using a calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many collies they eat (again using the calorimeter). Which of the following threats to internal validity should Dr. Bloedorn be worried about? - placebo effects - attrition - observer bias - blinding

placebo effects

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has hist teaching assistant randomly assign half the class write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam. Imagine that in Dr. Hamid's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Given this information, which of the following threats might be present in his study? - attrition - regression - maturation - observer bias

regression

Ceiling effects can lead to - large variance between groups - small variance between groups - all participants performing poorly - large variance within groups

small variance between groups

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable - systematically - spontaneously - especially - haphazardly

systematically

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant d=.36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d=.41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d=.09 Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr. Lonsbary's study? - the mood reported by the participants - the number of people in each group - the method of random assignment - the d coefficient

the d coefficient

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 x 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change? - the number of main effects that need to be examined - the number of interactions that need to be examined - the number of participants needed - the number of cells

the number of participants needed

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Dogs and cats: Cutting out Pictures (15); Drawing Pictures (9) Dogs only: Cutting out Pictures (7); Drawing Pictures (9) By examining the marginal means, it appears that in this study - there are no meaningful main effects - there is a main effect of focus of the activity - there is no significant interaction - there is no main effect of type of activity

there is a main effect of focus of the activity

One reason researchers use within-group designs is - they require fewer participants - to increase the diversity of the participant pool - to eliminate practice effects - it is less time-consuming for the participants

they require fewer participants

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. Dr. Elder also was curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below. Which of the following reasons might Dr. Elder have for changing his study in this way? - to enhance external validity - to ensure construct validity - to deal with statistical validity - to control internal validity

to enhance external validity

random assignment > (blood pressure/blood pressure) > (plays a competitive video game/plays a noncompetitive video game) > (blood pressure/blood pressure) In the study depicted in the figure above, why might researchers have measured blood pressure twice? - to establish temporal precedence - to decrease testing effects - to make sure the first measurement could be trusted - to make sure the two groups were equal before the manipulation

to make sure the two groups were equal before the manipulation

Which of the following is a reason that a study might yield a null result? - too much within-group variance - too much between-group difference - a false positive - use of within-subjects design

too much within-group variance

Dr. Carter is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program. She is concerned about testing threats in her study. Which of the following would you recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat? - using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest - conducting a pretest-only study - refusing to let participants drop out of the study - omitting a comparison group

using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest

Dr. Persaud is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you recommend to her to decrease the threat of instrumentation? - asking the same research assistants to code the same children at pretest and posttest - establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest - using only one research assistant to code all the videos - using clear coding manuals

using clear coding manuals

Dr. Persaud is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you recommend to her to decrease the threat of instrumentation? - asking the same research assistants to code the same children at pretest and posttest - using only one research assistant to code all the videos - establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest - using clear coding manuals

using clear coding manuals